间歇性波浪扰动下河口底泥中磷释放特性研究

作为反映河流、海洋水体受污历史的载体,河口底泥在污染达到一定程度时易在海洋动力作用下释放沉积其中的污染物,影响水体水质。为了明确秦皇岛近岸海域内污源染,量化波浪扰动下底泥释放对水质的影响,该研究以波流水槽为动力试验设备,选取秦皇岛污染最严重的河流之一大蒲河的河口底泥为研究对象,试验研究河口底泥在间歇性波浪扰动下磷的释放特性。总磷在波浪扰动下的释放可分为浓度迅速增加的初期和浓度随时间线性增加的稳定期两个阶段,浓度随波高增大而升高,且在波高大于8 cm时与浊度呈显著正相关。溶解性总磷受浓度梯度和波浪引起的孔隙水压力影响向上覆水体迁移扩散,随时间呈小幅增加。总磷在波浪扰动初期的释放强度为2.00×10~(-3)–8.75×10~(-3) mg/m2/s,是稳定期释放强度0.50×10-4–2.25×10~(-4) mg/m~2/s的18–40倍,且两个阶段的释放强度均随波高呈指数增长。当波浪强至起动底泥,原先的泥水界面释放转为底泥起动悬浮释放,水体中颗粒态磷取代溶解态磷成为磷的主要赋存形态。间歇性波浪扰动静置期,颗粒态磷的吸附沉降使得水体中总磷浓度和颗粒态磷的比例大幅降低。     

湖荡湿地对输水河道磷的截留净化作用

选取太湖流域望虞河沿线的鹅真荡和漕湖两个湖荡湿地分析湖荡湿地对水体中总磷、总溶解磷、颗粒磷以及正磷酸盐的截留净化作用和影响因子。结果表明:①湖荡湿地对输水河道中磷有不同程度的截留净化作用,对颗粒态磷和正磷酸盐的截留净化作用最为显著。②湖荡的面积、空间结构、河水在湖荡输入、输出点的位置以及水生植物分布在一定程度上影响湿地对磷的截留净化作用;③水温、pH、DO浓度和Chl-a浓度与水体中的磷浓度均呈极显著负相关,水温、pH、DO浓度与Chl-a浓度均呈极显著正相关,因此藻类是影响湖荡净化磷的重要因子。     

洋河水库底泥磷的释放规律研究

本文研究了洋河水库底泥中磷的释放规律。通过调整上覆水的DO、pH、温度等条件，在室内进行静态模拟试验，得到了如下结果：厌氧条件促进底泥无机磷的释放，好氧条件抑制底泥磷的释放，同时还可吸收水体中的磷；弱酸性或弱碱性上覆水条件均促进底泥中磷的释放；随着温度的升高，底泥中无机磷的释放量也随之增加。     

升钟湖夏季水和沉积物中磷形态分布特征

为探究升钟湖水和沉积物中磷污染情况,于2019年8月(夏季),采集了升钟湖湖区15个样点的水样和沉积物样品,测定了升钟湖表层水、间隙水及沉积物的磷形态,并分析各种形态磷之间的相关性。结果表明:①升钟湖表层水总磷含量介于0.033～0.085 mg/L,各形态的磷含量由高到低依次为DTP(61.93%)、DOP(40.00%)、PP(38.07%)和DIP(21.93%);②间隙水的总磷含量介于3.49～7.57 mg/L,是水体磷的“源”,正磷酸盐仅占总磷的1.9%;③沉积物总磷含量介于299.04～1 138.69 mg/kg,Psenner法连续分级提取出表层沉积物共有5种形态的磷,各形态磷含量由高到低依次为残渣磷(Res-P:44.78%)、金属氧化物结合态磷+有机碎屑腐殖酸磷(NaOH-P:22.92%)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P:14.82%)、可还原态磷(BD-P:13.39%)和弱吸附态磷(NH₄Cl-P:4.09%),各形态磷含量均表现一定的空间分布差异,其中,总磷含量整体为西北部高于东南部;④相关性分析结果显示,沉积物中磷的释放主要通过BD-P、NaOH-P及NH₄Cl-P进行,间隙水正磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)与水体各形态的磷之间均无显著的相关性(P>0.05),升钟湖沉积物磷在夏季时释放潜力较低。研究成果对于管理升钟湖的政策实施及其资源的可持续利用可提供参考。     

投饵养鱼对潘家口水库水质影响围隔试验Ⅱ：磷素

前文讨论了投饵养鱼对潘家口水库水体中氮素的影响,本文进一步阐述围隔试验中,投饵养鱼对磷素的影响。结果表明,潘家口水库是典型的“磷限制”型水体,总氮和总磷质量浓度比高达112,投饵养鱼极大降低了水体中氮磷质量浓度比,试验结束时投饵养鱼围隔氮磷质量浓度比介于2.60~5.63;试验期间,投饵围隔中总磷、溶解性总磷和溶解性正磷酸盐质量浓度随时间变化一致,其质量浓度高低排序相同：投饵＞投饵单养花鲢＞投饵混养花鲢和鲤鱼＞投饵单养鲤鱼,除投饵单养鲤鱼围隔,其余围隔中各形态磷质量浓度均显著高于对照围隔和水库水体。然而,颗粒态磷质量浓度顺序为：投饵＞投饵单养鲤鱼＞投饵混养花鲢和鲤鱼＞投饵单养花鲢。假定单位质量鱼肉含磷量不随鱼体生长而改变,则捕捞可去除的磷素量分别是92.4mg（2#）、995.5mg（3#）和714.7mg （4#）,分别占投放鱼饵总磷的0.5%、4.1%和3.1%。     

环境因子对南四湖底泥磷释放的影响实验研究

通过室内模拟实验,分析了环境因子(温度、pH、扰动)对底泥内源磷释放的影响及原因.实验表明:温度升高和水的扰动有利于底泥磷的释放;中性条件磷的释放速率较慢,偏酸或偏碱条件都有利于底泥磷的释放.     

滇池沉积物内源磷释放初步研究

沉积物内源磷释放是湖泊富营养化重要的污染来源。本次研究在滇池20个采样点进行了原状柱状沉积物样品的采集。分析测试了分层沉积物样品的总磷、总氮、总有机质含量，揭示了滇池全湖沉积物中营养组分的含量特征和分布规律。为估算沉积物磷释放的通量水平和初步解释滇池磷释放的主要作用机制，现场提取出了沉积物间隙水，并分析了间隙水以及采样点湖水中溶解总磷、溶解磷酸盐和溶解有机磷的含量，根据实测运用费克扩散定律计算了沉积物-水界面之间磷的交换通量。同时对代表性样点进行了原样沉积物柱磷释放的实验室模拟。通量计算和模拟实验的结果表明，滇池沉积物具有较强的向水体的释磷能力，全湖沉积物平均磷释放通量为0．095mg／cm^2／a，沉积物磷释放成为全湖磷负荷的重要部分。实验数据相关性分析表明，滇池表层沉积磷活化释放的主要机制是表层沉积物有机质矿化降解，有机磷分解形成的浓度梯度驱动了溶解磷从沉积物向水体扩散。     

泥沙颗粒和孔隙水在底泥再悬浮污染物释放中的作用

在环境水动力学中,河流底泥污染物释放是人们研究的主要问题之一。污染物进入到水体中后会有一部分聚集在水体底泥中,并在底泥的上层形成一条污染底泥层。底泥再悬浮时,污染物会通过再悬浮颗粒以及孔隙水重新释放到上覆水体中。此文中分别以氯化钠和磷代表典型非吸附性污染物和吸附性污染物,研究底泥污染物释放中底泥颗粒相和水相在不同的水力条件下所起到的作用。研究表明,在底泥静止状态和瞬间悬浮条件下,底泥污染物的释放主要来自于水相孔隙水,非吸附性污染物的释放主要集中在这两个状态下;而在连续悬浮条件下,再悬浮颗粒的解吸释放起着主要的作用,吸附性污染物的释放大部分发生在此阶段。另外,此文还研究了两种类型的泥沙即粘性细颗粒泥沙和非粘性粗颗粒泥沙在底泥连续悬浮时的释放量和释放时间的异同。研究表明,再悬浮粗颗粒泥沙的污染释放量要比再悬浮细颗粒小,但前者释放持续的时间要比后者长。     

基于总磷通量的清水江流域内源污染研究

清水江流域上游总磷浓度超标已严重影响相关水域水生态安全。为探讨总磷的来源、迁移和转化,计算了2013～2016年清水江部分断面和相关水域的总磷年通量、外源入河量和内源释放(或沉降)量,分析了它们之间的相互关系以及清水江总磷内源释放(或沉降)的时空特征。结果表明:清水江上游兴仁桥附近水域总磷浓度较低而且稳定;中游旁海至锦屏江段总磷偏高,是由于支流重安江高磷水体的汇入;总磷内源释放量较为突出的水域为中游的革东至锦屏江段,其次为白市江段;总磷外源入河量最大的区域为支流重安江,从兴仁桥至革东断面总磷外源入河量呈逐年递减趋势,但革东至白市断面外源入河量有所增加。     

研究生论文摘要

磷在浮萍修复富营养化水体系统中的分配行为研究研究生:缪静导师:汪群慧副导师:侯文华(哈尔滨工业大学市政与环境工程学院150090)由湖泊富营养化引起的蓝藻“水华”暴发是当今社会频繁发生的环境灾害之一。在大多数情况下,磷是最主要的限制因子,磷在水体系统中的循环,特别是沉积物(底泥)中磷的释放在一定程度上决定富营养化的进程。本文结合国内外研究最新动态,以浮萍科植物(青萍)为试验材料,采用实验室模拟的方法,研究不同植物种类、上覆水不同磷营养水平、上覆水不同氨氮浓度、上覆水不同pH、沉积物中微生物状况、培养温度(低温)6种环境…     

大黑汀水库水质时空变化特征及下游引水策略

为探究大黑汀水库2017年养鱼网箱拆除后水质特征,于2018年分季节采集水库表层和分层水样分析水库水质时空变化特征。结果表明:大黑汀水库表层水体总氮在冬季最高,总磷在夏季最高,硝态氮是溶解性无机氮中的主要成分;大黑汀水库总氮、硝态氮、总磷和磷酸盐质量浓度总体上都表现出上游最高、中游次之、下游最低的空间分布特征,氨氮和亚硝态氮则相反;垂向上主要表现为夏季总磷质量浓度底层大于表层,与温跃层及溶解氧水平有关;养鱼网箱拆除后显著降低了水库总磷和磷酸盐质量浓度,氨氮质量浓度也显著降低,总氮和硝态氮质量浓度无显著变化;氮磷比表明磷是该水库水体富营养化的限制因子,因此养鱼网箱拆除能有效控制该水库富营养化进程;根据水质时空分布特征,下游引水应避免在冬季取水,引水高度上应选择从坝前中层水柱取水。     

Biomanipulating the drinking water reservoir of Estonia's capital city: Prospects for success

The possibility of utilizing biomanipulation to improve the water quality of Tallinn's drinking water reservoir (Lake Ülemiste) was analysed on the basis of water quality data, test fishing by different methods, and earlier studies on aquatic plants, light climate and sediments. Eutrophic, polymictic Lake Ülemiste is characterized by a prevalence of high filamentous cyanobacteria biomass, rotifers in the zooplankton community, mature bream in the fish biomass, and a high density of planktivores (YOY perch). Several prerequisites for being a potential target for biomanipulation were identified, including (i) decreased external total phosphorus (TP) loading; and (ii) a sufficient stock of piscivorous fish in the lake. Prohibition of fishing should favour biomanipulation efforts. The potential for recolonization of macrophytes and large Daphnia species in Lake Ülemiste could be judged from historical data. The in-lake TP concentrations are within the limits that facilitate successful restoration. As phytoplankton biomass was significantly limited by phosphorus in Lake Ülemiste, its water quality improvement will be driven primarily by reduced nutrient concentrations, and then by zooplankton grazing. Internal TP loading and a new phytoplankton species community were assessed as major challenges for successful implementation of biomanipulation as a means of improving the water quality of Lake Ülemiste.     

基于藻类连续生长的生物慢滤池深度净化污水的研究

利用藻类连续生长的生物慢滤池开展污水深度净化实验,通过分析生物慢滤池不同深度区域污染物浓度,考察其对氮磷等污染物质的降解规律。研究结果表明:在生物慢滤池中,总氮的去除主要依靠填料表层中微生物的降解和藻类吸收作用,其降解幅度可达31.5%;总磷的去除主要依靠滤柱深层的滤料的吸附作用以及上覆水中藻类的吸收,其降解幅度可达47.0%;氨氮浓度的降低主要依靠硝化转化作用和滤池上覆水表面的挥发作用,其降解幅度为21.8%。可见,生物慢滤池的上覆水和填料表面存在有大量的微生物和藻类,其对水质的净化起到了关键作用。     

Content of highly unsaturated fatty acids in fish from rivers of contrasting temperature

Contents of highly unsaturated long‐chain fatty acids of omega‐3 family (HUFA); eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3); and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3) are the principal indicators of the nutritive quality of fish for humans. Effects of environmental factors, first of all water temperature, on EPA and DHA contents in fish tissue are not currently completely understood. To reveal the putative effect of water temperature, fatty acid composition and contents were studied for 6 fish species, inhabiting the cold waters of the Yenisei River (Siberia, Russia) downstream of a dam (hypolimnetic release from reservoir) and its adjacent warm water tributaries (the Mana River and the Kacha River). It was hypothesized that (a) fish species from the cold river would have higher HUFA contents than fish from the warm rivers and (b) temperature would be negatively correlated with HUFA content in fish species. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, distinct species‐specific fatty acid profiles were observed, whereas contents of the essential fatty acids, EPA and DHA, in fish species from the cold Yenisei River were in general similar to that from warm tributaries. Thus, in contrast to the first hypothesis, phylogenetic factors overweighed the effect of water temperature and food (benthic invertebrate) composition, on fatty acid composition and HUFA content in fish. For the second hypothesis, for the 2 species inhabiting both cold and warm rivers, only one had higher EPA and DHA content at lower temperatures. Consequently, the response of EPA and DHA content in fish tissue to temperature variations may be species‐specific.     

毛乌素沙地典型湖滨带湿地有机碳、氮素空间分布特征

通过对陕西毛乌素沙地典型湖滨带湿地有机碳和氮素的空间分布特征进行研究,为探讨湿地生态系统如何在沙化环境下发挥其特有的功能提供科学依据。在巴吓采当湖泊湖滨带A~F类型区采集土壤,测定土壤的有机碳、全氮、有机氮、硝态氮和铵态氮等指标。利用方差分析、Spearman相关性分析和主成分分析等方法分析对湖滨带有机碳、氮素空间分布特征进行研究。土壤表层0~10cm的有机碳和全氮含量随水位升高呈增加趋势。除了铵态氮外,有机碳、全氮、有机氮和硝态氮含量垂直分布上随着土壤深度增加呈降低趋势。土壤有机碳、全氮含量分别与全磷、土壤容重、含水率、水位显著相关。铵态氮和全磷、含水率、土壤容重、全氮、有机碳和水位等显著相关。硝态氮与微生物生物量碳、氮的相关系数分别为r=0.637和r=0.617(中度正相关)。有机碳及氮素的含量与土壤粘粒含量相关性不高。主成分分析提取3个主成分,累积贡献率达76.15%。土壤全磷、土壤含水率、土壤容重和水位是影响湖滨带土壤有机碳、氮素空间分布的主要因子。     

苏北平原河网区典型农村中小河流水体氮磷赋存特征

以苏北平原河网区的盐城市射阳县某个典型圩区(面积12.73km2)为例,通过连续15个月对圩区内沟渠河流水体采样分析,研究苏北平原河网区中小河流地表水氮磷赋存特征。结果表明:研究区域中小河流水体氮磷超标严重,水体处于富营养化状态。所有水样品总氮质量浓度均超过GB 3838—2002《地表水Ⅲ类水质标准》(ρ=1.0 mg/L),79%的总氮质量浓度超过Ⅴ类水质标准(ρ=2.0 mg/L);73%的总磷质量浓度超过Ⅲ类水体标准(ρ=0.2 mg/L),39%的样品超过Ⅴ类水质标准。地表水氮素和磷素主要以溶解态形式存在;硝态氮是溶解态总氮主要赋存形态,相应的比例约为60%,铵态氮比例最少,约为10%;溶解态活性磷是溶解态磷素主要赋存形态,约为80%。畜禽养殖相对集中区域地表水氮素和磷素浓度高于其他区域;中沟、干渠等小型河流水体在夏季存在水质分层现象。     

Hydrologic connectivity and land cover affect floodplain lake water quality,fish abundance,and fish diversity in floodplain lakes of the Wabash-White River basin

Floodplain lakes are important aquatic resources for supporting ecosystem services, such as organismal habitat, biodiversity, and the retention of nutrients and sediment. Due to geomorphic alteration of river channels and land-cover change, degradation to floodplain lakes in the Ohio River basin is occurring at a rate that will escalate as climate change causes increased flood intensity and the seasonal redistribution of rainfall. A better understanding of the local drivers that affect oxbow lakes is needed for targeted floodplain restoration efforts designed to slow degradation. We examined the effects of land cover, topography, and hydrologic connectivity on water quality and fish diversity and abundance in nine floodplain lakes with potentially high remnant ecological function in the Wabash-White watershed (Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois). Data collection included water-quality parameters; stable water isotopes; total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll-a; and fish community diversity and abundance. Results indicate that hay/pasture land cover and decreased topographic relief in the local oxbow watersheds, along with reduced river hydrologic connectivity, were related to an increase in total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll-a. Greater biodiversity and abundance in fish assemblages were evident in oxbow lakes that were more disconnected from the main channel. The results of this study suggest that hydrologic connectivity of oxbow lakes with the contributing drainage area and the main channel influence nutrients and fish communities. Knowing the influencing factors can help ecosystem managers better protect these valuable floodplain lake ecosystems and prioritize restoration efforts amidst increasing stressors due to climate and land-use changes.     

沉水植物苦草对上覆水各形态磷浓度的影响

沉水植物是影响湖泊磷营养状态的重要因素。在室内模拟了"水-苦草-沉积物"生态系统,在沉水植物苦草生长过程中分析上覆水中的总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(TDP)、溶解性有机磷(DOP)、溶解性活性磷(SRP)、颗粒态总磷(PP)的变化,探讨了苦草对上覆水磷赋存形态的影响。结果表明,苦草在生长过程中减缓了沉积物磷的相对释放速率使上覆水中TP、SRP、DOP、PP均呈现不同程度的下降。上覆水TP、SRP、DOP、PP分别下降了37.5%、74.6%、42.0%、19.5%;苦草主要通过吸收上覆水和间隙水中的磷及对环境因子的影响,使得上覆水中各形态磷浓度保持在较低的水平,降低沉积物向水体释放磷的速率。