Vibration control of a cable-stayed bridge using electromagnetic induction based sensor integrated MR dampers

This paper presents a novel electromagnetic induction (EMI) system integrated in magnetorheological (MR) dampers: The added EMI system converts reciprocal motions of MR damper into electiral energy (electromotive force or emf) according to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Maximum energy dissipation algorithm (MEDA) is employed to regulate the MR dampers because it strives to simplify a complex design process by employing the Lyapunov’s direct approach. The emf signal, produced from the EMI, provides the necessary measurement information (i.e., realtive velocity across the damper) for the MEDA controller. Thus, the EMI acts as a sensor in the proposed MR-EMI system. In order to evaluate the performance and robustness of the MR-EMI sensor system with the MEDA control, this study performed an extensive simulation study using the first generation benchmark cable-stayed bridge. Moreover, it compared the performance and the robustness of proposed system with those of Clipped-Optimal Control (COC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), which were previously studied for the benchmark cable-stayed bridge. The results show that the MR-EMI system reduced the vibrations of the bridge structure more than those of COC and SMC and show more robust performance than that of SMC. These results suggest that EMIs can be used cost-effective sensing devices for MR damper control systems without compromising the performance of them.     

磁流变阻尼器优化设计与性能分析

利用磁流变液这种智能材料的力学性能 ,制作了一种双出杆磁流变阻尼器。文中主要讨论了磁流变阻尼器结构设计、磁路设计的基本原理 ,并讨论了结构参数对磁流变阻尼器性能的影响 ,最后优化设计了磁流变阻尼器的结构参数 ,给出了磁流变阻尼器结构参数的匹配关系     

自适应磁流变悬架半主动控制研究

针对目前应用于汽车悬架系统的磁流变减振器工作时需要外部电源和控制设备的问题,设计了一种新型磁流变减振器,该减振器在无需外部电源和控制设备的条件下实现了对振动的自适应控制。研究了该减振器的结构特征和电能收集理论模型,并进行了模拟仿真。利用该减振器构建了无需外部电源和控制设备的汽车自适应磁流变悬架半主动控制系统,在1/4悬架实验台上进行了实验研究,实验结果表明,该控制系统是可行的,明显提高了汽车行驶的平顺性。     

基于颗粒阻尼器的曲线桥减震分析与试验

为了将颗粒阻尼器引入到曲线桥减震控制中,设计制作了某典型曲线桥的1/10缩尺试验模型及可用于试验模型桥上的曲型舱颗粒阻尼器(curved-capsule particle damper,简称CPD),基于振动台试验开展了地震波类别和激励方向对该型阻尼器减震效果的影响研究。结果表明:CPD构造简单,可方便快捷地安装于曲线桥上;远场地震波和近断层地震波作用下,CPD沿顺桥向和横桥向均能发挥一定的减震控制效果,对曲线桥动力响应的抑制具有良好的方向适应性;与远场地震波相比,近断层地震波作用下,由于长周期大脉冲的影响,CPD减震控制效果的变异性更大,当在结构自振周期附近存在大脉冲时,CPD的减震控制效果更佳。     

Modeling of a magneto-rheological (MR) fluid damper using a self tuning fuzzy mechanism

A magneto-rheological (MR) fluid damper is a semi-active control device that has recently begun to receive more attention in the vibration control community. However, the inherent nonlinear nature of the MR fluid damper makes it challenging to use this device to achieve high damping control system performance. The development of an accurate modeling method for a MR fluid damper is necessary because of its unique characteristics. Our goal was to develop an alternative method for modeling an MR fluid damper by using a self tuning fuzzy (STF) method based on neural technique. The behavior of the researched damper is directly estimated through a fuzzy mapping system. To improve the accuracy of the STF model, a back propagation and a gradient descent method are used to train online the fuzzy parameters to minimize the model error function. A series of simulations were done to validate the effectiveness of the suggested modeling method when compared with the data measured from experiments on a test rig with a researched MR fluid damper. Finally, modeling results show that the proposed STF interference system trained online by using neural technique could describe well the behavior of the MR fluid damper without need of calculation time for generating the model parameters. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Hong Hee Yoo Kyoung Kwan Ahn received the B.S. degree in the Department of Mechanical Engineering from Seoul National University in 1990, the M. Sc. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in 1992 and the Ph.D. degree from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1999, respectively. He is currently a Professor in the School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea. His research interests are design and control of smart actuator using smart material, fluid power control and active damping control. He is a Member of IEEE, ASME, SICE, RSJ, JSME, KSME, KSPE, KSAE, KFPS, and JFPS. Dinh Quang Truong received the B.S degree from the department of Mechanical Engineering from Hochiminh City University of Technology in 2001. From 2003 to 2006, he worked in the lab of machine design — Mechanical Department of Hochiminh City University of Technology. He is currently Ph.D. candidate at University of Ulsan. His research interests focus on designing and control of new hydraulic actuators, applications to hybrid vehicles with saving energy.     

Neuro-fuzzy control strategy for an offshore steel jacket platform subjected to wave-induced forces using magnetorheological dampers

Magnetorheological (MR) damper is a prominent semi-active control device to vibrate mitigation of structures. Due to the inherent non-linear nature of MR damper, an intelligent non-linear neuro-fuzzy control strategy is designed to control wave-induced vibration of an offshore steel jacket platform equipped with MR dampers. In the proposed control system, a dynamic-feedback neural network is adapted to model non-linear dynamic system, and the fuzzy logic controller is used to determine the control forces of MR dampers. By use of two feedforward neural networks required voltages and actual MR damper forces are obtained, in which the first neural network and the second one acts as the inverse dynamics model, and the forward dynamics model of the MR dampers, respectively. The most important characteristic of the proposed intelligent control strategy is its inherent robustness and its ability to handle the non-linear behavior of the system. Besides, no mathematical model needed to calculate forces produced by MR dampers. According to linearized Morison equation, wave-induced forces are determined. The performance of the proposed neuro-fuzzy control system is compared with that of a traditional semi-active control strategy, i.e., clipped optimal control system with LQG-target controller, through computer simulations, while the uncontrolled system response is used as the baseline. It is demonstrated that the design of proposed control system framework is more effective than that of the clipped optimal control scheme with LQG-target controller to reduce the vibration of offshore structure. Furthermore, the control strategy is very important for semi-active control.     

Performance evaluation of passive and semi-active magnetorheological dampers

Seismic control performance of the magnetorheological (MR) damper, which has strong nonlinearity, varies with the dynamic characteristics of the structure and ground motion such as natural period, peak ground acceleration. The MR damper has a property of the friction damper so that the relative magnitude of the friction force over excitation intensity affects the control performance. In this study, through numerical analyses of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) structures, design spectra for the passive MR damper and optimal non-dimensional friction forces are suggested. Additionally, simple semi-active control algorithms modulating the friction force of the MR damper in accordance with structural responses are proposed and compared with each other and the passive MR damper. Finally, the condition that the semi-active control is more appropriate than the passive one is identified for reasonable selection of the control strategy.     

Semiactive nonlinear control of a building with a magnetorheological damper system

This paper proposes a linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based systematic design methodology for nonlinear control of building structures equipped with a magnetorheological (MR) damper. This approach considers stability performance as well as transient characteristics in a unified framework. First, multiple Lyapunov-based controllers are designed via LMIs such that global asymptotical stability of the building structure is guaranteed and the performance on transient responses is also satisfied. Such Lyapunov-based state feedback controllers are converted into output feedback regulators using a set of Kalman estimators. Then, these Lyapunov-based controllers and Kalman observers are integrated into a global nonlinear control system via fuzzy logic. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a three-story building structure employing an MR damper is studied. The performance of the nonlinear control system is compared with that of a traditional linear optimal controller, i.e., H₂/linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG), while the uncontrolled system response is used as the baseline. It is demonstrated from comparison of the uncontrolled and semiactive controlled responses that the proposed nonlinear control system design framework is effective in reducing the vibration of a seismically excited building structure equipped with an MR damper. Furthermore, the newly developed controller is more effective in mitigating responses of the structure than the H₂/LQG controller.     

Vibration control of a class of semiactive suspension system using neural network and backstepping techniques

In this paper, we address the problem of designing the semiactive controller for a class of vehicle suspension system that employs a magnetorheological (MR) damper as the actuator. As the first step, an adequate model of the MR damper must be developed. Most of the models found in literature are based on the mechanical behavior of the device, with the Bingham and Bouc-Wen models being the most popular ones. These models can estimate the damping force of the device taking the control voltage and velocity inputs as variables. However, the inverse model, i.e., the model that computes the control variable (generally the voltage) is even more difficult to find due to the numerical complexity that implies the inverse of the nonlinear forward model. In our case, we develop a neural network being able to estimate the control voltage input to the MR damper, which is necessary for producing the optimal force predicted by the controller so as to reduce the vibrations. The controller is designed following the standard backstepping technique. The performance of the control system is evaluated by means of simulations in MATLAB/Simulink.     

斜拉索振动被动控制中电/磁流变阻尼器的最优阻尼器能量输入

研究了电／磁流变（ER／MR）阻尼器在恶劣条件下作为被动阻尼器使用时斜拉索的振动问题。对斜拉索和阻尼器的振动特性进行研究，采用Halmiton原理和模型识别技术建立斜拉索-阻尼器的非线性数学模型；采用随机噪声作为激励，通过不断调整阻尼器的能量输入，进行斜拉索-ER／MR阻尼器系统的振动被动控制试验。试验结果表明，存在一个最优的阻尼器能量输入，在该输入下能够有效地抑制斜拉索振动。根据所建立的非线性动力计算模型得到的计算结果与振动控制试验结果吻合良好。考虑到系统的非线性，研究了荷载大小和阻尼器安装位置对最优阻尼器能量输入的影响。研究结果为在恶劣条件下利用ER／MR阻尼器进行斜拉索振动被动控制时的阻尼器设计提供了依据。     

汽车悬架控制系统研究动态与展望

综述汽车悬架控制系统的基本类型，半主动控制和主动控制的控制策略。由于智能阻尼装置具有机械结构简单，动态范围大，能耗低等特点，是一种非常有前途的半主动减振装置。介绍电流变液体及磁流变液体和装置的主要特点与优点，并给出智能阻尼器的模型。着重论述几种控制方法在汽车悬架控制系统中的应用，探讨今后的研究方向和发展趋势。     

基于磁流变阻尼器的受电弓主动控制分析与验证

作动器是受电弓主动控制系统应用的瓶颈,磁流变阻尼器作为新型材料磁流变液发展而来的智能化元器件具有很多优良特性,将其用于弓网接触力的主动调节。首先建立了精确的磁流变阻尼器正向扩展双曲正切模型和逆向简化双曲正切模型,同时建立了和磁流变阻尼器结合的弓网耦合系统模型;为分析其在不同出力时程下的特性,设计了最优控制器、变结构控制器和模糊控制器对受电弓进行控制,并以SSS400+型受电弓为对象进行验证;最后以实际所需的主动控制力为标准,分析了作动器对理论控制力的跟踪能力。研究结果表明:磁流变阻尼器在不同控制策略的出力时程中均有较好表现,由于其较快的反应时间、较好的跟踪精度和较小的能量消耗,将其作为受电弓主动控制系统中的作动器具有很大的应用价值和发展潜力。     

A study on the efficiency improvement of a passive oil damper using an MR accumulator

This study describes the development, modeling, and testing of a hybrid damper for semi-active suspension. The goal of this study is to improve the performance of conventional passive oil dampers using a magneto-rheological (MR) accumulator that consists of a gas accumulator and an MR device. The level of damping is continuously variable by means of control of the applied current in an MR device that is fitted to a floating piston that separates the gas and oil chamber. A small MR device is used to resist the movement of the floating piston. At first, a mathematical model that describes all flows within the damper is formulated and developed in Matlab/Simulink. The MR device is also devised. A mathematical model is adopted to characterize the performance of the device. The formulas derived for the different components of the damper force are combined into a full damper model. Then, the applicability of the MR device to a conventional passive oil damper is tested in a manufactured test environment and evaluated in terms of the damping force vs. the piston velocity. From the results, it is possible to ascertain the MF device’s capability to work as a damper that can supply a variable damping force. Moreover, this research affords a lot of new information about the applicability of MR devices and improvement of the damping force.     

Semi-active Sliding Mode Control of Vehicle Suspension with Magneto-rheological Damper

The vehicle semi-active suspension with magneto-rheological damper(MRD) has been a hot topic since this decade, in which the robust control synthesis considering load variation is a challenging task. In this paper, a new semi-active controller based upon the inverse model and sliding mode control(SMC) strategies is proposed for the quarter-vehicle suspension with the magneto-rheological(MR) damper, wherein an ideal skyhook suspension is employed as the control reference model and the vehicle sprung mass is considered as an uncertain parameter. According to the asymptotical stability of SMC, the dynamic errors between the plant and reference systems are used to derive the control damping force acquired by the MR quarter-vehicle suspension system. The proposed modified Bouc-wen hysteretic force-velocity(F-v) model and its inverse model of MR damper, as well as the proposed continuous modulation(CM) filtering algorithm without phase shift are employed to convert the control damping force into the direct drive current of the MR damper. Moreover, the proposed semi-active sliding mode controller(SSMC)-based MR quarter-vehicle suspension is systematically evaluated through comparing the time and frequency domain responses of the sprung and unsprung mass displacement accelerations, suspension travel and the tire dynamic force with those of the passive quarter-vehicle suspension, under three kinds of varied amplitude harmonic, rounded pulse and real-road measured random excitations. The evaluation results illustrate that the proposed SSMC can greatly suppress the vehicle suspension vibration due to uncertainty of the load, and thus improve the ride comfort and handling safety. The study establishes a solid theoretical foundation as the universal control scheme for the adaptive semi-active control of the MR full-vehicle suspension decoupled into four MR quarter-vehicle sub-suspension systems.     

基于鱼群算法的永磁体-电磁阀式磁流变阻尼器半主动悬架系统

为了提高汽车悬架系统工作性能,对磁流变阻尼器半主动悬架控制系统进行了研究。首先,基于磁流变阻尼器工作原理,将永磁体与电磁阀引入其中,设计新型磁流变阻尼器并建立了仿真模型,示功特性试验结果表明,所设计的新型阻尼器可以满足汽车悬架的使用要求,同时,速度特性试验表明所建立的阻尼器模型具有较高的可信度;其次,基于牛顿定律建立了7自由度整车悬架模型;为了提高悬架控制效果,在对常规鱼群算法进行改进的基础上,设计了适合汽车悬架系统最优控制器的鱼群算法,实现了两者的集成控制;最后,进行了仿真试验。试验结果表明,与被动悬架相比,基于鱼群最优控制算法控制的汽车车身质心垂直加速度、俯仰角加速度、侧倾角加速度分别减小了38.95%、35.12%、35.98%,有效地提高了汽车的动力学性能。     

磁流变阻尼器阻尼性能研究

为了研究新型可控流体磁流变液的特性以及利用以磁流变液为流体的阻尼器的阻尼特性，本文对磁流变液的重要组成部分——磁性微颗粒进行了介绍．并讨论了描述磁流变液的流变模型。在分析现有磁流变阻尼器结构的基础上．提出了一种改进的阻尼器结构。最后对改进结构测试了其性能，分析了影响其性能的各种因素，并提出了目前尚待解决的主要问题。     

Study on damping properties of magnetorheological damper

To research the properties of a new kind of smart controllable MR (magnetorheological) fluid, in this paper, the rheological models are discussed. On the basis of analyzing the structural forms of MR dampers, an improved structure of the MR damper is introduced; the properties of the novel MR damper are then tested. The experimental results reveal that the Herschel-Bulkley model predicts the force-velocity well; the damping properties of the ameliorated structure of the MR damper have improved; when the excitation is a trigonal signal, the MR damper reveals a thinning effect at high velocity; and when the excitation is a sinusoidal signal, the MR damper reveals a nonlinear hysteretic property between the damping force and relative velocity. Finally, the main unsolved problems have been put forward. __________ Translated from Ningxia Engineering Technology, 2005, 24 (4) (in Chinese)     

车用磁流变减振器的研制

针对车用磁流变减振器现存的阻尼特性不理想、油封易磨损泄漏、磁流变液静置沉降以及磁路结构不尽合理等主要问题,提出了加装单向滑阀、组合密封器、静置稳定装置和多级磁路式电磁活塞等改进措施。以Passat B5轿车前悬架减振器作为设计对象,对磁流变减振器的电磁磁路和液压结构进行了改进设计,最后通过各项性能试验得到了较为满意的结果,表明了双筒滑阀式磁流变减振器的可行性和有效性。     

一种新型的磁流变阻尼器及其在半主动控制车辆悬架中的应用研究

研制了一种新型的磁流变阻尼器 ,进行了阻尼器的阻尼特性试验。在性能试验的基础上 ,提出了描述磁流变阻尼器阻尼特性的非线性滞回模型。采用磁流变阻尼器实现车辆悬架系统半主动控制 ,提出一种基于最优控制理论的半主动控制方案 ,给出了悬架系统在B级公路路面激励下控制数值仿真结果。结果表明基于最优控制理论的半主动控制磁流变阻尼器有明显的控制效果 ,可以有效地提高车辆的乘坐舒适性 ,具有良好的应用前景。     

Vibration control of a structure using Magneto-Rheological grease damper

This paper describes an application study of Magneto-Rheological (MR) grease damper to a structure with three stories. MR fluid is known as one of successful smart materials whose rheological properties can be varied by magnetic field strength, and has been applied to various kinds of device such as dampers, clutches, engine mounts, etc. However, ferromagnetic particles dispersed in MR fluid settle out of the suspension after a certain interval due to the density difference between the particles and their career fluid. To overcome this defect, we have developed a new type of controllable working fluid using grease as the career of magnetic particles. Network of thickener in grease is expected to hold the magnetic particles and prevent them from settled down. No or little sedimentation was observed in MR grease whose characteristics could be controlled by the magnetic field strength. MR grease was introduced into a cylindrical damper and its performance was studied. As a result, it was confirmed that the damping force of MR grease damper could be controlled by the applied electric current to the coil in the cylinder of damper. Furthermore, vibration response of a three-story model structure equipped with MR grease damper was investigated experimentally, and it was shown that MR grease damper worked effectively as a semi-active damper.