光学非球曲面器件塑性域的超精密加工方法

较全面地列举了国内外已实现光学器件非球曲面超精密加工的各种先进方法，并总结出了这些加工方法的优缺点，从这些加工方法中可得出：超精密磨削不仅有较高的磨削效率，而且能获得很高的面形精度和极低的表面粗糙度，它是光学非球曲面器件塑性域超精密加工最为有效的一种方法。     

光学3D坐标测量技术研究

研究了光学坐标测量系统三维精密视觉测量方法,对其核心技术:数字成像器件模型及标定方法、辅助靶标技术以及高精度亚象素图像处理算法进行了深入的讨论,并提出了详细的解决方法.经实验证明,这些方法切实可行,达到了所要求的精度,从而为光学坐标测量系统的设计提供了可靠依据.     

光学微结构的超精密加工技术

微结构光学元件在光电产品及光通讯产品中的应用日益广泛，采用多轴超精密机床加工光学微结构，可达到亚微米级形状精度和纳米级表面光洁度的高精度水平，详细介绍了光学自由曲面及光学微结构的超精密加工技术，并开发了适合超精加工微型槽和微透镜列阵的刀具轨迹自动生成软件。     

朗奇光栅法检测自由曲面镜片光焦度

随着以渐进多焦镜片为代表的自由曲面加工技术的出现,传统的光焦度计已经不能满足对于这些镜片的光焦度测量.本文给出了采用朗奇光栅法检测自由曲面眼镜片光焦度的光路结构,并详细介绍了其测量原理.通过光线追迹,对该方法进行了模拟仿真,分析了核心器件朗奇光栅的间距对于测量精度的影响.     

正确使用立式光学计

数显立式光学计是计量室、检定站和制造量具、工具与精密零件车间的常用量仪。它的主要用途是利用量块和零件相比较的方法来测量物体外形的微差尺寸。具有不需估读小数，改善工作条件和提高工作效率等优点。可用来检定五等精度的量块或一级精度柱型量规，对于圆柱形、球形、线形物体的直径或板形物体的厚度均能进行测量。将光学计管适当安装在机床上可利用量块作为控制精密加工尺寸之用。现介绍正确使用方法，供参考。1准备工作测量前先将测帽和提升器装在横臂上。装提升器时必须使提杆既在自由状态下不与测帽接触，又能将测帽抬起到最高位…     

基于近景数字摄影的坐标精密测量关键技术研究

研究了基于数字近景摄影原理的三维坐标精密视觉测量方法，可用于工业现场大尺寸范围内的坐标测量。对其核心技术，即数字成像器件高精度模型及标定、成像器件空间精密定向、高精度亚像素图像处理算法以及光学编码与精密测头技术，进行了深入的讨论，给出了原理和实现思路，为工业现场数字近景摄影三维坐标精密测量系统的设计提供了理论依据。     

复制多元光学元件的模型型芯机器集成形状检测

表面特征参数的在位检测对生产过程控制可提供十分有用的信息，从而可在制造过程中直接调节加工参数．检测要求取决于应用领域．对于超精密表面，例如微结构的或连续结构的光学器件，宜应用干涉法进行形状检测，因为干涉法有极高的精度和适应性，此外，表面可被迅速检测，因而减少生产时间．但是干涉法对机器振动、噪声或空气扰动等外界影响十分敏感，因而很难在生产环境中完成干涉测量．提出了在机械加工环境中的干涉测量和基于对在位干涉检测中各种基本干涉影响分析结果基础上的仿真．     

干涉仪激光波长定期溯源是产品质量的保证

激光干涉仪是大型精密制造加工企业常用的工业生产线上的监测仪器,激光光源精度是激光干涉仪测量准确可靠的基本保证.随着国内引进的干涉仪数量的增加,激光干涉仪光源出现问题的情况有显著上升趋势.为了保证工业生产的质量,对干涉仪光源的定期检测溯源是非常必要的.     

激光干涉仪在数控机床测量方面的应用

激光干涉仪作为数控机床的测量装置是集光学、精密机械、电控技术、数据处理、计算机技术于一体的高技术精密检测装置，采用完全非接触测量方式，实现数控车床在自动化方面的飞跃，在未来必将会有更为广阔的发展前景。当然面对不同的数控机床要采用不同的测量方式，并且对不同的测试结果进行科学的分析，要明确激光干涉仪在数控机床上的测量方式，把握双频激光干涉仪在数控车床检测中的应用，加强对激光干涉仪的使用快捷方式进行分析，最大限度地扩大激光干涉仪在数控机床测量方面的普及。     

高端光学元件超精密加工技术与装备发展研究

高端光学元件是决定高端装备性能水平的核心零件，研究高端光学元件超精密加工技术与装备发展，对于实施制造强国战略、满足高端装备产业需求具有积极意义。本文剖析了光学元件超精密加工方法与装备、高性能基础部件、超精密光学加工中的测量方法与装备等的发展情况，凝练了精度与尺寸极端化、形状与性能一体化、加工工艺复合化、加工与检测一体化、装备与工艺智能化等发展趋势。通过广泛的行业调研和研讨，从需求、目标、产品、关键技术、应用示范、支撑保障等方面着手，形成了面向2035年我国高端光学元件超精密制造技术路线图。针对性提出了优化创新体系设置、组织优势资源成立技术联盟，加大资源保障力度、布局基础研究和技术攻关计划，加强人才培育、构建梯队并扩大队伍规模，筑牢产业发展基础、培育龙头企业和专精特新“小巨人”企业等发展建议，以期促进高端光学元件加工产业提升与高质量发展。     

Automatic sampling for CMM inspection planning of free-form surfaces

Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are used to examine the conformity of the produced parts with the designer's intent. The inspection of free-form surfaces is a difficult process due to their complexity and irregularity. Many tasks are performed to ensure a reliable and efficient inspection using CMMs. Sampling is an essential and vital step in inspection planning. Efficient and reliable approaches to determine the locations of the points to be sampled from free-form surfaces using the CMM were developed. Four heuristic algorithms for sampling based on the NURBS features of free-form surfaces are presented. The sampling criteria are equiparametric, surface patch size and the surface patch mean curvature. An algorithm for automatic selection of sampling algorithms performs complexity checks on NURBS surfaces, including the surface curvature changes and surface patch size changes, and selects the suitable sampling algorithm. Extensive simulations were performed using the developed methodologies to evaluate their performance using free-form surfaces with different degrees of complexity and compared with the uniform sampling pattern. The CMM measurement errors and manufacturing form errors have been simulated in these studies. The developed algorithms provide a useful tool in selecting the effective sampling plans for the tactile CMM inspection planning of free-form surfaces.     

Development of a compression molding process for three-dimensional tailored free-form glass optics

Because of the limitation of manufacturing capability, free-form glass optics cannot be produced in a large volume using traditional processes such as grinding, lapping, and polishing. Very recently compression molding of glass optics became a viable manufacturing process for the high-volume production of precision glass optical components. An ultraprecision diamond-turning machine retrofitted with a fast tool servo was used to fabricate a free-form optical mold on a nickel-plated surface. A nonuniform rational B-spline trajectory generator was developed to calculate the computer numerical control machine tool path. A specially formulated glass with low transition temperature (Tg) was used, since the nickel alloy mold cannot withstand the high temperatures required for regular optical glasses. We describe the details of this process, from optical surface geometry, mold making, molding experiment, to lens measurement.     

Sculptured surface tolerance verification with design datums

Sculptured or free-form surfaces are widely used in many fields with extensive applications. Once such surfaces are manufactured, surface inspection compares the manufactured surfaces with the surface design specifications to verify conformance. Although significant research and development efforts have been devoted to the design and manufacturing of products consisting of partial or sole free-form surfaces, the inspection of these surfaces is still a difficult task. For many engineering applications, a free-form surface is assigned a profile tolerance with reference to design datums for assembly, functionality and other manufacturing requirements. The paper discusses developments of surface inspection techniques for profile tolerance of free-form surfaces. The concept of datum direction frame is proposed to find the transformation information that localizes measurement data to design model. The technique consists of two major steps: localization of measurement data to the design system, based on the datum reference information; and further localization based on the information from free-form surfaces. Testing examples were carried out to validate the developed techniques. The new method does not need corresponding points from the datums of the design model and measured surfaces. Therefore, it is simpler, yet more robust. It can also be used conveniently in manufacturing processes.     

Disordered Optics: Exploiting Multiple Light Scattering and Wavefront Shaping for Nonconventional Optical Elements

Advances in diverse areas such as inspection, imaging, manufacturing, telecommunications, and information processing have been stimulated by novel optical devices. Conventional material ingredients for these devices are typically made of homogeneous refractive or diffractive materials and require sophisticated design and fabrication, which results in practical limitations related to their form and functional figures of merit. To overcome such limitations, recent developments in the application of disordered materials as novel optical elements have indicated great potential in enabling functionalities that go beyond their conventional counterparts, while the materials exhibit potential advantages with respect to reduced form factors. Combined with wavefront shaping, disordered materials enable dynamic transitions between multiple functionalities in a single active optical device. Recent progress in this field is summarized to gain insight into the physical principles behind disordered optics with regard to their advantages in various applications as well as their limitations compared to conventional optics.     

Machining and metrology systems for free-form laser printer mirrors

A major challenge in optics is to make optical components like mirrors and lenses smaller and cheaper. This is achieved by designing optical components that have conformal or free-form shapes. A free-form optic is defined as one that is not symmetrical about any axis. These highly demanding requirements are met by single point diamond machining in rigid ultra precision machine tools.     

Binary-optic smoothing with isotropic etching

Binary optics are an important part of modern optics, but they have some inherent problems because of their binary nature. The optics cannot achieve maximum efficiency unless the rms surface error can be reduced. A technique for smoothing jagged surfaces by use of isotropic etching is presented. We show that etching smoothes the binary nature and improves the optical efficiency.     

Optical roughness measurements with fringe projection

The characterization of roughness of engineering surfaces over an area is an important task for different applications as well as for manufacturing processes. The surface roughness is in particular an important factor in determining the performance of a workpiece. We demonstrate that the fringe projection technique allows very fast three-dimensional surface inspections. The inspection time for an entire measurement is reduced to less than 5 s with standard hardware. Based on a zoom stereo microscope setup, we demonstrate a modular measuring instrument. The magnification-dependent vertical resolution can be as high as 0.1 microm. The special properties for roughness measurements are demonstrated, especially the comparability with a tactile sensor and with other optical sensors, which is discussed in connection with amplitude parameters.     

非球面光学元件的制造技术(英文)

非球面光学元件广泛用于不同领域,但它们的成功应用主要取决于其质量和制造费用。近几年来,通过开发计算机数控光学加工机械和新的制造技术,已经取得了大的进展。本文涉及制作非球面所用的主要技术。总结将指明适合的用途和这些方法中的每一项的技术成就。两个实际的例子表明非球面光学元件的挑战和光明未来。     

Straightness measurements with a reflection confocal optical system-an experimental study

Straightness measurement is an important technique in the field of mechanical engineering. We previously proposed a novel optical method for measuring straightness of motion using reflection confocal optics. The advantage of this method in comparison with the transmission optical systems of others [Opt. Laser Technol. 6, 166 (1974)] is that the lateral displacements in the two axes perpendicular to the optical axis and the rotation angles around all three axes can be measured simultaneously. We demonstrate straightness measurements using reflection confocal optics and show these measurements to be in good agreement with the theory.     

Computer-aided design,manufacturing and inspection system integration for optical lens production

The main objectives of this research are the development of an integrated manufacturing strategy and the construction of a database management system for the design, machining and inspection of sculptured surfaces. Specifically, the optical lens for colour display tube/colour picture tube is selected as an application example to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the developed manufacturing strategy and database construction methods. In the machining strategy, the total machining time reduction method is proposed for the rough cutting operation based on the optimum tool path planning. In the finish cutting operation, a modified cutter contact variable step method is employed, and optimal tool paths are generated by selecting the proper tool radius within the given tolerance of a designed model. In the inspection strategy, the shortest measuring path is calculated to reduce the inspection time in CMM. In addition, an efficient database management system, which conducts the process from the surface design stage to the inspection result analysis stage, is constructed for the optimization of the sculptured surface manufacturing process. Finally, the required simulation and experimental works are carried out to verify the proposed strategy.