高温熔融高炉渣颗粒相变冷却特性分析

采用温度法模型对高温熔融高炉渣颗粒的相变冷却特性进行了分析,考虑颗粒固液相热导率随温度的变化及颗粒与环境的辐射换热,获得了高温熔渣颗粒内的温度分布以及相界面位置随时间的推移过程。讨论了变热导率、换热条件、颗粒尺寸,冷却流体速度和温度对相变冷却过程的影响,结果表明:热导率的变化使得颗粒冷却凝固时间延长,高温辐射换热极大加快了冷却速率;颗粒直径增加,相界面移动速度降低,凝固时间增加;冷却流体速度增加,温度降低,相界面移动速度增加,凝固时间缩短。     

高温熔融高炉渣颗粒相变冷却特性分析

采用温度法模型对高温熔融高炉渣颗粒的相变冷却特性进行了分析,考虑颗粒固液相热导率随温度的变化及颗粒与环境的辐射换热,获得了高温熔渣颗粒内的温度分布以及相界面位置随时间的推移过程。讨论了变热导率、换热条件、颗粒尺寸,冷却流体速度和温度对相变冷却过程的影响,结果表明：热导率的变化使得颗粒冷却凝固时间延长,高温辐射换热极大加快了冷却速率;颗粒直径增加,相界面移动速度降低,凝固时间增加;冷却流体速度增加,温度降低,相界面移动速度增加,凝固时间缩短。     

冷却速率和压力对聚合物PVT特性的影响研究

根据聚合物由原料经过加工成为制品的过程中,无论加工方式怎么变化,高分子材料的压力温度比容积参数三者之间始终遵循PVT特性规律,研制了具有高冷却速率的直接加压测试聚合物PVT技术及装置,对压力、冷却速率等参数对于高分子材料PVT特性的影响进行实验测试。研究表明,温度转变点随冷却速率的增大而降低,随压力的提高而变大。     

外界环境因素对热塑性橡塑共混开孔材料的影响Ⅱ橡塑共混开孔材料的蠕变行为

研究了退火温度和时间及退火后放置时间对橡塑开孔材料透水速率的影响。结果表明：开孔材料透水速率随退火温度的升高而下降，退火温度越高，下降的幅度越大；同一退火温度下，透水速率随退火后放置时间的增长而降低，放置时间越长下降的幅度越大；透水速率随退火时间的增长而下降，退火时间越长，下降幅度越大。     

超声波作用对液滴冷却冻结过程的影响

为了揭示超声波辅助冷却冻结过程中的热质传递机理,在声场理论和热质守恒的基础上,结合液滴冷却冻结过程,建立了超声波作用下液滴冷却冻结数学模型,分析了冷却冻结过程中超声波对液滴温度、液固界面、液滴直径的影响,揭示了冷却冻结过程中超声波空化效应导致传质引起的传热量与超声波热效应产热量的变化规律。结果表明:超声波空化效应强化了液滴表面的传质,有利于液滴的冷却冻结;对于不同频率和强度的超声波,存在合理的超声波加载时间;将超声波作用下液滴冻结过程中液固界面的模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,二者吻合性好,最大误差10.6%,最小误差0.3%。     

水在冷却和冻结过程温度场的实验与理论研究

在自行开发的“多通道温度数据智能采集系统”的基础上，进行了圆柱形容器内水的冷却和冻结实验，并基于ANSYS的有限元分析法对其冷却和冻结过程进行了计算机模拟。结果表明：自行研发的“多通道温度数据智能采集系统”人机界面友好、使用方便、运行可靠、成本低廉、用途广泛，极具推广性；计算机模拟与实验结果相吻合。本文提出的基于ANSYS热分析的有限元分析方法在冷却和冻结过程的温度场研究中具有诱人的应用前景；冻结过程越靠近筒壁相变越早发生，相变持续时间就越短；相变前越靠近筒壁，降温速率越大，降温曲线的线性分布越明显，相变后则与此相反。     

退火对PA6结晶和拉伸性能的影响

通过调节退火时间和退火温度,研究了退火工艺对尼龙(PA)6结晶性能以及PA6在不同拉伸速率下的拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,在100℃恒温退火时,随着退火时间的增加,PA6初始熔融温度逐渐升高,熔限减小,γ晶的晶粒尺寸增大,但结晶度变化不大;在5 h退火时间下,随着退火温度的增加,PA6结晶度呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而α晶晶粒尺寸逐渐增大。总体上看,不同拉伸速率下退火时间和退火温度对拉伸强度的影响较小,相对来看,退火温度为100℃时拉伸强度较高,而当退火温度达到200℃时,拉伸强度显著下降;当拉伸速率较高或较低时,不同退火时间下的PA6断裂伸长率相差不大,而当拉伸速率为20,50 mm/min时,随退火时间的增加,断裂伸长率逐渐降低;退火温度为100,130℃的PA6断裂伸长率保持在相对较高值,且拉伸速率越低,其值越高,但随着拉伸速率增加,其下降趋势也最快;高拉伸速率下,退火温度对PA6断裂伸长率影响较小。以上结果表明,当对PA6进行退火处理时,在拉伸性能方面需要考虑拉伸速率的影响。     

超声波作用下液滴的冷却冻结规律

超声波液体辅助冻结在食品、海水淡化及冰蓄冷等方面的应用得到了广泛关注。结合声场理论,在对液滴界面处热质传递分析的基础上,建立了超声波作用下的液滴冷却冻结数学模型,讨论了不同超声波频率、强度及作用时间对液滴界面处热质传递的影响,得到了超声波作用下液滴的冷却冻结规律。结果表明:超声波作用下界面处的传质系数随着超声波强度的增加而增大,但随超声波频率的增加而减小;在液滴冷却冻结过程中,质量传递与热量传递的方向相同,液滴的冷却冻结在超声波作用下得到了强化。在超声波频率为20000 Hz(强度为400W?m-2),经过相同的时间(60 s),超声波作用下的液滴温度比无超声作用的温度低2.0~2.5℃。研究将有助于深入理解超声波辅助冷却冻结机理,并为其工程应用提供了指导和参考。     

流延法生产塑料薄膜传热过程数值模拟

对流延法生产塑料薄膜的传热过程进行了数值模拟,得到了流延辊内壁温度分布及塑料薄膜温度随时间变化曲线。在进行流延辊辊体设计时,可以忽略辐射及空气对流的冷却作用而按照稳态问题进行计算;流延法生产塑料薄膜的冷却速率决定于空气夹层厚度及辊面温度,并指出了提高塑料薄膜质量及提高塑料薄膜生产速率的方法。     

硝基胍结晶过程介稳区宽度研究

为了测试硝基胍在硝酸溶液中的介稳区宽度,采用重结晶仪测试溶液的浊度和温度,经计算得到溶解度,分析了硝酸含量、降温速率、饱和温度和搅拌速率对介稳区宽度的影响。结果表明,在硝基胍结晶过程中,介稳区宽度随降温速率的增加和硝酸含量的升高而变宽;随搅拌速率的增加,介稳区宽度变窄;不同饱和温度下,温度越高,介稳区宽度越窄。在实际操作过程中,硝酸质量分数为45%,搅拌速率为150r/min,饱和温度为0℃,降温速率为0.8℃/min时,结晶较宜。用经典成核理论推导了介稳区宽度的模型方程,结果与实验值符合较好,成核级数为0.56。     

新型抗冻剂-不冻蛋白质的研究与发展前景

不冻蛋白质(Ice Structuring Proteins,简称ISP)也称冻结构蛋白,是一种新型的抗冻剂,其具有抑制冰结晶生长的作用,包括抑制重结晶,同时还具有影响冰晶组织结构的作用。迄今为止科学工作者已从陆地昆虫、植物、细菌和真菌等各类生物中分离到多种抗冻蛋白,不冻蛋白质可以应用于冷冻食品工业、农业种植、医学等领域。本文简要地介绍了不冻蛋白质的性质、起源及研发历程、应用及发展趋势。     

Temperature modulated DSC studies of melting and recrystallization in poly (oxy‐1,4‐phenyleneoxy‐1,4‐phenylenecarbonyl‐1,4‐phenylene) (PEEK)

The thermal and crystal morphological properties of amorphous and melt crystallized poly(oxy‐1,4‐phenyleneoxy‐1,4‐phenylenecarbonyl‐1,4‐phenylene) (PEEK) were investigated. Two different molecular weights were studied by Temperature Modulated DSC (TMDSC) over a broad range of annealing times and temperatures. The lower molecular weight PEEK under all crystallization conditions was found to exhibit secondary crystal melting in the low endotherm region, followed by melting of primary crystals melting in the low endotherm region, followed by melting of primary crystals superimposed with a large recrystallization contribution. Primary crystal melting broadly overlapped with melting of the recrystallized species and contributed to the broad highest endotherm. Recrystallization contributions and the interpretation of TMDSC were partially confirmed by independent rapid heating rate melting point determinations and variable heating rate DSC. The higher molecular weight PEEK showed many similarities but generally had smaller levels of reorganization above the annealing temperature under most higher temperature crystallization conditions. TMDSC provides excellent resolution of recrystallization and related events compared to standard DSC. The broad and substantial exothermic recrystallization in amorphous samples was also examined, showing that recrystallization continues through the final melting region.     

Annealing of commercial block polypropylene. II. Behavior of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) component

Moldings of ethylene–propylene block copolymer (block PP) are improved by annealing in their tensile impact strength (TIS) and brittle temperature (Tb). To elucidate the mechanism, the role of the poly(ethylene-co-propylene) (PEP) component was studied, and the component extracted with n-heptane from annealed test pieces was subjected to characterization by a fractionation technique. It is found that recrystallization takes place by annealing in the PP matrix and results in segregation of atactic PP and high molecular weight amorphous PEP from the crystal region to the amorphous region. Furthermore, crystalline PEP also undergoes recrystallization by annealing, increasing the miscibility in the interface of PP and PEP. These phenomena in the solid phase are discussed in connection with the annealing effect related to impact strength. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Experimental Study and Modeling of Freeze-Drying in Syringe Configuration. Part I: Freezing Step

This article concerns the experimental study and the modeling of the freezing step during freeze-drying of a model lyoprotectant formulation in syringe configuration. First, ice crystal morphology observations were carried out in a cold chamber equipped with stereomicroscopy to determine the ice crystal size distribution. We observed that the ice crystal morphology was homogeneous as a function of the radial position and that, contrary to our previous observations in glass vial configuration, no significant ice morphology differences existed between the bottom and the top of syringes. Thus, it seems that the gas cooling by free convection at the walls of the syringe during the freezing step led to higher homogeneity in the ice crystal morphology. These data allowed calculation of the mean ice crystal diameter (which was supposed to represent the mean porous diameter) and then the permeability of the freeze-dried cake. Moreover, a two-dimensional axisymmetric (2D) mathematical model in cylindrical geometry of the freezing step for aqueous sucrose solution was elaborated. It has been proved that this model was able to simulate quite precisely the whole temperature profiles during the freezing step, except the exothermic peak of nucleation. In the last part of this work on syringe geometry, the impact of annealing treatments on the freeze-dried matrix morphology was investigated. Some heterogeneity of sublimation rates was observed, with significant variation of residual humidity. Additionally, the water vapor mass transfer resistance values decreased if a convenient annealing treatment (shelf temperature at ?10°C) was applied.     

Thermal properties of ethylene ionomers

The annealing effect of ethylene ionomers annealed at various temperatures and for various periods was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Two endothermic melting peaks were observed for all the ethylene ionomers annealed. The melting peak at the lower temperature, which was assigned to bundlelike crystal owing to a Hoffman-Weeks relationship, shifted to a higher temperature with the annealing temperature and period, indicative of recrystallization. There is physical cross-linking consisting of ionic aggregates, such as multiplets and clusters in ethylene ionomers. The crystallization kinetics of ethylene ionomers was fundamentally similar, but different from that of low-density polyethylene. Crystallization and recrystallization suggested a mobile ethylene chain in both amorphous regions and ionic aggregates even in the presence of cross-linking.     

液-液同向流中冰浆的形成

A new technique for ice slurry production was explored. Multiple small water-drops were formed in another immiscible chilled liquid by a single-nozzled atomizer and frozen in the fluidized bed by direct contact heat transfer. Experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamic behaviors of the ice crystal making system. The results demonstrate that the ice crystals could be produced continuously and stably in the vertical bed with the circulating coolant of initial temperature below -5℃. The size distribution of the ice crystals appears non-uniform, but is more similar and more uniform at lower oil flow rate. The mean ice crystal size rests seriously with the jet velocity and the oil flow rate. It decreases with decreasing the oil flow rate, and reaches the maximum at an intermediate jet velocity at about 16.5 m.s y. The ice crystal size is also closely related to the phenomenon of drop-coalescing, which can be alleviated considerably by reducing the flow rate or lowering the temperature of the carrier oil. However, optimization of liquid-liquid atomization is a more effective approach to produce fine ice crystals of desired size.     

Lamellar thickening behaviour of nylon-6,6 crystal by annealing

Nylon-6,6 — a typical polyamide — was annealed in the swollen state in glycerol to promote the partial melting of the polymer crystal. The recrystallization or lamellar thickening of nylon-6,6 crystal following partial melting was easily induced by this annealing, and the lamellar thickness of the crystal increased stepwise by $\text{1}\text{2}$ monomer unit length with increasing annealing temperature or annealing time. In addition, another distinct layer-thickening mechanism was observed which led to approximately doubling (and frequently quadrupling) the straight stem length of the lamellar crystal for all samples annealed under adequate conditions. New melting endotherms corresponding to these layer thicknesses (range of long spacings 140–180Å) were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) at temperatures ranging from 270° to 282°C. The mechanism of lamellar thickening is discussed with reference to the experimental results.     

Crystallization and melting behavior of amorphous poly(iminosebacoyl iminodecamethylene)

Multiple melting behavior was observed in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans for the isothermally crystallized poly(iminosebacoyl iminodecamethylene) (PA1010) samples. Coexistence of crystal populations with different lamellar thickness in PA1010 was discussed by means of DSC, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering techniques. During crystallization of the polymer, a major lamellar crystal population developed first, which possessed a higher melting temperature. However, a small fraction of the polymer formed minor crystal population with thinner lamellae, which was metastable and, upon post‐annealing, could grow into more stable and thicker lamellae through melting and recrystallization process. Lamellae insertion or stacks would develop during the post‐annealing at a lower temperature for the isothermally crystallized samples; thus, multiple crystal populations with different thickness could be produced. It is the multiple distribution of lamella thickness that gives rise to multiple melting behavior of crystalline polymers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 993–1002, 2000     

Annealing of commercial block polypropylene. I. Thermal and physical properties

Investigations were carried out regarding the effect of annealing of ethylene–propylene block copolymer (block PP) moldings on their tensile impact strength (TIS), brittle temperature (Tb), and other mechanical properties. Annealing near the melting point improves TIS and Tb as the result of recrystallization. With a system in which a minute amount of talc is added as a nucleating agent, the degree of improving TIS through annealing is considerably less than that with a nonnucleated system. The effect of annealing on the impact strength is due to changes of fine texture and morphology of crystallites and is explicable by recrystallization and polymer diffusion. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

钛宝石晶体中的位错以及退火对位错的影响

用化学腐蚀剂腐蚀出样品的 (0 0 0 1)表面上的位错蚀坑 ,在原生态和退火样品的对应径向线上测量了位错腐蚀坑的密度分布 .由位错腐蚀坑的形成理论确定出原生态晶体中很可能有 3种位错类型 ,即Burgers矢量b =13〈112 0〉 ,13〈110 1〉和〈10 10〉的位错线 ,然而长时间在还原性高温气氛中的退火难以降低晶体中的总的位错密度 .在晶体的放肩至等径生长阶段 ,沿着晶体的生长方向 ,晶体棒中心的位错密度由高变低 ,这显示出 :在晶体的放肩至等径生长的转变过程中 ,生长界面发生了翻转 ,由凹形界面转变为凸形界面 ,位错线随之从晶体棒的中心向边缘发散 .