粳稻粒位间蛋白质及其组分与品质性状间的相关性研究

为了研究不同粒位间籽粒总蛋白质及其4种组分含量与其他品质性状的关系,选用不同稳型粳稻为材料,按照穗部位置分为27个粒位,分析了它们之间的相关性。结果表明,粳稻穗内不同粒位间籽粒的总蛋白质及其4种组分含量与蒸煮食味品质、淀粉RVA谱特征、外观品质和碾米品质都有显著的关系。总蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量对食味有显著负面影响,而球蛋白含量对其则有显著正面影响;总蛋白质、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量与直链淀粉含量和胶稠度有负相关性,与糊化温度有正相关性。总蛋白、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量与峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、透明度和整精米率呈显著或极显著负相关,与消减值、垩白率、垩白度呈显著或极显著正相关;球蛋白表现规律则与之相反。粳稻不同粒位间籽粒的总蛋白质及其4种组分含量与RVA谱4个特征值、蒸煮食味品质和垩白性状的关系表现最为密切。     

国内外不同品种啤酒大麦萌发过程中蛋白质的变化

采用9种国内外啤酒大麦为材料,以考马斯亮蓝G-250方法榆测其萌发过程中清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的动态变化,并进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析.结果表明:大麦萌发过程中,清蛋白含量逐渐升高,平均增加2.116倍;球蛋白含量先升高后降低,萌发后比萌发前略高;醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的含量逐渐降低,分别平均减少1.983和2.167倍.国内外不同品种啤酒大麦的清蛋白和球蛋白组成基本相同,醇溶蛋白存在显著的差异,谷蛋白也有一定的差别,因此醇溶蛋白可以作为鉴定大麦不同品种和品质的依据之一,谷蛋白也可以作为一种辅助的鉴别依据.     

玉米种子发芽动态及生理变化研究

该研究以普通玉米(湘农玉27号)、甜玉米(湘农甜玉3号)和糯玉米(湘农白糯3号)为试验材料,研究不同发芽时间(0～72 h)玉米种子胚芽长、胚根长的变化动态,测定清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白、还原糖、总糖、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、总淀粉和赖氨酸含量等生理指标的变化,同时进行相关性分析,探索玉米种子发芽过程中的生理变化规律。结果表明,胚芽、胚根的长度随着种子发芽时间的延长而不断增加;发芽过程中,不同类型玉米的生理指标的变化趋势相同,但变化幅度存在差异,其中醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白、直链淀粉、总淀粉和总糖含量呈下降趋势,清蛋白、球蛋白、还原糖和赖氨酸含量则呈现上升趋势,清蛋白含量分别增加1.37%、0.31%和0.76%,球蛋白含量分别增加0.53%、0.21%和0.58%;还原糖含量最高分别达4.12%、5.82%和4.05%,赖氨酸含量分别提高1.64、2.00和1.71倍。相关性分析表明,玉米种子发芽过程中胚芽、胚根长分别与清蛋白、球蛋白呈显著、极显著正相关,与还原糖呈极显著、显著正相关,与直链淀粉极显著负相关。     

制粉流程中各系统粉蛋白品质特性分析

小麦制粉过程中不同粉管出来的面粉的品质特性对生产中在线配粉及最终成品粉的品质有很大影响,而蛋白特性尤其是蛋白质的量和类型在面粉的加工品质和食用品质中起着重要的作用。本文通过对某面粉厂在线取粉,分析了制粉流程中各系统粉流的蛋白品质特性,研究发现,重筛粉和吸风粉蛋白含量明显高于其他系统粉,中后路皮磨粉随着研磨道数的增加,蛋白组分的含量及醇/谷比例均呈上升趋势,其中中后路心磨粉中清蛋白和球蛋白在总蛋白中的比例最高,渣磨粉和尾磨粉中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白在总蛋白中的比例则较高,且面粉中的谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白、清蛋白和球蛋白之和与总蛋白含量之间均存在高度的相关性。     

米蛋白及其组分与米饭物性及感官的关联特征研究

以直链淀粉含量相近,蛋白质含量有异同的大米为研究材料,研究米蛋白及其组分与米饭物性特征及感官品质间的相关特性。结果表明:蒸煮以后米饭粗蛋白变化不大,各组分含量均有不同程度的降低,清蛋白大量减少,球蛋白变化较小,大米谷蛋白含量与大米蛋白组分总量、米饭中谷蛋白量降低幅度和米饭组分总量降低幅度均呈显著正相关;多数物性特征参数与感官评分高度正相关;粗蛋白和各组分含量对感官都有一定的负影响,尤其是醇溶蛋白,但影响均不显著,而对物性特征参数影响不尽一致,粗蛋白含量对物性参数影响不大。大米清蛋白含量与各物性参数具有高度负相关(粘性较小),而球蛋白与物性特征参数(粘性除外)多呈正相关性,但均不显著。大米中醇溶蛋白以及谷蛋白与多数物性参数(粘性除外)都具有不同程度的负相关,尤其是大米醇溶蛋白相关性较高。因此,清蛋白对米饭物性特征有负作用,而球蛋白则相反,醇溶蛋白与米饭物性特征负相关性比谷蛋白高,进而影响感官品质,但谷蛋白含量最高的优势决定了其在蛋白组分中起到主要作用。     

蛋白质组分分析方法比较研究

采用蛋白质连续累进提取法与组分快速提取法测定了21个小麦面粉样品的蛋白质组分，以比较两种蛋白质组分分析方法的特点。连续累进提取法将小麦蛋白质分离成清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白；快速提取法将小麦蛋白质分离成单体蛋白、可溶性谷蛋白和不溶性谷蛋白。结果表明：单体蛋白与清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白含量及清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白之和均无关系；可溶性谷蛋白含量与清蛋白、弱化度呈负相关，与醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、沉淀值呈极显著或显著正相关；不溶性谷蛋白与醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、沉淀值、稳定时间、评价值、弱化度呈极显著或显著相关。连续累进提取法适合于小麦品质常规检测，快速提取法适用于小麦早代材料品质检测。两种方法对于预测小麦的加工品质有着相同的重要作用，应根据样品量及检测精度进行选择。     

不同品种大麦种子萌发过程醇溶蛋白变化

以4个品种大麦甘啤2号、甘啤3号、Gairdner和Schooner为材料研究大麦种子萌发过程中蛋白酶活力和醇溶蛋白的变化.国产品种大麦醇溶蛋白含量高于进口品种,但蛋白酶活力发芽24 h以后高于进口品种大麦.在蛋白酶的作用下,国产品种大麦醇溶蛋白降解量大于进口品种大麦,发芽结束时,国产品种大麦醇溶蛋白含量低于进口品种或与之相近.表明与两个进口品种大麦相比,两个国产品种大麦蛋白酶活力升高快,最大酶活力高,醇溶蛋白降解进程快,有制造优质麦芽的潜力.     

甜荞蛋白质组分的物化特性研究

研究甜荞不同蛋白组分的物化特性.采用分步提取法分离收集甜荞清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白.结果表明甜荞清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的含量分别占总蛋白的21.91%、19.36%、2.26%和19.95%,等电点分别为pH4.40、5.00、4.80和4.60,变性温度分别为79.39℃、70.36℃、80.04℃和83.09℃,前三种蛋白白色略偏黄,而谷蛋白偏红色.甜荞清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白的必需氨基酸含量丰富.甜荞清蛋白含铁量高,醇溶蛋白含锌量高,球蛋白含镁量高,而铅、锡、砷在各蛋白质组分中的含量均很低.     

小麦籽粒淀粉品质与蛋白质品质关系的初步研究

通过测定32个小麦品种籽粒的11个淀粉品质性状及10个蛋白质品质性状，分析了各性状之间的简单相关关系。结果表明：直链淀粉含量与清蛋白含量显著正相关，与支链淀粉含量、膨胀势、高峰粘度、衰减值、粗蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量、谷蛋白大聚合体含量、沉降值显著负相关；支链淀粉含量与糊化温度显著负相关，与沉降值、面筋指数显著正相关；膨胀势、高峰粘度、低谷粘度、最后粘度两两间极显著正相关；衰减值与醇溶蛋白含量、谷蛋白大聚合体含量、沉降值，糊化温度与球蛋白含量呈显著正相关；回生值与面筋含量，峰值时间与沉降值显著负相关。文章还分析了淀粉品质和蛋白质品质与蒸煮类食品品质的关系。     

南方和黄淮海地区大豆地方品种贮存蛋白组分含量遗传变异的初步分析

我国南方和黄淮海地区的７２个大豆地方品种的贮存蛋白组分含量分析结果表明，大豆种子贮存蛋白各组分平均含量为球蛋白．２４．３９、清蛋白５．７７、醇溶蛋白１．７４、谷蛋白５．２７（ｇ／１００ｇ），其遗传变异丰富。南方与黄淮海地区品种间的４种贮存蛋白分含量平均数及方差均无显著差异。     

国产大麦蛋白质含量及酶活力变化对麦芽品质的影响

选用蛋白质含量不同的6种国产大麦,五种蛋白组分含量,蛋白酶活力变化及对其制成麦芽理化指标进行了研究。国产大麦蛋白含量较高,各蛋白组分因品种不同差异较大,参与大麦代谢活动的组分波动较大,贮存蛋白变化相对平稳,研究表明大麦蛋白酶活力与五种蛋白组分含量不具有相关性,而制成麦芽后,麦芽蛋白酶活力与麦芽泡沫蛋白成负相关r=-0.733(p<0.05),与麦芽盐溶蛋白成负相关r=-0.789(p<0.05),与麦芽库值成正相关r=0.694(p<0.05)。     

APPLICATION OF A COMMERCIAL ENZYME PREPARATION IN THE BARLEY MALTING PROCESS

This paper presents data on barley micromalting with addition of the CELLUCLAST enzyme complex. This is a commercial, multicarbohydrase with distinct β-glucanase and proteinase activities. The enzyme was added to steeping and germination phases, in different quantities (0.05%; 0.75% and 0.1% of initial barley). The enzyme was added to different malting phases: to the 2nd and 3rd steep water, at the beginning of germination on the 1st day by spraying, on the 2nd day of germination and in combination of addition to 3rd steeping water and in germination start (50% of total quantity of each). CELLUCLAST enzyme had a significant effect on reduction of wort viscosity, extract difference, wort filterability and protein breakdown, depending on the quantity of added enzyme and the malting phase to which it was added. There was no negative effect on other malt quality parameters. The best values of cytolytic breakdown parameters (viscosity, extract difference, filtration rate) were obtained with addition of 0.075% of CELLUCLAST, on the first day of germination.     

超声波促进大麦发芽及对麦芽品质的影响

主要探讨了超声波对大麦萌发及对麦芽品质的影响。用超声波水浴对大麦进行不同时间的处理,然后进行种子发芽试验。结果表明,超声波处理20min的种子发芽率、吸水速度、大麦表面带菌量及最终麦芽产品指标都比未经处理的对照组有了明显的提高。超声波处理能显著地促进大麦的萌发,提高种子活力及麦芽品质。     

甘啤3号啤酒大麦质量及应用现状分析

甘肃3号啤酒大麦质量优于同产地的其他大麦，其质量特点为蛋白质含量低、千粒重较高、色泽好、皮薄、发芽率高，达到国家优级啤酒大麦标准；其糖化力很高，较好的α-氨基氮含量，浸出率较高，为最佳的淡爽型啤酒生产原料。影响甘啤3号啤酒大麦应用的主要因素有大麦品质、产量和价格等。     

‘FREE’ AND ‘BOUND’ β-AMYLASES DURING MALTING OF BARLEY. CHARACTERIZATION BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS

Major qualitative and quantitative changes in the β-amylases and in other salt soluble barley proteins occurred during the first four days of germination. Two soluble forms of barley β-amylase, ‘free’ β-amylase and β-amylase aggregated with a non-active protein Z, were found in extracts from all stages. A third enzyme form appeared during malting. Immunoelectrophoretic characterization seemed to support the possibility that this enzyme form could be a product of ‘bound’ β-amylase solubilization. All soluble forms of β-amylase and of protein Z in malt were electrophoretically heterogeneous. Two different, immunochemically related forms of protein Z present after malting retained their immunoelectrophoretic properties during brewing and were found to be dominant antigens in beer.     

The Influence of Barley Storage on Respiration and Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase During Malting

Malt is produced by the controlled, but limited germination of barley. To produce good quality malt, the barley employed must be able to germinate rapidly and synchronously. Dormancy is a seed characteristic that can interfere with the rapid and uniform germination of barley, thereby reducing the resultant malt quality. Various studies have shown that post harvest storage can be used to remove dormancy and enhance barley germination characteristics and malt quality. Because of its complexity, the fundamental basis of dormancy induction, maintenance and termination remain unknown. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) is the rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway and has been associated with dormancy decay and increased seed vigor of a variety of different seeds. The aim of this study was to determine if changes in barley germination vigour were associated with respiration and/or G6PDH changes during malting. Commercially grown barley (cv. Gairdner) was obtained from various states of Australia and stored at room temperature for up to 7 months. At 1, 3 and 7 months, samples were taken and stored at ?18°C. The germinative energy (GE) and germinative index (GI) of these samples were measured. Samples were micro‐malted and the α‐amylase activity, respiration rate, and G6PDH activity of the germinating grains were measured at various stages of malting. It was found that storage of barley for up to seven months significantly improved the germination characteristics and increased the α‐amylase activity during malting. However, these improvements were not associated with concomitant changes in respiration rate or G6PDH activity during malting.     

Structural and Enzymic Changes in Germinated Barley and Rye

Germination of barley and rye grains at 15°C and 56% moisture content resulted in the production of α-amylase, β-glucanase, endo-β-xylanase and α-arabinosidase. During germination of rye, enzyme activity increased significantly after the first day, whereas in the case of barley a rapid increase was not observed until after the third or fourth day. Rye varieties produced more xylanase, whereas barley produced more α-amylase and β-glucanase. Of the barley samples, germinated Pokko had the highest activities of β-glucanase, xylanase and α-amylase, and at 46% moisture content highest degradation of cell walls on the basis of image analysis. Arve had the highest α-arabinofuranosidase activity. Of the rye samples, Amando produced more xylanase and α-arabinosidase than Anna. The M_w of barley and rye β-glucan decreased significantly during germination. In rye samples, residual high molecular weight arabinoxylans were still present after 4 days of germination. The mass average molecular weight (M_w) of this fraction was 3 × 10⁶.     

Malting Performance of Normal Huskless and Acid‐Dehusked Barley Samples

Sulphuric acid dehusked barley had a higher germinative energy and lower microbial infection than normal huskless (naked) barley, suggesting that the pericarp layer harboured microbial infection which may have limited the germination rate. Dehusking the normal huskless barley using sulphuric acid resulted in lower microbial infection, and increased germinative energy. The normal huskless barley sample had a higher β‐glucan content than the acid‐dehusked barley and had slower β‐glucan breakdown during malting. This resulted in the release of seven times more β‐glucan during mashing, and the production of wort of higher viscosity. The normal huskless barley sample had a higher total nitrogen content than the acid‐dehusked barley but both samples produced similar levels of amylolytic (α‐ and β‐amylase) activity over the same malting period. No direct correlation was found between barley total nitrogen level and the amylolytic activity of the malt. When barley loses its husk at harvest, the embryo is exposed and may be damaged. This may result in uneven germination which can reduce malting performance and hence malt quality.     

Changes in Germination and Malting Quality During Storage of Barley

To increase brewing yield and efficiency, malts with high extract values, high enzymic activities and good modification are essential. To produce malt that meets these requirements, the barley employed must have minimal post‐harvest dormancy and be able to germinate vigorously. The aims of this study were to determine the extent to which some Australian barley varieties changed during post‐harvest storage, how these changes influenced germination characteristics, enzyme production and malt quality, and, of the germination tests examined, which gave the best indication of a barley's malting potential. Four commercially grown barley samples were obtained, one from Tasmania and three from Victoria. Each sample was stored at room temperature for one year. At monthly intervals, samples were taken and placed at ?18°C. The germinative energy (GE) and germinative index (GI) of these samples were measured. Samples were also micro‐malted and the quality of the malt was assessed using standard EBC methodology. Storage at room temperature positively influenced the germination characteristics of all samples, with concomitant improvements in hydrolytic enzyme production during malting and in a number of malt quality parameters. It was found that, of the germination tests examined, the GI consistently correlated with enzyme activities during malting and with various malt quality parameters thus indicating that the GI is a good indicator of malting potential.     

澳大利亚麦芽大麦和加拿大麦芽大麦品质比较研究

对１９９６～１９９８年度上海口岸进口的澳大利亚麦芽大麦和加拿大麦芽大麦的品质项目逐一进行了比较分析。研究表明,澳大利亚麦芽大麦的发芽率,容重,千粒重,饱满粒含量较高,加拿大麦芽大麦的蛋白质,水分,瘦小粒,杂质含量较高。