热矫形原理研究

热矫形是消除高弹性板金工件回弹畸变的工艺。本文论证了热矫形的定形原理,即材料软化与短时应力松弛综合效应。据此建立了弯曲回弹热矫形的理论规律。定量反映了材料性能、几何尺寸、温度和时间等主要因素对矫形过程的影响。理论值与实验结果吻合。可以将其用来估计热矫形工艺参数。此外还给出了Ti-6Al-4V和Ti-2Al-1.5Mn在规范成形及矫形温度下的热力学特性与回弹矫形实验曲线。     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金薄板应力松弛行为研究

针对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金薄板,分别在温度650℃、700℃和750℃,和预应变2%、4%和16%的条件下进行多组应力松弛交叉试验。研究Ti-6Al-4V钛合金高温下的应力松弛行为及温度和预应变对应力松弛极限的影响。并基于试验数据,对比分析阶次不同的延迟函数的拟合精度,最终采用精度更高的四次延迟函数进行Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的应力松弛曲线拟合。通过对比发现四次延迟函数预测的结果和试验数据十分吻合,并且拟合最低精度高达99.724%,证明使用四次延迟函数拟合应力松弛曲线的有效性。在试验数据的基础上,进一步推导出高温短时蠕变应变速率与应力的关系。最后基于Arrhenius本构模型,通过对各参数的线性回归,建立适合Ti-6Al-4V钛合金薄板的高温短时蠕变型本构方程,为后续热校形工艺制定和数值模拟奠定基础。     

基于非线性弹性卸载的L形弯曲成形回弹研究

为提高板料成形数值模拟回弹预测的精度,将弹性模量随塑性变形的改变引入到数值模拟回弹分析中。通过静力拉伸实验,研究了AA2024-T3铝合金板料的塑性变形对弹性模量的影响,给出了弹性模量与等效塑性应变之间的数学关系。建立了基于Holloman型等向强化和von.Mises屈服的非线性弹塑性本构模型,并利用ABAQUS/Standard的用户自定义接口UMAT实现了该弹塑性本构模型。设计了L形弯曲实验装置,利用基于非线性弹性的本构模型,对实验过程进行了数值模拟,实验与模拟结果的对比表明,在数值模拟中考虑了弹性模量的非线性能够提高回弹预测精度。     

TA2M钛合金板材U形件弯曲回弹研究

应用PAM—STAMP冲压模拟软件,对TA2M钛合金板材U形弯曲成形及回弹过程进行了数值模拟预测,并对模拟结果进行了工艺试验验证,得到了板料厚度、轧制方向以及相对弯曲半径等参数对回弹影响的数值结果,并对结果进行了分析。     

高速切削Ti-6Al-4V绝热剪切带应变、应变率有限元模拟研究

塑性金属材料高速切削过程中存在绝热剪切行为,绝热剪切带内的应变、应变率分布规律是研究高速切削绝热剪切带特性的基础。首先,应用有限元软件ABAQUS/Explicit建立Ti-6Al-4V热-位移耦合平面应变二维切削模型,工件材料采用Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构模型,基于J-C失效判据设置切屑和工件分离准则,实现对Ti-6Al-4V的切削过程仿真。其次,对比分析有限元仿真与切削实验获取的切屑形貌,验证有限元模型的准确性。最后,分析Ti-6Al-4V高速切削绝热剪切带处应变、应变率变化规律。结果表明:切削速度在180~3 000m/min范围内,随切削速度提高,切屑绝热剪切带内的应变、应变率先增大后趋于稳定,绝热剪切带变形程度增加直至韧性断裂。研究结果有助于准确预测绝热剪切带的断裂并揭示其演化机制,通过利用材料的绝热剪切行为,可控制高速切削过程中的切屑形态,改善Ti-6Al-4V的切削加工性。     

考虑应变-温度耦合与高温动态结晶的钛合金本构模型研究

Ti-6Al-4V合金的高速切削加工是一个复杂的高温高应变率的热力耦合过程,为更加准确研究Ti-6Al-4V合金在高温高应变率下的真实应力-应变关系,构建了一种修正Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构模型.修正的J-C本构模型综合考虑了塑性阶段应变硬化率会随加载温度的升高而降低的现象,以及在达到高温动态结晶效应的临界温度时,Ti-6Al-4V合金的流动应力会急剧下降的现象.基于修正J-C本构模型的流动应力-应变预测结果与试验数据吻合程度良好,误差率在8％以内,准确的反映了Ti-6Al-4V合金在不同加载温度下的真实应力-应变关系.     

板料成形的回弹预测方法研究

回弹是影响板料弯曲成形品质的主要因素之一,对回弹进行准确预测和有效控制是提高成形精度的关键.从理论研究、实验研究、有限元数值模拟以及人工神经网络4个方面综述了国内外关于板料成形回弹预测的研究现状,总结了基于两种塑性弯曲理论模型建立的回弹计算公式,并概述了有限元数值模拟技术在模拟板料成形及其回弹的应用情况,最后介绍了人工神经网络在回弹预测领域的应用.     

基于有限元分析的铝合金板料弯曲回弹的影响因素研究

铝合金材料的弯曲成形是飞机板材和型材零件常用的加工方式之一,在卸载过程中,由于板料的弹性回复,不可避免的会出现回弹现象,在实际加工中如何预测工件回弹后的形状,并对模具进行适当修正仍是一个比较难解决的问题。本文利用非线性有限元软件MARC对不同厚度的铝合金板材弯曲加工过程进行了模拟分析,给出了相对弯曲半径,弯曲中心角,及不同弯曲模式与回弹角度之间的关系,并与实验数据进行了比较。结果表明,有限元分析结果与实验结果比较吻合,有限元模拟能有效地分析和预测铝合金板料的弯曲回弹,为实际生产加工过程中工艺参数的选择提供有力的参考。     

7075铝板弹性模量退化行为研究及回弹预测

金属板材的弹性模量随塑性变形发生衰退,这一现象对板材成形中的回弹预测影响巨大。为研究7075高强铝板的弹性模量衰退规律,采用传统的循环加载试验进行弹性模量测试,同时借助DIC应变测量系统设计弯曲卸载试验进行测试。试验结果表明：弹性模量随塑性变形发生明显退化且衰退规律受材料变形所处的应力状态影响。将两种试验所得衰退规律用于C形梁成形过程中的有限元回弹仿真,仿真与试验的对比结果表明：弯曲卸载试验所得弹性模量衰退规律对C形梁回弹分析的结果明显优于循环加载试验所得规律的结果,四个回弹角的预测精度分别提高了42%、7%、40%和200%。     

置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金组织演变及其对切屑形成的影响

利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪和SEM对置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金材料微观组织及切屑形貌进行了观察分析,通过室温压缩实验测试置氢钛合金力学性能,探讨了置氢Ti-6Al-4V组织、力学性能与切屑形态之间的联系,研究了置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金组织演变及其对切屑形成的影响.结果表明:氢含量为0.6wt%时,钛合金置氢炉冷后组...     

Electric hot incremental forming of Ti-6Al-4V titanium sheet

Electric hot incremental forming of metal sheet is a new technique that is feasible and easy to control to form hard-to-form sheet metals. In the present study, Ti-6Al-4V titanium sheet was studied because it was wildly used in the aeronautics and astronautics industries. Although Ti-6Al-4V titanium can be well-formed in high temperature, the surface quality is a problem. In order to enhance the surface quality, it is very important to select the proper lubricant. At the same time, because Ti-6Al-4V titanium has a lively chemical property, it is very important to choose a processing temperature range in order to acquire excellent plastic property and to prevent oxidation. Various lubricants were selected in processing to compare the effect, and some workpieces were formed at different temperatures to find the best forming temperature. The results show that using the lubricant film of nickel matrix with MoS₂ self-lubricating material, Ti-6Al-4V titanium workpiece was formed with high surface quality, and the optimum thickness of composite coating is 20 μm for Ti-6Al-4V titanium sheet of 1.0-mm thickness. In fact, the lubricant film also does help to prevent oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V titanium sheet. The appropriate temperature range of Ti-6Al-4V forming with slightly oxidized is 500–600°C in processing, and the maximum draw angle formed in this range was 72°.     

The corrosion-wear behaviour of thermally oxidised CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V

The use of commercial purity titanium (CP-Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V alloys in bio-medical implant applications has been limited by their poor resistance to surface degradation processes. In this paper the corrosion-wear behaviour of untreated and thermally oxidised CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V have been compared. Oxidation of both alloys at 625 °C for 36 h resulted in the formation of an exterior layer of TiO₂ (rutile) that had a hardness ∼1000 HV. Corrosion-wear tests were made in reciprocation sliding contact with an α-Al₂O₃ ball immersed in physiological saline (0.89% NaCl) at room temperature. The oxidation treatment retarded the corrosion-wear of both CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V. For the untreated alloys, surface damage was dominated by micro-asperity shearing which resulted in rapid wear. Corrosion-wear of the oxidised materials was slower but more complex. The exterior TiO₂ layer formed on the oxidised Ti-6Al-4V alloy provided little protection, it was rapidly removed during the first 60 min of testing, by a process involving interfacial fracture. Conversely, the TiO₂ layer, albeit thinner, provided protection for the oxidised CP-Ti. Here, the layer becomes smoothly worn by a process that is proposed to be caused by the mechanical dissociation of the TiO₂-layer. For both oxidised titanium alloys the hardened oxygen diffusion zone (ODZ), formed beneath the TiO₂ layer, provided good protection from corrosion-wear. In both cases the ODZ was smoothly worn by a combination of abrasion and corrosion-wear processes. The latter process, termed Type I corrosion-wear, involves the repetitive mechanical degradation of the passive film that forms through aqueous corrosion. However, this is a relatively slow process.     

Springback evaluation in hot v-bending of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets

In this paper, v-bending of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet was conducted from room temperature to 850 °C at a fixed velocity of 0.1 mm/s. Punches with punch radii of 1, 2, 4, and 6 mm, as well as several holding times were used. V-bending and springback behaviors were numerically analyzed with an isotropic hardening model that considered rate-dependent effects. Using a punch radius of 1 mm always leads to negative springback in the temperature range of 550–750 °C. This behavior occurs because an arc formed in the transition side near the end of bending and flattened at the end of bending, leading to an internal bending moment which causes specimen to bow inward after unloading. At a punch radius of 2 mm, positive springback occurs at 300–650 °C, while negative springback occurs at 700–750 °C. At punch radii of 4 and 6 mm, positive springback occurs at 600–750 °C, and the angle decreases as temperature increases. At 850 °C, negative springback occurs at a punch radius of 4 mm due to the decrease in yield strength. At a punch radius of 1 mm, cracking occurs at room temperature and 500 °C, while at 2 mm, it occurs only at room temperature. This discrepancy is ascribed to the greater plastic deformation caused by the smaller punch. As holding time increases, the shape of the deformed specimen more closely matches the desired shape.     

The Tribological Behavior of a Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb Alloy Under Liquid Paraffine Lubrication

The tribological behavior of a Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy prepared by hot-pressed sintering was investigated under liquid paraffine lubrication against AISI 52100 steel ball in ambient environment and at varying loads and sliding speeds. For comparison, the tribological behavior of a common Ti-6Al-4V alloy was also examined under the same testing conditions. The worn surfaces of the two alloys were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The friction coefficient of the Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy in the range of 0.13–0.18 was significantly lower than that of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy (0.4–0.5), but comparable to that under dry sliding, which indicated that TiAl intermetallics could be more effectively lubricated by liquid paraffine than titanium alloys. Applied load and sliding speed have little effect on the friction coefficient of the Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy. The wear rate of the Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy was about 45–120 times lower than that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy owing to Ti-6Al-4V alloy could not be lubricated effectively. The wear rate of the Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy increased with increasing applied load, but decreased slightly at first and then increased with increasing sliding speed. The wear mechanism of the Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb intermetallics under liquid paraffine lubrication was dominated by main plowing and slight flaking-off, but that of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy was plastic deformation and severe delamination.     

Assessment of the machinability of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using the wear map approach

The high strength to density ratio of titanium alloys coupled with excellent corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures make them ideal for aerospace applications. Moreover, the biocompatibility of titanium also enables its widespread use in the biomedical and food processing industries. However, the difficulty in machining titanium and its alloys along with the high cost of its extraction from ore form presents a major economic constraint. In the context of machining economics, the wear map approach is very useful in identifying the most suitable machining parameters over a feedrate–cutting velocity plane. To date, wear maps have only been prepared for the machining of ferrous alloys. In this article, a review of the machinability of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is presented with emphasis on comparing the wear performance of various tool materials. In addition, a new wear map for Ti-6Al-4V alloy is presented based on unified turning tests using H13A grade carbide inserts. This wear map can be used as a guide in the selection of cutting variables that ensure the least tool wear rates. This article contrasts the occurrence of a safety zone in the case of machining steels to that of an avoidance zone for Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

Effects of Surface Pretreatment of Ti-6AI-4V on the Adhesion and Wear Lifetimes of Sputtered MoS2 Coatings

Improving the adhesion and wear endurance lifetimes of the solid lubricant molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) on titanium (Ti) alloys was studied in this experimental investigation. Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimens were implanted with gas ions or coated with ceramic layers prior to coating with sputtered MoS₂ to investigate the adhesion and wear lifetimes of the MoS₂ coatings. The greatest improvement in scratch adhesion (2.4 times Ti-6Al-4V coated directly with MoS₂) was observed for an MoS₂/diamond-like carbon/Si multilayer coating. Sliding wear tests revealed the greatest lifetime improvement (3.2 ×) was for an MoS₂/TiC dual-layer coating. Increased MoS₂ adhesion was observed for pretreated surfaces with a Vickers microhardness greater than 800 kgf/mm². Increased adhesion of MoS₂ for bond layers with lower elastic moduli (estimated) is suggested. Therefore the ratio hardness/elastic modulus may be a potential figure of merit for surface pretreatment selection.     

21-6-9高强不锈钢管数控弯曲回弹的理论计算及有限元分析

为了研究几何参数和材料参数对回弹的影响,基于弹塑性理论推导了最终弯曲半径和回弹角度的近似计算公式,结合有限元模拟,分析几何参数和材料参数对21-6-9高强不锈钢管材数控弯曲回弹规律的影响,并对理论解析、有限元模拟和试验结果进行对比。结果表明：最终弯曲半径随着弯曲半径、强度系数的增大或弹性模量、硬化指数的减小而增大,且与弯曲角度无关;回弹角度随着弯曲角度、相对弯曲半径、强度系数的增大或弹性模量、硬化指数的减小而增大;有限元模拟结果和试验结果吻合良好,能够较精确地预测回弹;理论解析与试验结果对比误差较大,但能够反映回弹角的变化趋势。     

Comparative study of the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets under quasi-static and high-velocity bulging

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - In order to reveal the high-velocity deformation mechanisms of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheets, the dynamic deformation behavior and the...     

Fatigue life prediction model of Ti-6Al-4V alloy forgings based on forging process parameters

Forging processing parameters have an important impact on the fatigue resistance of metal in the process of plastic forming, which directly threatens the safety and reliability of the metal’s service. Taking Ti-6Al-4V alloy as the research object, this study investigates the effect of processing parameters, including forging temperature and deformation degree on the Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and reduction of fracture area on the basis of the mechanical property testing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy forgings and obtains the regression equations at the same time. Combined with the existing stress fatigue life prediction formula, the fatigue life prediction based on forging process parameters is realized. Results show that forging temperature and deformation degree have a significant effect on fatigue life. The forging processing parameters of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with optimum fatigue life are as follows: 985 °C–990 °C forging temperature and 46%–50% deformation degree.

     

Finite element modeling of machining of hydrogenated Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The present study is undertaken to investigate the effect of hydrogen on the cutting performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by FEM. Mechanical behaviors of hydrogenated Ti-6Al-4V alloy are studied at elevated temperatures and high strain rates with split Hopkinson pressure bar. The Johnson–Cook model was developed combined with quasi-static experimental data. A numerical model is developed to simulate the cutting process. The results of the experiments and simulations agreed well. The results demonstrate that the presence of hydrogen has a significant effect on the cutting forces and temperature, and the cutting forces and temperature increase first and then decreased gradually with the increasing of hydrogen contents. The simulation results show that titanium alloys with 0.3% hydrogen have better machinability at high cutting speed.