多参数测量的分层量子态分享

融合了分层量子态分享及多参数测量思想，提出了一个研究不同最大纠缠量子信道的分层量子态分享可能性的新框架，并以4-粒子团簇态作为量子信道为例说明了该框架是可行的，指出该例是现有协议的推广。考虑到最大纠缠态的保持对现有技术的挑战，将上述框架推广到非最大纠缠信道的情形，且以4-粒子非最大纠缠团簇态为例，验证了这个推广框架用于研究不同非最大纠缠信道的分层量子态分享是可行的。进一步，分析了验证实例的成功概率（经典耗费）与测量参数或量子纠缠参数间的依赖关系，说明了可以根据量子信道的参数来调整测量基的参数，达到调节成功概率或经典耗费，满足真实世界中不同需求之目的。     

Fault-tolerant controlled deterministic secure quantum communication using EPR states against collective noise

This paper proposes two new fault-tolerant controlled deterministic secure quantum communication (CDSQC) protocols based only on Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) entangled states. The proposed protocols are designed to be robust against the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. Compared to the existing fault-tolerant controlled quantum communication protocols, the proposed protocols not only can do without a quantum channel between the receiver and the controller as the state-of-the-art protocols do, but also have the advantage that the number of quantum particles required in the CDSQC protocols is reduced owing to the use of the simplest entangled states.     

Optimal quantum thermometry by dephasing

Decoherence often happens in the quantum world. We try to utilize quantum dephasing to build an optimal thermometry. By calculating the Cramér–Rao bound, we prove that the Ramsey measurement is the optimal way to measure the temperature for uncorrelated probe particles. Using the optimal measurement, the metrological equivalence of product and maximally entangled state of initial quantum probes always holds. Contrary to frequency estimation, the optimal temperature estimation can be obtained in the case \(\nu <1\), not \(\nu >1\). For the general Zeno regime (\(\nu =2\)), uncorrelated product states are the optimal choice in typical Ramsey spectroscopy setup. In order to improve the resolution of temperature, one should reduce the characteristic time of dephasing factor \(\gamma (t)\propto t^2\), and the power \(\nu <1\) appears after it. Under the imperfect condition, maximally entangled state can perform better than product state. Finally, we investigate other environmental influence on the measurement precision of temperature. Based on it, we define a new way to measure non-Markovian effect.     

Quantum coding in non-inertial frames

The quantum and classical correlations are quantified by means of the coherent and mutual information, respectively, where we use the single-mode approximation. It is shown that the users can communicate in an optimal way for small values of accelerations. The capacity of accelerated channel is investigated for different classes of initial states. It is shown that the capacities of the traveling channels depend on the frame in which the accelerated channels are observed in and the initial shared state between the partners. In some frames, the capacities decay as the accelerations of both qubit increase. The decay rate is larger if the partners initially share a maximum entangled state. The possibility of using the accelerated quantum channels to perform quantum coding protocol is discussed. The amount of decoded information is quantified for different cases, where it decays as the partner’s accelerations increase to reach its minimum bound. This minimum bound depends on the initial shared states, and it is large for maximum entangled state.     

弱测量在提高量子参数估计精度中的应用

量子参数估计理论主要研究如何利用量子资源来提高经典参数的估计精度,其应用非常广泛.对于封闭的量子系统,采用纠缠的量子探针测量未知的经典参数,其估计精度可以大幅地超越经典探针所能达到的精度.然而,当退相干效应存在时,量子探针的优越性就会受到限制.本文引入弱测量的方法提高噪声环境下参数估计的精度,并证明了当退振幅噪声存在时,这一方法可以使得参数估计的精度恢复到海森堡极限,尽管实现的概率会随着探针个数的增加呈指数地减少.本文进一步考察了当辅助系统存在时,弱测量的方法对提高参数估计精度的有效性.     

基于多参数测量的双向受控隐形传态

融合了双向隐形传态、受控隐形传态、概率隐形传态及多参数测量思想,提出了一个新的双向受控概率隐形传态协议。在该协议中,以五粒子非最大纠缠团簇态为信道,发送者采用多参数通用测量,接收者引入辅助粒子,并在控制者的允许下,利用测量信息施行适当酉变换,就能以一定概率同时交换他们的量子态。分析了成功概率（经典耗费）与量子纠缠参数及测量参数间的依赖关系,说明了该协议可以根据量子信道的参数来调整多参数测量的参数,达到调节成功概率或经典耗费,满足真实世界中多种不同需求的目的。此外,该协议是经典双向受控隐形传态的推广。     

GHZ态的多参数测量控制概率隐形传态

量子隐形传态大多都使用最大化纠缠态作为量子信道,但最大化纠缠资源只存在于理想情况下。研究了非最大化纠缠信道的量子隐形传态,基于非最大化纠缠GHZ态提出了一个新型的概率控制隐形传态方案。通过引入多参数通用测量,可以根据量子信道参数调整测量基参数,进而实现最佳的成功概率。加入了量子控制者,使方案具有更高的灵活性。该方案可以被扩展到接收者没有足够量子能力的半量子通信情况,进一步扩大了概率隐形传态的应用范围。     

Linking Classical and Quantum Key Agreement: Is There a Classical Analog to Bound Entanglement?

Abstract. After carrying out a protocol for quantum key agreement over a noisy quantum channel, the parties Alice and Bob must process the raw key in order to end up with identical keys about which the adversary has virtually no information. In principle, both classical and quantum protocols can be used for this processing. It is a natural question which type of protocol is more powerful. We show that the limits of tolerable noise are identical for classical and quantum protocols in many cases. More specifically, we prove that a quantum state between two parties is entangled if and only if the classical random variables resulting from optimal measurements provide some mutual classical information between the parties. In addition, we present evidence which strongly suggests that the potentials of classical and of quantum protocols are equal in every situation. An important consequence, in the purely classical regime, of such a correspondence would be the existence of a classical counterpart of so-called bound entanglement, namely ``bound information' that cannot be used for generating a secret key by any protocol. This stands in contrast to what was previously believed.     

Generation and protection of steady-state quantum correlations due to quantum channels with memory

We have proposed a scheme of the generation and preservation of two-qubit steady-state quantum correlations through quantum channels where successive uses of the channels are correlated. Different types of noisy channels with memory, such as amplitude damping, phase damping, and depolarizing channels, have been taken into account. Some analytical or numerical results are presented. The effect of channels with memory on dynamics of quantum correlations has been discussed in detail. The results show that steady-state entanglement between two initial qubits whose initial states are prepared in a specific family states without entanglement subject to amplitude damping channel with memory can be generated. The entanglement creation is related to the memory coefficient of channel \(\mu \). The stronger the memory coefficient of channel \( \mu \) is, the more the entanglement creation is, and the earlier the separable state becomes the entangled state. Besides, we compare the dynamics of entanglement with that of quantum discord when a two-qubit system is initially prepared in an entangled state. We show that entanglement dynamics suddenly disappears, while quantum discord dynamics displays only in the asymptotic limit. Furthermore, two-qubit quantum correlations can be preserved at a long time in the limit of \(\mu \rightarrow 1\).     

An efficient scheme for five-party quantum state sharing of an arbitrary m-qubit state using multiqubit cluster states

We present an efficient scheme for five-party quantum state sharing (QSTS) of an arbitrary m-qubit state with multiqubit cluster states. Unlike the three-partite QSTS schemes using the same quantum channel [Phys. Rev. A 78, 062333 (2008)], our scheme for sharing of quantum information among five parties utilizing a cluster state as an entangled resource. It is found that the six-partite cluster state can be used for QSTS of an entangled state, the five-partite cluster state can be used for QSTS of an arbitrary two-qubit state and also can be used for QSTS of an arbitrary m-qubit state. It involves two-qubit Bell-basis or three-qubit GHZ-basis measurements, not multipartite joint measurements, which makes it more convenient than some previous schemes. In addition, the total efficiency really approaches the maximal value.     

Quantum teleportation with partially entangled states via noisy channels

Using a partially entangled EPR-type state as quantum channel, we investigate quantum teleportation (QT) of a qubit state in noisy environments by solving the master equation in the Lindblad form. We analyze the different influence for the partially entangled EPR-type channel and the EPR channel on the fidelity and the average fidelity of the QT process in the presence of Pauli noises. It is found that the fidelity depends on the type and the strength of the noise, and the initial state to be teleported. Moreover, the EPR channel is more robust than the partially entangled EPR-type channel against the influence of the noises. It is also found that the partially entangled EPR-type channel enables the average fidelity as a function of the decoherence parameter $kt$ to decay with different velocities for different Pauli noises.     

Construction of general quantum channel for quantum teleportation

We investigate teleportation and controlled teleportation of an arbitrary $N$ -qubit state by using a multipartite entanglement channel. By establishing one-to-one correspondence between an $N$ -qubit quantum state and a high-dimension quantum state, we construct a general quantum channel for quantum teleportation and controlled teleportation of an arbitrary $N$ -qubit state. Furthermore, we generalize the definition of bipartite maximally entangled state for a multi-qubit system, and show that our teleportation protocols can be utilized not only to construct a variety of genuine multipartite entangled states, but also to identify and explore the capability of multipartite entanglement for quantum teleportation and controlled teleportation.     

Cyclic quantum teleportation

We propose a scheme of cyclic quantum teleportation for three unknown qubits using six-qubit maximally entangled state as the quantum channel. Suppose there are three observers Alice, Bob and Charlie, each of them has been given a quantum system such as a photon or spin-\(\frac{1}{2}\) particle, prepared in state unknown to them. We show how to implement the cyclic quantum teleportation where Alice can transfer her single-qubit state of qubit a to Bob, Bob can transfer his single-qubit state of qubit b to Charlie and Charlie can also transfer his single-qubit state of qubit c to Alice. We can also implement the cyclic quantum teleportation with \(N\geqslant 3\) observers by constructing a 2N-qubit maximally entangled state as the quantum channel. By changing the quantum channel, we can change the direction of teleportation. Therefore, our scheme can realize teleportation in quantum information networks with N observers in different directions, and the security of our scheme is also investigated at the end of the paper.     

双量子系统最大纠缠态制备的两种控制方法

分别采用两种脉冲序列,对由两个自旋1/2粒子组成的四能级量子系统进行最大纠缠态的制备.基于部分受激拉曼绝热通道技术,设计了半反直觉脉冲序列;同时设计了基于面积控制的π脉冲控制序列.通过系统仿真实验,在参数选取对纠缠态制备性能影响分析的基础上,详细地给出了纠缠态制备中各个参数的优化过程,包括不同参数对纠缠态制备过程中系统几率影响的分析,纠缠态制备最佳参数的选取,以及制备系统最大纠缠态或贝尔(Bell)基态控制参数值的确定.     

量子隐形传态的通用线路

EPR态作为最基本的量子纠缠态,在量子隐形传态中起着重要作用.研究适应任意类型EPR通道的单量子比特隐形传送通用线路,并推广到任意N比特量子隐形传送通用线路.首先设计出4种EPR态,分别作为量子通道的单比特量子隐形传态,通过分析EPR量子通道与量子操作门之间的关系,设计一种单比特通用线路;然后,设计两比特的标准量子隐形传态线路,并用Mathematica进行仿真验证线路的正确性,再把它推广到N比特量子隐形传送线路;最后,将单量子比特通用线路与N比特量子隐形传送线路进行融合,最终设计出任意N比特量子隐形传送通用线路.N粒子量子比特通用线路通过信息接受者进行带参数的幺正变换,其中,参数由制备出的EPR对类型确定,解决了因EPR制备中心出错导致的信息传送失败问题.     

Oblivious transfer and quantum channels as communication resources

We show that from a communication-complexity perspective, the primitive called oblivious transfer—which was introduced in a cryptographic context—can be seen as the classical analogue to a quantum channel in the same sense as non-local boxes are of maximally entangled qubits. More explicitly, one realization of non-cryptographic oblivious transfer allows for the perfect simulation of sending one qubit and measuring it in an orthogonal basis. On the other hand, a qubit channel allows for realizing non-cryptographic oblivious transfer with probability roughly 85 %, whereas 75 % is the classical limit.     

Entanglement-assisted quantum MDS codes from negacyclic codes

The entanglement-assisted formalism generalizes the standard stabilizer formalism, which can transform arbitrary classical linear codes into entanglement-assisted quantum error-correcting codes (EAQECCs) by using pre-shared entanglement between the sender and the receiver. In this work, we construct six classes of q-ary entanglement-assisted quantum MDS (EAQMDS) codes based on classical negacyclic MDS codes by exploiting two or more pre-shared maximally entangled states. We show that two of these six classes q-ary EAQMDS have minimum distance more larger than \(q+1\). Most of these q-ary EAQMDS codes are new in the sense that their parameters are not covered by the codes available in the literature.     

Restoration of three-qubit entanglements and protection of tripartite quantum state sharing over noisy channels via environment-assisted measurement and reversal weak measurement

The restoration of three-qubit entanglement is investigated under the amplitude damping (AD) decoherence with environment-assisted measurement (EAM) and reversal weak measurement (RWM). The results show that there exists a critical strength of RWM dependent of the initial three-qubit entangled state under a given damping rate of the AD channel, i.e., if the selected RWM strength is higher than the critical strength, the entanglement will be reduced compared to one without RWM. Some three-qubit entangled states cannot be restored. We calculated the restorable condition of the initial entanglement and illustrated the valid area for three-qubit GHZ state and W state. Fortunately, an optimal strength of RWM corresponding to a certain damping rate of AD channels can be found within the valid area for a restorable initial state, by which a noise-infected entanglement can be restored to its maximum value. Particularly, when three qubits of W state are subjected to their respective AD channels, due to the symmetry of three qubits, the W state cannot be decohered provided the EAM is successful, and no RWM is required. This is beneficial to quantum communication over the noisy channel. Applying this protection regime to tripartite QSS and taking appropriate initial entangled state as the quantum channel, the fidelity of the shared state can be improved to the maximum 1 probabilistically. Thus, the decoherence effect of the noisy channels can be significantly suppressed or even avoided.     

非局域Bell-态测量的实现

利用预先分享的最大纠缠对、局域操作和经典通信,提出了执行非局域Bell-态测量的一个完美方案。通过用部分纠缠信道取代最大纠缠信道,推广了上述方案,指出采用酉变换就能概率地施行非局域Bell-态测量,并且推广方案可视为一个提纯方案。讨论了这些协议所需的资源,并说明了这些方案在现有技术下的实验实现是可行的。此外,该协议可以用来生成一些新的最大量子纠缠态。     

Efficient quantum dialogue using entangled states and entanglement swapping without information leakage

We propose a novel quantum dialogue protocol by using the generalized Bell states and entanglement swapping. In the protocol, a sequence of ordered two-qutrit entangled states acts as quantum information channel for exchanging secret messages directly and simultaneously. Besides, a secret key string is shared between the communicants to overcome information leakage. Different from those previous information leakage-resistant quantum dialogue protocols, the particles, composed of one of each pair of entangled states, are transmitted only one time in the proposed protocol. Security analysis shows that our protocol can overcome information leakage and resist several well-known attacks. Moreover, the efficiency of our scheme is acceptable.