中国计量科学研究院建成的量子化霍尔电阻标准

国际计量委员会推荐，1990年1月1日起在世界范围内启用量子化霍尔电阻标准代替使用了几十年的电阻实物基准。中国计量科学研究院经过十几年的努力，于2003年建成了量子化霍尔电阻标准。自主研制了能满足实际量值传递工作要求的量子化霍尔器件，并建成了高精度的低温电流比较仪，以把量子化霍尔电阻量值传递到日常检定工作中使用的十进位电阻。课题成果中有多项独创性的成就。目前所建量子化霍尔电阻标准的不确定度为10^-10量级，达到国际领先水平。     

中国计量科学研究院建成量子化霍尔电阻标准

国际计量委员会推荐，1990年1月1日起在世界范围内启用量子化霍尔电阻标准代替使用了几十年的电阻实物基准。中国计量科学研究院经过十几年的努力，在2003年建成了量子化霍尔电阻标准。课题组自主研制了能满足实际量值传递工作要求的量子化霍尔器件，并建成了高精度的低温电流比较仪，以把量子化霍尔电阻量值传递到日常检定工作中使用的十进电阻值。课题成果中有多项独创性的成就。目前所建量子化霍尔电阻标准的不确定度为10^-10量级，达到国际领先水平。     

《中国计量》杂志（电子版）订单

国际计量委员会推荐,1990年1月1日起在世界范围内,启用量子化霍尔电阻标准代替电阻实物基准。中国计量科学研究院经过十几年的努力,在2003年建成了量子化霍尔电阻标准装置,并于2004年通过了鉴定。课题组自主研制了能满足实际量值传递工作要求的量子化霍尔器件,并建成了高精度的低温电流比较仪,以把量子化霍尔电阻量值传递到日常检定工作中使用的十进制电阻。课题成果中有多项独创性的成就。目前所建量子化霍尔电阻标准的不确定度达到10-10量级,跃居国际领先水平。     

中国的量子化霍尔电阻标准

国际计量委员会推荐,1990年1月1日起在世界范围内,启用量子化霍尔电阻标准代替电阻实物基准.中国计量科学研究院经过十几年的努力,在2003年建成了量子化霍尔电阻标准装置,并于2004年通过了鉴定.课题组自主研制了能满足实际量值传递工作要求的量子化霍尔器件,并建成了高精度的低温电流比较仪,以把量子化霍尔电阻量值传递到日常检定工作中使用的十进制电阻.课题成果中有多项独创性的成就.目前所建量子化霍尔电阻标准的不确定度达到10-10量级,跃居国际领先水平.     

中国的量子化霍尔电阻标准

1988年10月举行的国际计量委员会(CIPM)第77次会议决定,从1990年1月1日起在世界范围内启用量子化霍尔电阻标准。中国计量科学研究院从1987年起也开始了建立量子化霍尔电阻标准的研究课题,该项标准现已建成,用量子化霍尔效应复现的10kΩ和1kΩ电阻量值的不确定度为2.2×10~(-8)。     

交流量子化霍尔效应及其应用

利用量子化霍尔效应实现的直流电阻自然基准已经得到广泛应用,国际计量委员会给出了量子化霍尔电阻的国际推荐值作为各国统一电阻量值的依据。为了保持单位的一致性,交流阻抗的单位亦应溯源到量子化霍尔电阻,国际上因此开展了交流量子化霍尔电阻的研究。目前从交流量子化霍尔电阻传递出电容量值的不确定度已达到１～２×１０－７,可以基本满足实际工作中交流阻抗单位准确度的需要。要进一步提高交流量子化霍尔电阻的准确度,则需要在一些基础性的研究方面作更为深入的工作。     

量子化霍尔电阻国家标准的研究

中国计量科学研究院在2003年建成了量子化霍尔电阻标准装置。成功研制了系统的核心器件—量子化霍尔器件。并通过对低温电流比较仪系统及运行过程的研究,发现了氦气气压波动引起的冻结磁通蠕动导致的附加噪声是限制系统不确定度的主要原因。进而提出了一种新型的气压滤波器,消除了这些干扰因素。还改进了电路动态特性,改善了前馈补偿环节,把匝数比提高了8倍,信噪比也因而提高了8倍。完成的量子化霍尔电阻标准装置的综合不确定度为2.4×10-10(k=1)。     

基于量子化霍尔电阻考核的国家电阻基准的稳定性

报告了自1990年以来通过与量子化霍尔电阻比对考核的国家直流电阻（实物）基准的长期漂移率及偏差。结果表明2001年以来，国家直流电阻（实物）副基准的漂移率为-0．0551μΩ／a，主基准的漂移率为-0．0808μΩ／a；2006年10月25日，国家直流电阻（实物）基准复现的电阻量值较量子化霍尔电阻的相对偏差为＋0．677mm，预计2007年1月1日需要修正-0．69μΩ／a。     

NIM用计算电容测定的量子化霍尔电阻的SI值

量子化霍尔电阻的ＳＩ值的准确测定对进一步改进冯·克里青常数的准确度及国际基本物理常数平差均有重要意义。中国计量科学研究院于１９９４年春用计算电容测定了量子化霍尔电阻的ＳＩ值，测得ｉ＝１时的量子化霍尔电阻的ＳＩ值为ＲＨ＝２５８１２．８０８４（３４）Ω，其不确定度为１．３×１０－７（１σ）。     

简讯

我院召开“量子化霍尔电阻基准”成果鉴定会　　 9月 13日 ,由国家质检总局主持在中国计量科学研究院召开了“量子化霍尔电阻基准”成果鉴定会。国家质检总局蒲长城副局长对该课题取得的良好成绩 ,给予了高度的评价。他说 ,国家计量基准属于前瞻性、探索性与国际接轨的基础性研究 ,它是推动技术创新 ,维护国家安全、促进国民经济发展的重要手段和保障。国际发展趋势是建立量子基准 ,量子化霍尔电阻基准的建立 ,对于提高计量基标准的研究 ,全国量值溯源都有着重要的意义。他希望各位专家对该课题给予客观科学的评价 ,并提出好的建议。量子化…     

新型量子霍尔电阻样品计量应用研究

采用AsGa砷化镓系材料研制了多种结构的新型量子霍尔电阻样品,介绍了该样品的特点及应用领域。使用常温电流比较仪和低温电流比较仪,用过渡比对法对新型的量子霍尔电阻与标准量子霍尔电阻样品进行了双重测量比对验证,在实验室内测量结果的相对偏差小于4×10^-8,验证了新型的量子霍尔电阻样品和测量系统的准确度满足当前计量应用需求。     

A precise measurement of QHR at NIM [quantized Hall resistance]

Equipment for precise measurement of the quantized Hall resistance (QHR) at the National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, China, is described. The essential parts in this equipment are a resistance comparator of one-to-one ratio with a comparison uncertainty of 3×10^-8 and two specially designed resistor networks used for determining of the ratio between 12906.4035 Ω of QHR at i=2 and 10 kΩ or 1 kΩ. The transfer procedure from QHR to 10 kΩ or 1 kΩ can be completed easily with this equipment by a few one-to-one comparisons with a total uncertainty of 5×10^-8     

石墨烯在量子霍尔电阻中的应用

基于砷化镓的量子霍尔电阻自然基准需要在约1.5K的温度条件下运行,存在成本高和操作复杂等诸多问题。随着石墨烯材料独特电性能的发现,因其可以在约4.2K的温度复现量子霍尔效应而成为制作量子霍尔电阻的理想材料。各国专家围绕石墨烯在电学计量领域的应用开展了大量的工作,取得了可喜的进展。对当前石墨烯在量子霍尔电阻中应用的进展和存在的问题进行了总结,并对未来的发展进行了展望。     

An AC-bridge for low-frequency measurements of the quantized Hallresistance

A simple circuit which makes possible the use of a resistance-ratio bridge based on a cryogenic current comparator (CCC) with both AC and DC is described. The different sources of uncertainty associated with the use of AC in a CCC bridge are discussed. It is shown that they should have an effect which does not exceed a few parts in 10 ⁹ of the resistance-ratio being measured, if the frequency is limited to a few hertz. This analysis is confirmed by experimental results of resistance-ratio measurements between the quantized Hall resistance (QHR) and a 100 Ω resistance standard carried out at DC, 1, 2, and 4 Hz. These measurements are, to the author's knowledge, the first accurate DC measurements of the QHR. They demonstrate that the quantization of the Hall resistance, observed with AC and for the frequency range studied here, remains complete to within a few parts in 10⁹ or better     

Leakage current detection in cryogenic current comparator bridges

Several tests have been developed to locate leakage currents in cryogenic current comparator (CCC) resistance ratio bridges used at NIST to measure ratios of 1000 Ω/100 Ω, 6453.2 Ω/100 Ω, and 10 kΩ/100 Ω. The major advantage of the tests is that they can be performed in situ using the sensitivity of the CCC bridge. These test procedures have been used to reduce the leakage error uncertainty of CCC ratio measurements, linking working standards to the quantized Hall resistance (QHR) and to the NIST calculable capacitor experiment. CCC bridges require that the current which passes through a standard resistor must equal the current through the appropriate CCC winding to very high precision. This can be difficult to verify at or below 1 pA because a large number of possible leakage paths exist. Errors due to six important leakage current paths are given, and the calculated changes in the resistance ratio are compared with measurements made with a controlled leakage resistance in a 100 Ω/1 Ω CCC bridge     

Research on Time Keeping at NIM

UTC(NIM), which is developed and maintained by NIM, is the time and frequency primary standard in China. UTC(NIM) is generated originally by a clock ensemble, and is traced to UTC by participating in TAI cooperation with GNSS time and frequency transfer methods. TWSTFT earth station has been established at NIM new campus to join the Europe?CAsia link. In this paper, the new development on the realization of UTC(NIM), the GNSS time and frequency transfer and TWSTFT and our briefly future plan are introduced.     

Evaluation of the frequency dependence of the resistance and capacitance standards in the BIPM quadrature bridge

The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) has established a measurement chain allowing calibration of capacitance standards in terms of the quantized Hall resistance (QHR). An important element in the chain is a quadrature bridge linking a pair of ac resistors of values 2R/sub K/ /spl ap/ 51.6 k/spl Omega/ to a pair of capacitance standards. The quadrature bridge can be operated at five different frequencies: 513, 1027, 1541, 3082, and 6164 Hz. For such measurements, we use different ratios (1/1, 4/1 and 1/4) for the main inductive voltage divider in the quadrature bridge and three different pairs of capacitors of values 3000, 2000, and 1000 pF. A calculable coaxial resistance of 1290.6 /spl Omega/ (R/sub K//20) is used as a reference to evaluate the frequency dependence of the 51.6-k/spl Omega/ resistances. This allows the calibration of capacitance standards at the five different frequencies. The measured frequency dependences of 10 and 100 pF capacitance standards are reported.     

Accuracy of measurements of the quantized Hall resistivity by adirect current comparator type potentiometer: calibration using aJosephson potentiometer

The accuracy of measurements of the quantized Hall resistivity (QHR) by a direct-current-comparator (DCC)-type potentiometer is estimated based on a linearity calibration of the potentiometer using a Josephson potentiometer. The power coefficient contribution to the nonlinearity of the DCC potentiometer was found to be 0.15±0.02 p.p.m./(100 mV)² at 18.5±0.5°C in 1985 and 0.21±0.03 p.p.m./(100 mV)² at 20.5±0.5°C in 1988. The possibility of accurate measurements of the ratio QHR/R _STD with uncertainties less than 0.05 p.p.m. by the DCC potentiometer is discussed     

Comparison of the quantized Hall resistance and ohm NRC

A report is given of the progress towards the establishment of a quantized Hall resistance (QHR) measurement system suitable for maintaining the NRC (National Research Center of Canada) representation of the ohm. A system using a cryogenic current comparator bridge is described and compared to the previously reported 15 T, 20-mK potentiometric system. General problems concerning the use of the quantized Hall resistance to realize a representation of the ohm are discussed