The Impact of Reflections From Stratified Building Materials on the Wave Propagation in Future Indoor Terahertz Communication Systems

In order to derive reliable propagation models for future terahertz indoor pico-cellular communication systems, accurate reflectivity data of building materials is necessary. Here we present reflection terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) measurements and matching transfer matrix simulations of the frequency dependent reflection coefficient of multi layer building materials in the frequency range from 100 to 500 GHz for a set of angles, both in TE- and TM-polarization. Two prominent stratified structures, a double pane window and white paint on plaster are investigated as they usually account for large areas in indoor environments. Communication systems located above 100 GHz are expected to be strongly affected by the variations of the reflectivity over the frequency and incident angle of such stratified materials as they will rely both on line of sight (LOS) and non line of sight (NLOS) propagation. We discuss this impact on the power distribution in a sample scenario employing the ray-tracing method.     

Error from Delay Drift in Terahertz Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy

In this article we discuss the influence of temporal stability on the value obtained for dielectric properties of materials measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy with particular emphasis on attenuated total reflection. The stability of three different terahertz attenuated total reflection spectroscopy systems is carefully characterized. The formalism for the complex refractive index extraction is presented and the effect of delay errors is calculated numerically. We found that good thermal stability of the terahertz system helps to minimize delay fluctuations and therefore the uncertainty of the resulting complex refractive index.     

Comparative Study of Material Parameter Extraction Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy in Transmission and in Reflection

As no terahertz signal is transmitted through opaque materials, reflection terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is obviously the dedicated setup. On the other hand, optical properties of transparent and thick samples are extracted more accurately with transmission terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. In this paper, we report the intrinsic frontier above or below which it is preferable to use either reflection or transmission setup for probing with the best accuracy possible a given sample.     

Terahertz Emission from GaAs Films on Si(100) and Si(111) Substrates Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

We report on the terahertz emission from femtosecond-laser-irradiated GaAs layers grown on Si(100) and Si(111) substrates. The results show that the terahertz emission from GaAs on Si is stronger than that of a semi-insulating bulk GaAs crystal. This increase is attributed to the strain field at the GaAs/Si interface. In the GaAs of the Si(100) sample, the stronger terahertz emission is observed compared with GaAs on Si(111). Moreover, the effect of changing the doping type of the Si substrate from n-type to semi-insulating was also studied and it was found that the terahertz emission intensity of GaAs on semi-insulating Si(100) is stronger than that of GaAs on n-type Si(100). Finally, strong terahertz emission from GaAs on semi-insulating Si(100) was observed not only in the reflection geometry but also in the transmission geometry. These results hold promise for new applications of terahertz optoelectronics.     

Calculation and Study of Graphene Conductivity Based on Terahertz Spectroscopy

Based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system and two-dimensional scanning control system, terahertz transmission and reflection intensity mapping images on a graphene film are obtained, respectively. Then, graphene conductivity mapping images in the frequency range 0.5 to 2.5 THz are acquired according to the calculation formula. The conductivity of graphene at some typical regions is fitted by Drude-Smith formula to quantitatively compare the transmission and reflection measurements. The results show that terahertz reflection spectroscopy has a higher signal-to-noise ratio with less interference of impurities on the back of substrates. The effect of a red laser excitation on the graphene conductivity by terahertz time-domain transmission spectroscopy is also studied. The results show that the graphene conductivity in the excitation region is enhanced while that in the adjacent area is weakened which indicates carriers transport in graphene under laser excitation. This paper can make great contribution to the study on graphene electrical and optical properties in the terahertz regime and help design graphene terahertz devices.     

粗糙铜表面对低频太赫兹波的散射实验

搭建了以0.2 THz返波管振荡器源、热释电探测器、小型自动旋转光学平台等组成的太赫兹波目标散射特性实验测试系统,对两种不同粗糙度铜盘表面的散射特性进行了测试,表明:太赫兹金属粗糙目标散射中导体表面的感应电流产生电磁散射和粗糙导体表面引起的朗伯散射是同时存在的;在斜入射时这种近似于朗伯体的金属粗糙表面几乎可以被看成镜体,但随着目标表面的粗糙度变大,反射变弱,散射增强,主峰向小于反射角的方向偏移;在垂直入射的情况下,散射角小于40度时散射曲线下降较快,超过40度散射曲线变化变得很缓慢,但在50度附近很多材料都会出现一个小的散射峰.     

不同行程下水蒸汽太赫兹传输特性

太赫兹波具有独特的性质和应用,却存在大气衰减等物理上的限制.由于太赫兹波在大气传输中主要衰减来自水蒸汽,文中采用太赫兹时域光谱技术,通过构建不同行程的太赫兹时域光谱系统(0.5m、1m、2m、3 m),在0.1~2.0 THz 频率范围内,分别对不同湿度的空气进行太赫兹时域光谱测量,获得了25 个水吸收峰和10 个太赫兹窗口.结果表明:随着传输行程或湿度的增加,吸收谱带被展宽、太赫兹窗口被压缩,为超宽谱太赫兹波的潜在应用提供依据.     

Use of THz Reflectometry for Roughness Estimations of Archeological Metal Surfaces

In this work, using a time domain spectrometer, we have investigated the reflection of terahertz (THz) pulses from surfaces that exhibit a variable degree of roughness. The study was mainly aimed at assessing the influence of the surface texture on the amplitude and the shape of the pulses reflected by stratified materials and at exploring the potential of this technique for achieving quantitative information on the roughness of the material interfaces hit by the THz beam. The behavior of the reflected THz pulses was investigated by considering angular measurements on a set of suitable mock-ups. Measurements were carried out on an authentic archeological Roman coin that exhibited different corrosion situations. An electromagnetic model was used for estimating the roughness of outer and inner surfaces. The comparison of the results with those provided by other techniques made it possible to parameterize the surface texture such as the traditional contact micro-profilometry and the more recently used 3D digital microscopy.     

Ultra‐Broadband Wide‐Angle Terahertz Absorption Properties of 3D Graphene Foam

As a next generation of detection technology, terahertz technology is very promising. In this work, a highly efficient terahertz wave absorber based on 3D graphene foam (3DG) is first reported. Excellent terahertz absorption property at frequency ranging from 0.1 to 1.2 THz is obtained owing to faint surface reflection and enormous internal absorption. By precise control of the constant properties for 3DG, the reflection loss (RL) value of 19 dB is acquired and the qualified frequency bandwidth (with RL value over 10 dB) covers 95% of the entire measured bandwidth at normal incidence, which far surpasses most reported materials. More importantly, the terahertz absorption performance of 3DG enhances obviously with increasing the incidence while majority of materials become invalid at oblique incidence, instead. At the incidence of 45°, the maximum RL value increases 50% from 19 to 28.6 dB and the qualified frequency bandwidth covers 100% of the measured bandwidth. After considering all core indicators involving density, qualified bandwidth, and RL values, the specific average terahertz absorption (SATA) property is investigated. The SATA value of 3DG is over 3000 times higher than those of other materials in open literatures.     

Characterization of building materials for propagation modelling: frequency and time responses

We propose original data processing methods for the dielectric characterization of frequency-dependent reflection coefficients of construction materials considering a very wide frequency band. Two types of approaches have been developed to obtain, from spectral measurements, estimates of the equivalent complex permittivity versus frequency or reconstruction of the impulse response. In particular, high resolution (HR) algorithms based on the matrix pencil method have been used in an original way to identify wave multipath inside a sample. Both approaches have been used for the characterization of different types of building materials. A database of dielectric responses of materials is under construction in order to provide the deterministic propagation simulator with the characteristics of building materials.     

In situ characterization of building materials for propagation modeling: frequency and time responses

We propose original data processing methods for the dielectric characterization of frequency-dependent reflection coefficients of construction materials considering a very wide frequency band. Two types of approaches have been developed to obtain, from spectral measurements, estimates of the equivalent complex permittivity versus frequency or reconstruction of the impulse response. In particular, high-resolution (HR) algorithms based on the matrix pencil method have been used in an original way to identify wave multipath inside a sample. Both approaches have been used for the characterization of different types of building materials. A database of dielectric responses of materials is under construction in order to provide the deterministic propagation simulator with the characteristics of building materials.     

基于相位梯度光栅介电超表面的高效太赫兹波异常反射器

太赫兹(THz)波由于其诸多独特的性质,有着广泛的应用前景。然而由于相关材料和器件的发展相对滞后,太赫兹技术在实际中的应用尚有诸多限制。超材料和超表面概念的提出,能够对太赫兹波的相位、振幅、偏振进行有效操控,为太赫兹技术的发展提供了许多新的思路。其重要的功能之一是依靠相位不连续将入射波反射到非镜面方向,即通称的广义斯涅尔定律。然而,此前报道的大多数异常反射装置的效率都相对较低,在实际应用中存在局限性。针对这一问题,文中提出了一种太赫兹超表面异常反射器,将法向入射光反射到40°方向且不改变其偏振,并从理论上阐述了提高效率的思路,且通过数值模拟展示其有效性。通过使用全介质材料构建超表面从而消除材料损耗,并利用不同布洛赫波的耦合以提供非局部响应,令器件的工作效率超过99%。此外,这一设计理念可以推广到偏振无关器件中,并且对其他类似的器件也有一定参考意义。这一工作有潜力被应用于太赫兹波激光器、太赫兹波腔谐振器等太赫兹波实际器件中。     

太赫兹雷达散射截面测量中定标体的确定

围绕赫兹雷达散射截面定标体选定的内容开展了一系列工作,确定了适合作为太赫兹雷达散射截面标准体的工艺要求和加工方式,并先后对6种通过不同工艺加工成的太赫兹雷达散射截面的标准体材料进行了测试,分别测出半球反射率随波长的变化关系,确定了适合作为太赫兹雷达散射截面标准体的工艺要求和加工方式,加工出符合条件的太赫兹雷达散射截面测量中用作定标金属铝球,并利用该定标体对其他目标体在低频太赫兹波段的雷达散射截面进行了初步测量。     

Focus free terahertz reflection imaging and tomography with Bessel beams

A broadband terahertz (THz) reflection imaging system with high spatial resolution over a large depth of field is reported. A THz axicon lens producing a truncated THz Bessel beam with a linear focus exceeding 120 mm in length, and with the diameter of the central lobe less than 2 mm was used for imaging in a reflection geometry employing a pulsed THz time-domain spectrometer. With numerical post-processing, it was possible to reconstruct the three dimensional shape of the scanned object.     

太赫兹衰减全内反射油品检测系统中的棱镜设计

为了获得油品在太赫兹波段的衰减全内反射光谱,实现对油品的在线检测,利用光的折射定律,对太赫兹衰减全内反射系统中的核心部件——衰减全内反射棱镜进行了设计和实验。设计了单次反射棱镜,根据不同物质对太赫兹波的吸收程度不同,将单次反射棱镜用于太赫兹衰减全内反射系统,并进行了水和成品油的测试实验,取得了样品的光谱数据;进一步设计了多次反射棱镜,以增加油品对太赫兹的吸收,并对其进行了光学仿真。结果表明,经过单次全内反射,油品对太赫兹的吸收非常有限,无法实现对成品油的检测。该研究对下一步的油品检测是有帮助的。     

利用太赫兹波检测建筑物内钢筋的方法

钢筋参数（位置、直径等）对于已建建筑的安全性具有非常重要的作用。提出了一种利用太赫兹波检测建筑物内钢筋位置和直径的方法，选取太赫兹波作为检测信号，利用太赫兹波对非金属的建筑实体（如水泥、砖、石灰等）有着较强的穿透性以及对金属（钢筋）几乎全反射的特性，实现太赫兹波穿透建筑实体检测钢筋的功能。同时相对于微波而言太赫兹波易于实现极窄的天线波束，从而达到很高的检测精度，相对于磁感应仪而言其不受外界磁场环境的影响。经理论分析与工程实验表明，该方法完全能够满足实际工程应用中的检测要求。     

低损耗太赫兹波导及其成像应用

高性能的太赫兹功能器件在太赫兹波的产生、传输及探测上都有着重要意义.报道了一种Kagome型低损耗太赫兹波导及其成像应用.首先根据反谐振波导理论设计了0. 1 THz处低损耗的太赫兹波导,其理论损耗低至0. 012 cm~(-1).然后使用3D打印技术制备波导实物,实验测得其损耗为0. 015 3 cm-1,波导末端光束发散角为6±0. 5°.最后基于该波导搭建了可重构太赫兹成像装置,分别实现了对隐藏刀片、矿石的反射和透射成像,在地下远距离勘探领域具有潜在的应用前景.     

Measurements of Building Construction Materials at Ka-Band

Millimeter waves is expected to be used for indoor broadband wireless access for its rich frequency spectrum resources. To implement the indoor MMW wireless system, it is important to know its propagation characteristics in building, which are governed by the transmission properties of construction materials. This paper focuses on the measurements of reflection characteristics and refractive indices of some interior construction materials (such as glass, brick, plasterboard, silencing board, etc.) at Ka–band. The free–space reflection method was used to measure the reflection and transmission coefficients. Then the complex refractive indices of various materials could be calculated by using the Fresnel's formula.     

高迁移率ZnO纳米线的太赫兹探测器应用

报道了一种使用氧化物纳米线(ZnO)构建的新型太赫兹探测器。首先合成了高品质的ZnO纳米线,并且以此制备了场效应管。通过电输运测量得出ZnO纳米线具有高的开关比和良好的场效应迁移率,因此ZnO纳米线可作为基于一维场效应管模型的太赫兹探测器的感应端。在室温下不同强度的入射太赫兹波(0.3 THz)都可引起光电压。此外,进一步的分析证明太赫兹波的光敏效应是由于ZnO样品自身的高迁移率引起的,这也说明了氧化物纳米电子学将在太赫兹领域得到更广阔的应用。