应用膜处理技术开展市政污水再利用的研究现状及分析

文章通过对MBR膜处理技术的工艺简介以及在市政污水处理与回用过程中的重要作用,阐述了MBR膜处理技术的应用效果。进而膜处理工艺在应用过程中的关键作用分析生物膜的发展现状及未来研究方向。     

全膜法在城市污水处理厂二级出水深度处理中的应用

介绍了全膜法在大连泰山热电厂新建工程2×135 MW火电机组锅炉补给水处理系统中的应用情况。工程采用超滤(UF)—反渗透(RO)—连续电去离子膜块(EDI)联合工艺对污水处理厂二级出水进行深度处理,介绍了工艺的设计、设备及运行情况,并对运行数据进行分析。经该工艺处理后的出水水质可满足设计要求,并能保证电厂超高压锅炉用水的长期安全、可靠运行。     

臭氧—曝气生物滤池处理难生物降解废水的试验研究进展

臭氧与曝气生物滤池组合工艺,可提高难生物降解废水的处理效率。文章综述了该组合工艺在不同行业难生物降解废水处理中色度、COD去除率等方面的研究进展,表明组合工艺对不同原水的处理效果明显。指出臭氧与曝气生物滤池组合工艺作为一种深度处理工艺是非常适合我国国情的水处理技术,尤其对我国今后中水回用、企业污水闭路循环以及＂零排放＂...     

郑州市五龙口污水处理厂中水回用工程

随着水资源的供需矛盾日益尖锐,积极开展城市污水的深度处理及回用,是解决水资源短缺和水污染治理的一项良策,也是一种必然趋势.介绍了郑州市五龙口污水处理厂中水回用工程,其采用混凝-沉淀-过滤-消毒的深度处理工艺,出水水质达到设计要求.并对中水回用所产生的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益进行了分析.     

建筑给排水的发展趋势——中水道应用

1中水道应用前景中水道是指介于上下水之间的一种生活杂用水系统,从供水意义上而言,属分质供水方式,以生活污水作为水源,进行就地收集、处理、回用。不少国家已着手建筑中水道系统的研究和实施,根据自己区域特点确定出适合其国情的中水回用技术。采用建筑中水系统,使污水处理后回用,既可减少污染,又可增加可利用的水资源,具有显著的社会效益、环境效益和经济效益。因此在建筑逐步向绿色生态建筑发展的同时,建筑中水道将成为建筑给排水的一个发展方向。2中水水源、用途及用水水质标准2.1中水水源中水水源可取自生活污水和冷却水,一般按下列顺…     

膜生物反应器(MBR)在污水回用工程应用的技术特性

介绍了膜生物反应器应用在污水再生利用处理中与传统工艺相比的优越性.通过介绍膜生物反应器处理机理,引申到其应用在中水回用工艺主处理段时具有的特点.最后从膜的选择叙述了该技术的要点,并总结了今后开发、利用推广的重要性.     

包头人工湿地污水净化处理系统设计特点

人工湿地污水处理技术在我国南方地区广为应用,但在北方寒冷地区的大规模应用并不多见。针对包头二道沙河的低污染水,采用人工湿地生态修复串联工艺进行处理,即"河滨旁通式强化处理工艺+接触氧化工艺+潜流湿地复合系统+表面流湿地复合系统"。重点介绍了主要构筑物的设计参数,总结北方寒冷地区人工湿地的主要设计特点,提出了包头黄河湿地冬季运行的措施和要求。同时,结合当地用水需要,以中水回用的方式实现湿地出水资源化利用,设计出水水质能够达到中水回用的水质要求。     

双膜法在北京经济技术开发区市政污水回用中的应用

北京经济技术开发区再生水厂使用双膜法（MF＋RO）工艺对污水厂二级出水进行处理,处理后出水回用至区内工业企业,双膜法工艺组合较为合理,系统设计对CODcr的去除率为85％;BOD5的去除率为70％;SS的去除率为97％;NH3-N的去除率为50％;处理后的出水水质达到GB／T19923-2005《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》的标准。对于我国缺水城市双膜法处理工艺具有广泛的应用前景．可以有效地缓解区域水资源紧张的情形。     

神东矿区污水净化处理现状和生态应用研究

对神东矿区污水净化处理现状和存在的主要问题进行了阐述。根据矿区中水水质监测结果,指出矿区中水生态应用主要问题是含盐量较高,对中水灌溉和植物生长不利。对应用电渗析技术深度处理回用高矿化度矿井水进行了探索和研究,并对神东矿区生态用水提出一些建议。     

中水回用于电厂循环冷却水系统的研究

正在面临严重缺水且大量废水又造成水体污染的严峻形势下,将二级污水处理厂的排水经过适当的深度处理成为中水而实现回用,是城市污水资源化的一个有效途径,限制从自然水体的取水量和污染物的总排放量是减轻污染的重要手段。将中水回用于工     

再生水灌溉水处理工艺及灌溉 技术要求研究

再生水灌溉是解决水资源短缺的有效途径之一。结合目前再生水回用的必要性和紧迫性,对 再生水处理和灌溉工艺的确定进行了简要的分析,从建设目的、水质标准、工艺流程方面进行了阐述 和研究。最后,就污水处理相关技术与工艺、再生水灌溉的技术要求与标准以及再生水灌溉的管理和 监测等方面,对再生水灌溉提出了相应的新型再生水处理工艺和技术要求。     

The membrane fouling simulator: a suitable tool for prediction and characterisation of membrane fouling.

A new tool--the Membrane Fouling Simulator (MFS)--is developed to measure membrane fouling (pressure drop increase) in a small and simple system, representative for spiral wound membranes applied in water treatment. With the MFS, fouling development can be monitored systematically by (i) pressure drop, (ii) in situ and non-destructive (visual) observations using the sight glass and (iii) analysis of coupons sampled from the membrane sheet in the MFS. A comparison study of the MFS with spiral wound membrane elements (test rigs and a full scale installation) showed the same fouling. The MFS provided reproducible data. The small size and low water and chemical use of the MFS facilitate to perform systematic parallel studies. With the MFS, fouling of membranes applied in water treatment can be characterised.     

Review on the fate of organic micropollutants in wastewater treatment and water reuse with membranes

A brief review of the fate of micropollutants in membrane-based wastewater treatment due to sorption, stripping, biological degradation/transformation and membrane separation is discussed, to give an overview of these technologies due to the growing importance for water reuse purposes. Compared with conventional activated sludge treatment (CAS) micropollutant removal in membrane bioreactor (MBR) is slightly improved due to complete suspended solids removal and increased sludge age. For discharge to sensitive receiving waters advanced treatment, such as post-ozonation or activated carbon adsorption, is recommended. In water reuse plants nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) efficiently reject micropollutants due to size exclusions as well as electrostatic and hydrophobic effects reaching potable quality. To remove micropollutants fully, additionally post-ozone or the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) have to be applied, which in parallel also reduce NDMA precursors. The concentrate has to be treated if disposed to sensitive receiving waters due to its high micropollutant concentration and ecotoxicity potential. The present review summarizes principles and capabilities for the most important membrane-based applications for wastewater treatment, i.e. porous membranes in MBRs (micro- or ultrafiltration) and dense membrane applications (NF and RO) for water reuse.     

Membrane bioreactors in industrial wastewater treatment--European experiences, examples and trends.

In wastewater treatment, micro- and ultra-filtration membranes are used for the separation of the activated sludge (biomass) from the treated water. This offers the advantages of a complete removal of solids and bacteria, as well as most of the viruses, namely those attached to the suspended solids. Compared to the conventional activated sludge process (CAS) this technology allows a much higher biomass concentration (MLSS) whereby the reactor volume and the footprint decreases. With increasing MLSS, the viscosity of the sludge increases, which leads to reduced oxygen transfer rates. Depending on the type of membrane and membrane module, the pre-treatment has to be more sophisticated to prevent clogging and sludging of the modules. Due to fouling and scaling, the flux through the membranes will decrease with time. The decrease depends on the water quality as well as on the measurements taken to minimize fouling. Mainly, three strategies are available: lowering the flux, increasing the "crossflow" and cleaning of the membranes. Different strategies including backwash and chemical cleaning "in situ", "on air" and "ex situ" can be applied. It has been proven more effective to apply preventive regular cleaning. Besides the energy demand for oxygen supply--which is typically in the range of 0.3 kWh/m3 for municipal wastewater--the energy for fouling prevention is substantial. Immersed membranes need approximately 0.4 to 1 kWh/m3 for the coarse bubble aeration, whereas tubular modules require 1 to 4 kWh/m3 pump energy. For proper design of industrial wastewater treatment, the verification of applicability and the development of adequate cleaning strategies, it is a precondition to run pilot tests for a sufficient period of time with the wastewater to be treated. More than 100 industrial wastewater treatment membrane bioreactors (MBR) are in operation in Europe. Data of three case studies for a sewage sludge dewatering plant in UK (12,000 m3/d), a plant for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater in Germany (3600 m3/d), as well for revamping of an chemical WWTP >2000 m3/d in Italy, are given. MBRs will be used in future wherever high quality effluent is required, because of a sensitive receiving water body or due to the fact of water reuse as process water. MBRs are a perfect pre-treatment in industrial applications when further treatment with nanofiltration or reverse osmosis is considered. The technique is advanced and can be applied both in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. Higher operational costs must be balanced by superior effluent quality.     

TiO_2在饮用水膜处理技术中的应用研究进展

对于微污染水源水中天然有机物(NOMs)、藻毒素、农药等有毒有害物质,常规的水处理工艺不仅去除效果十分有限,而且会增加消毒副产物。膜分离技术是有效的解决方法之一,但如何制备新型膜材料、减少膜污染是实现膜分离技术在饮用水生产中应用的关键技术;TiO2催化氧化与膜处理技术联用后,可以提高膜通量,杀死细菌和有效减轻膜污染;在膜制备过程中TiO2不仅可以直接制备成膜,而且还可以杂合无机膜或有机膜制备复合膜,能够明显改善膜的亲水性,提高膜通量,在膜分离过程中同时具有催化性能。     

Reusing Urban Wastewater—An Alternative and a Reliable Water Resource

ABSTRACT

Fundamental concepts of reusing urban wastewater as an alternative and a reliable source of water supply are discussed, along with the categories for water reuse, planning methodologies, wastewater reclamation technologies, and economics. The rational basis for integration of urban reclaimed water into water resources planning is proposed and the safe use of reclaimed water is evaluated. Special attention is paid to tertiary or advanced wastewater treatment systems that are capable of producing essentially pathogen-free effluent for a variety of uses such as irrigation of urban landscape, flushing of toilets served by dual plumbing systems in large commercial buildings, and groundwater recharge for eventual potable reuse. The motivating factors for wastewater reclamation and reuse are summarized and the costs of water reclamation projects are discussed with several examples. The integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning is proposed and the safe use of reclaimed water is emphasized.     

Characteristics of membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor under sub-critical flux operation.

Recently, the membrane bioreactor (MBR) process has become one of the novel technologies to enhance the performance of biological treatment of wastewater. Membrane bioreactor process uses the membrane unit to replace a sediment tank, and this can greatly enhance treatment performance. However, membrane fouling in MBR restricts its widespread application because it leads to permeate flux decline, making more frequent membrane cleaning and replacement necessary, which then increases operating and maintenance costs. This study investigated the sludge characteristics in membrane fouling under sub-critical flux operation and also assessed the effect of shear stress on membrane fouling. Membrane fouling was slow under sub-critical flux operation. However, as filamentous microbes became dominant in the reactor, membrane fouling increased dramatically due to the increased viscosity and polysaccharides. A close link was found between membrane fouling and the amount of polysaccharides in soluble EPS. The predominant resistance was the cake resistance which could be minimized by increasing the shear stress. However, the resistance of colloids and solutes was not apparently reduced by increasing shear stress. Therefore, smaller particles such as macromolecules (e.g. polysaccharides) may play an important role in membrane fouling under sub-critical flux operation.     

Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan.

The Water Resources Agency (WRA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has predicted that the annual water demand in Taiwan will reach approximately 20 billion m3 by 2021. However, the present water supply is only 18 billion m3 per year. This means that an additional 2 billion m3 have to be developed in the next 17 years. The reuse of treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants could be one target for the development of new water resources. The responsible government departments already have plans to construct public sewerage systems in order to improve the quality of life of the populace and protect the environment. The treated wastewater effluent from such municipal wastewater treatment plants could be a very stable and readily available secondary type of water resource, different from the traditional types of water resources. The major areas where reclaimed municipal wastewater can be used to replace traditional fresh water resources include agricultural and landscape irrigation, street cleaning, toilet flushing, secondary industrial reuse and environmental uses. However, necessary wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have not yet been established. The requirements for their establishment include water reuse guidelines and criteria, the elimination of health risks ensuring safe use, the determination of the wastewater treatment level appropriate for the reuse category, as well as the development and application of management systems reuse. An integrated system for water reuse would be of great benefit to us all by providing more efficient ways to utilise the water resources.     

利用小型污水处理设施和中水解决城镇水资源问题

水资源短缺和水环境污染已经成为城市和小城镇可持续发展的制约因素，中水回用则是解决这两个问题的重要举措。在调查分析了石家庄市水资源、污水处理和中水回用情况的基础上，回顾了污水处理和中水回用的发展历程，分析了中水回用的不同方法，以石家庄为例进行中水回用的经济效益分析。分析表明大力推行小型污水处理设施并进行中水回用是城市和小城镇水资源可持续发展的重要举措。     

延缓膜生物反应器膜污染的技术措施探讨

膜生物反应器(MBR)是膜分离技术和污水生物处理技术有机结合产生的一种新型污水处理工艺,与传统污水处理工艺相比具有很多优点,但膜污染是限制膜生物反应器广泛应用的关键因素.介绍了膜污染的定义,系统论述了膜污染的研究进展,着重从改良膜的性质,改善污泥混合液的特性和优化膜分离操作条件3个方面介绍了国内外有效延缓膜污染的技术措施.