生物质电厂燃料中氯氟含量测定样品前处理方法对比研究

本文对比研究了高温燃烧水解法、氧弹燃烧法、碱熔法和超声法提取固体生物质燃料中氯、氟,选择氧弹燃烧法作为样品中氯、氟提取首选方法。通过对氧弹燃烧法试验条件研究,结果表明在2.8 Mpa氧气压力下燃烧分解生物质样品,超纯水作为吸收液,吸收液作用时间25 min条件下,样品中氯、氟含量提取率高。结论:氧弹燃烧法作为样品处理方法操作简单,样品无损失,配合离子色谱可以实现固体生物质燃料中氯、氟含量准确测定。     

悬浮法聚氯乙烯的研究——液相酚烷基化法的研究

聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂分子中不稳定氯原子的测定通常藉助于酚烷基化法。依反应物的形态,又可分为液—固相反应和液相反应两类。前者为A、Caraculacu提出,我们曾改进了此法,并对若干悬浮法PVC树脂样品的不稳定氯原子含量作了测定。此法中PVC为固态,因此PVC树脂颗粒形态、颗粒粒径大小及其分布、树脂的孔隙     

高温燃烧水解-电位滴定法测定固体生物质燃料中氯的试验条件初步研究

分析比较了国内外固体生物质燃料中氯的测定方法,选择以Ag—AgCl电位滴定法作为固体生物质燃料中氯的最佳测定方法,并通过试验研究初步确定了高温燃烧水解-电位滴定法测定固体生物质燃料中氯的试验条件,为下一步制定相应的国家标准奠定了基础。     

氯甲酸乙酯中氯甲酸甲酯杂质含量的测定及其准确度分析

氯甲酸甲酯是工业常用溶剂氯甲酸乙酯的主要杂质,其含量对于氯甲酸乙酯的使用造成一定的影响。利用"气相色谱法"对氯甲酸乙酯样品中氯甲酸甲酯的含量进行了测定,并用"面积归一化法"定量化计算了氯甲酸乙酯样品中氯甲酸甲酯的含量。使用已知氯甲酸甲酯含量(0.005%、0.025%、0.05%、0.075%、0.1%)的标准氯甲酸乙酯样本,对采用该方法测定氯甲酸甲酯含量的分离度、准确度、精密度及稳定性进行了验证,说明"气相色谱法"能够准确测定对氯甲酸乙酯中氯甲酸甲酯的含量。     

小药量新型燃料空气炸药爆炸效应的实验研究

讨论一次引爆FAE燃料配方，实验测定了空气冲击波超压和冲量随距离的变化曲线，实验结果表明，固态敏化燃料中加入一定比例的金属粉，可以相应提高冲击波超压和冲量，增加FAE的爆炸威力。     

中红外光谱法测定航空润滑油50-1-4Ф燃料污染水平

对配制的不同3号喷气燃料含量的50-1-4Ф润滑油样品作为航空润滑油燃料污染水平测定的标准模拟油样进行红外光谱分析,选择红外谱图中805~755 cm-1区域作为测定滑油燃料污染水平的定量区域,对此区域峰面积与相应的样品燃料污染水平的相关性进行分析并给出回归方程。结果表明利用傅立叶变换红外光谱法测定航空润滑油的喷气燃料污染水平是可行的,测定结果是可靠的。     

波长色散X荧光测定石油及其产品中氯和溴的影响因素分析

采用荧光波长色散法测定石油及其产品中氯和溴,通过建立标准曲线,测量几种样品中氯和溴含量。方法的精密度RSD1%,在样品浓度氯和溴含量很低的情况下,氯元素的回收率仍达76.72%~104.78%,溴元素的回收率高达84.22%~101.32%。所以该法可直接取样测定,影响因素较少,适合于快速、准确测定石油及其产品中氯和溴。     

高温燃烧水解-电位滴定法测定固体生物质燃料中氯试验条件的确定

对高温燃烧水解-电位滴定法测定固体生物质燃料中氯的测定数据进行了统计分析，确定了其试验条件，按所定试验条件对测定结果进行了精密度（重复性限）评估。     

氧弹燃烧法测定甲苯二异氰酸酯总氯含量

介绍了用氧弹燃烧法将样品甲苯二异氰酸酯中有机氯转化为无机氯，通过电位滴定法测定样品中氯含量。     

扩散分离-ICP-MS测定土壤样品中的氯

建立了应用扩散分离-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤样品中氯(Cl)的含量的分析方法,通过测定4个土壤标准物质(GBW07423、GBW07450、GBW07389、GBW07390)中氯的含量,测定值与标准值基本吻合,得出方法的检出限为1.61×10~(-6),相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%,加标回收率在93.8%～106.5%之间。此方法操作简单、快速,实验结果准确、可靠,适合土壤样品中氯分析测定。     

单颗粒煤焦燃烧反应动力学研究方法

采用热天平研究了福建龙岩和加福的两种煤焦的单颗粒燃烧过程。探讨其燃烧过程中的气体扩散、灰层以及反应阻力的影响,建立了单颗粒煤焦燃烧过程分析方法,并由此建立了单颗粒煤焦热天平测定化学反应本征动力学常数的新方法。研究发现,随着单颗粒煤焦燃烧的进行,燃烧总阻力逐渐减小,当反应趋于结束时,燃烧阻力不再随反应时间变化,而是趋于稳定,此时燃烧阻力即为化学反应本征动力学的阻力,由此测定化学反应本征动力学常数。通过对不同温度、不同粒径煤焦以及不同空气流量下的实验与分析,表明该测定方法稳定性好,且测得的煤焦燃烧本征动力学常数和活化能与文献报道一致。     

Application concepts and evaluation of small-scale catalytic combustors for natural gas

Basic application concepts of catalytic combustion are roughly classified into three types, and the development of catalysts, combustion performance and applicability are stated. On the diffusive catalytic combustion method, completeness of methane combustion and its reaction mechanism have been demonstrated by detailed combustion analysis of the burner and reaction kinetics. On the adiabatic lean premixed catalytic combustion method, applicability of a high-temperature catalyst system based on Mn-substituted hexaaluminate monolithic honeycomb to a 1.5 MW gas turbine combustor has been investigated through pressurized combustion tests and prototype engine-rig tests. As a result, a good outlook of the basic technical problems to overcome including the catalyst durability and the combustor control method was obtained, but another problem was that of the combustor capacity. In view of the progress of the non-catalytic lean premixed combustion method, it was concluded that a hybrid catalytic combustion method limiting catalytic combustion to the low-temperature range in this concept might become efficient in the future, but that it would depend on the development of efficient catalysts initiating their activity at about 350°C and having durability at 1000°C.     

Effectiveness of SO2 sorbents by thermogravimetry-combustion with coal

A new experimental method is described for non-isothermal thermogravimetry (TG) involving combustion of mixtures of sieved coal with sieved calcium-containing sorbents. This rapid TG method utilizes a baseline for TG combustion of coal alone, derives an equation that gives a semi-quantitative measure (±10% repeatability) of the coal's reactive sulphur retained by the sorbent, the extent of retention of S0₂ generated in situ during combustion varying with different sorbents. The method permits direct variation in separate experiments of the calcium-to-sulphur ratio during combustion and relative ranking of different sorbents by retention of reactive sulphur in combustion. Relative rankings are presented for three pre-calcined natural stones (two limestones and one dolomite); these results correlate with relative rankings from another TG method reported in the literature. It is suggested that this new method is useful for pre-screening the effectiveness of S0₂ sorbents considered for use in fluidizedbed combustion of coal.     

An experimental study of the flame propagation and combustion characteristics of LPG fuel

This work investigates the flame propagation and combustion characteristics of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) fuel. To clarify the combustion process of the heavy duty LPG engine, the flame propagation and combustion characteristics were investigated using a CVCC (constant volume combustion chamber) and a port injection type heavy duty LPLi (Liquefied Petroleum Liquid injection) engine system. Both the laser deflection method and the high-speed Schlieren photography method were employed to measure the flame propagation speed of LPG fuel. In addition, the single cylinder heavy duty LPLi engine was manufactured to analyze the combustion characteristics of the LPG.The experimental results indicated that the laser deflection method showed the measuring accuracy of this method to be less than 5% when compared with the result of the high-speed camera. According to the CVCC and heavy duty LPLi engine experimental results, the flame propagation reached a maximum speed at the stoichiometric equivalence ratio, regardless of operating conditions, and the effect of the equivalence ratio on both flame propagation and combustion characteristics was greater than that of ambient conditions. In addition, we found that the coefficient of variation of combustion duration increased when the equivalence ratio decreased. Furthermore, the combustion stability worsened as the equivalence ratio moved into the lean region.     

煤气化细渣燃烧技术研究进展

简述了煤气化细渣的基础燃烧特性、燃烧动力学和燃烧应用三方面的研究现状，分析表明：煤气化细渣基础燃烧特性较差，难以单独稳定燃烧，与其他燃料掺烧可提高其燃烧性能；煤气化细渣的粒径、掺烧比和种类等因素对其燃烧性能影响较大，应着重加以研究；煤气化细渣燃烧动力学多采用Coats-Redfern积分法进行研究，求解过程简单，但存在准确性相对较低的问题，采用多重扫描速率法等进行相关研究可提高准确性，具有研究价值，但鲜有报道。掺混燃烧是煤气化细渣燃烧应用的主要方式，具有一定的经济和环境效益，但多数会引起一些副作用；单独燃烧是煤气化细渣燃烧应用的另一方式，具有燃烧效率高的优点，但需对燃烧设备进行针对性的设计、开发。最后提出了煤气化细渣燃烧技术今后的研究方向，以期为相关领域科研工作者提供参考。     

RDX对含硼富燃料推进剂一次燃烧产物组分影响的计算研究

为了研究黑索今(RDX)对含硼富燃料推进剂一次燃烧产物组分的影响,用吉布斯最小自由能法计算了5种推进剂配方的一次燃烧产物组分,并通过测试燃烧产物中的总硼含量对热力学计算结果进行了验证。结果表明,采用最小自由能法计算含硼富燃料推进剂的一次燃烧产物组分,其结果准确、可靠;当含硼富燃料推进剂中RDX含量增加时,一次燃烧产物中B_4C和B_2O_3含量减少、C和BN含量增加,且一次燃烧温度也升高;提高一次燃烧压强可提高硼的氧化率、降低B_4C的生成量,有效提高一次燃烧温度,因此提高一次燃烧压强有助于提高含硼富燃料推进剂的二次燃烧效率。     

Using the Electromotive Force of Condensed System Combustion to Estimate the Parameters of Heat Transfer through an Obstacle

The paper describes a method for measuring the delay of combustion wave propagation through an obstacle and other heat-transfer parameters by continuous recording of electrical signals arising in a burning condensed system. This method is suitable for systems and obstacles that have marked electric conductivity. Results of investigation of combustion wave propagation through a tantalum obstacle in the 3Zr + 2WO₃ system using the proposed method are presented. Key words: gas-free system, combustion, mechanical strains, obstacle, combustion e.m.f., heat transfer, thermal parameters.     

TGIC中总氯含量的测定和分析

介绍了测定TGIC中总氯含量的2种方法,即化学滴定法和氧气燃烧瓶法。用这2种方法对5个样品分别进行了测试。试验结果表明:氧气燃烧瓶法测试的结果均大于化学滴定法,化学滴定法只能测得活性氯和无机氯的总量,而不能测得非活性氯的含量,测得的氯含量不能充分体现总氯含量的定义,而氧气燃烧瓶法测得的才是真正意义上的总氯含量。     

Ignition and Combustion of Aluminum–Air Suspensions in a Reactor for High-Temperature Synthesis of Alumina Powder

A method for flame stabilization in a reactor for synthesis of metal oxides is developed by analyzing combustion of dispersions of metal powders. An experimental reactor designed to implement this method is described. Ignition and combustion of commercial aluminum powders (ASD-1 and ASD-4) in air were studied, and their reliable ignition and stable combustion in the reactor combustion chamber were confirmed. It is shown that efficient combustion of an aluminum–air mixture depends on powder dispersity, flow mixing conditions, and combustion chamber pressure. Key words: aluminum, powder, suspension, flame, stabilization, combustion, synthesis, oxide.     

热重-红外联用分析制革污泥的燃烧特性

利用TG-FTIR对制革污泥的燃烧特性和燃烧过程气体释放情况进行了研究。研究发现,制革污泥挥发分和灰分含量较高,固定碳含量低、热值低。不同升温速率下,制革污泥的燃烧在800℃时已经比较充分,随着升温速率的增加,制革污泥碳燃烧的失重速率和峰值温度有所增加。运用Ozawa法进行活化能计算表明,制革污泥燃烧所需活化能随着反应程度的深入而增加。制革污泥的挥发分燃烧阶段符合三维扩散的Z-L-T方程反应模型,固定碳燃烧阶段符合自催化反应的P-T方程反应模型,且制革污泥在不同升温速率下燃烧动力学参数存在动力学补偿效应。TG-FTIR分析表明,不同升温速率对气体析出基本特征没有影响,在低温阶段,制革污泥的燃烧产物中有少量的有机酸组分析出。