川西定向气井压力预测及分析

川西定向气井测压呈典型的两段分布,下部压降梯度大的原因是受到液相滑脱损失和倾斜段的影响。针对垂直段和倾斜段分别统计评价工程常用的气液两相管流压降模型:垂直段产气量低于1×104m3/d时采用无滑脱模型,否则采用Hagedorn&Brown模型;倾斜段采用DPI模型。组合建立适用于定向井的气液两相管流新模型。大牛地气田应用实践表明,新模型各项误差均小于5%,明显优于常规单一压降模型。     

Interlayer interference mechanism of multi-seam drainage in a CBM well:An example from Zhucang syncline

Based on the characteristics of the strong volatility of physical property in vertical direction, high gas content, high resource abundance and large exploitation potentiality of coal reservoir in Bide-Santang basin of Zhina coal field, we study the generation mechanism of interlayer interference, propagation rules of reservoir pressure drop and influencing factors of gas productivity in CBM multi-seam drainage in the paper. On the basis of the actual production data of X-2 well of Zhucang syncline in Bide-Santang basin,by simulating the gas production process of a CBM well under the condition of multiple seam with COMET3 numerical simulation software, we analyze the influencing factors of gas productivity during the process of multi-seam drainage, and illuminate the interlayer interference mechanism of multiseam drainage. The results show that permeability, reservoir pressure gradient, critical desorption pressure and fluid supply capacity of stratum have great influence on gas productivity of multi-seam drainage while coal thickness has little influence on it. Permeability, reservoir pressure gradient and fluid supply capacity of stratum affect the propagation velocity of reservoir pressure drop and thereby affect the final gas productivity. Moreover, the influence of critical desorption pressure on gas productivity of multiseam drainage is reflected in the gas breakthrough time and effective desorption area.     

鄂尔多斯盆地B192井中生界天然气形成条件探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地白豹地区B192井在中生界延长组长63层试油时获天然气约3万m3。通过对天然气成分分析,认为存在少量气顶气,同时生产过程中有大量溶解气游离析出增加了气量。根据烃类碳同位素值,判定天然气成因类型属于原油伴生气。B192井油气藏类型属于岩性油气藏,认为试油过程中大量天然气出现的原因是：生、储及保存条件有利,古今埋深反差大、低地饱压差使溶解气游离形成气顶,生产过程中流压过低则促使大量溶解气游离析出。     

川东北清溪场构造飞三段气藏录井特征及解释评价

川东北碳酸盐岩天然气储层所赋存的层位众多,其中上组合海相地层中三叠系飞仙关组储层由于埋深适中,是重要的勘探目标。江汉录井在川东北清溪场构造XQX1井飞仙关组飞三段发现高产、高压、裂缝型气层,测试产量达106.8×104m3/d,控制储量超过30×108m3,是在川东北及鄂西渝东地区继河坝2井后又一口单层测试产量超百万方,且不含硫化氢的碳酸盐岩气井。     

凝析气藏注气提高采收率数值模拟研究

以牙哈（YH）凝析气藏E+K区块M井组为例,建立典型井组数值模拟模型,对注气提高采收率主控因素及其机理进行了研究。在注采部位、注入介质、注气量、注采比、注气时机及压力恢复程度不同的条件下,模拟生产效果并对井组注气方案进行了优化。结果表明,采用“上注?下采”、循环注气、注气量（30.50～36.60）×10⁴ m³/d（年注气量为原始地质储量的2.50%～3.00%）、维持较高地层压力（衰竭至不低于露点压力）等条件时,凝析油开发效果较好。研究结果可为YH凝析气田注气开发中后期提高采收率技术政策制定提供依据,为凝析气田中后期开发调整提供指导。     

Optimizing the drilled well patterns for CBM recovery via numerical simulations and data envelopment analysis

Coalbed methane (CBM) commercial development requires choosing the arrangement of the wells. This should be done by considering the corresponding input-output (investment-profit) efficiencies. Simulations were obtained from the computer modeling group (CMG) given the reservoir conditions of the Panzhuang block in the southern part of the Qinshui Basin. This is a demonstration region for CBM development located in Shanxi province of northern China. The sensitivity of gas production from a single vertical well to the primary reservoir parameters was estimated first. Then multi-well gas production from three different well patterns was simulated to estimate the most appropriate well spacing. Combining the investment requirements then gave investment-profit efficiencies for these well patterns. A data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was used to optimize the efficiency. The results show that the permeability, the reservoir pressure, and the gas content have an evident impact on single well gas production. The desorption time has little or no affect on production. The equilateral triangular well pattern (ETWP) in a 400 m well spacing is, for multi-well development, the optimal pattern. It has a better input-output ratio, a longer stable yield time, and provides for greater CBM recovery than does either the rectangular well pattern (RWP) or the five point well pattern (FPWP).     

UV、臭氧和电离辐射工艺用于污水消毒的对比研究及经济分析

介绍了UV、臭氧和电离辐射消毒技术的原理以及主要优、缺点,比较了3种消毒方式的消毒效果、消毒副产物以及影响因素,并对各种工艺在1×104 m3/d、5×104 m3/d、1×105 m3/d处理规模下的工程投资总额、总运行成本和单位运行成本进行了经济分析。结果表明:当污水厂处理规模为1×104 m3/d时,UV、臭氧和电离辐射消毒工艺的单位运行成本分别为:0.075元/m3,0.21元/m3,0.25元/m3;当污水厂处理规模为5×104 m3/d时,UV、臭氧和电离辐射消毒工艺的单位运行成本分别为:0.049元/m3,0.19元/m3,0.17元/m3;当污水厂处理规模为1×105 m3/d时,UV、臭氧和电离辐射消毒工艺的单位运行成本分别为:0.041元/m3,0.17元/m3,0.16元/m3。     

刘家勘探区煤储层特征及煤层气开发条件研究

研究了刘家勘探区煤储层特征及煤层气开发条件，认为研究区煤储层的煤级，孔隙性和渗透性相对较低，但地质构造简单，煤层气资源丰度高，煤储层厚度，含气量，含气饱和度，甲烷浓度，临储压力比，临界解吸压力等都较高，压力梯度基本正常，可采性以及煤层气开发和利用前景条件较好。并已被煤层气井排采试验结果所初步证实，同时，中也就区内今后的煤层气开发工作提出了某些建议。     

Method for predicting economic peak yield for a single well of coalbed methane

The development of coalbed methane (CBM) in China poses great difficulties because of high investments, low production and high risks. So a study of the economic effect of a single well at its preliminary stage is helpful for commercial exploitation of CBM. Affected by wellbore flow pressure, initial reservoir pressure, relative permeability, Langmuir pressure and other factors,the trend of declining production of a single CBM well agrees, by and large, with a hyperbolic pattern of decline. Based on Arps'sequation, nearly 200 wells production with different peak yields and initial rates of were simulated. Given the present cost of drilling, gas production and engineering on the ground, the gross investment for the development of a single coalbed methane well was estimated for the Fanzhuang block in central China. Considering the current industrial policies for CBM, we established an economic assessment model and analyzed economic peaks. The results show the economic benefits with or without government subsidies at different peak yields of a single CBM well. The results of the evaluation can be directly applied in the Fanzhuang block. The evaluation method, formulated in our study, can be used to other areas with similar conditions.     

水驱气藏动态储量及水侵量计算新方法

对于水驱气藏、特别是比较活跃的水驱气藏、水侵主要维持地层压力,并将产量维持在初始产量,直到水锥突破,其结果直接影响到气藏的采收率,因此如何准确计算水驱气藏储量和水侵量大小,从而进行动态预测显得非常重要。通过对物质平衡方程的分析,提出了利用地层压力及采出量等生产数据建立目标函数,利用最小二乘法进行自动拟合,直接计算水驱气藏动态地质储量及水储量的新方法,同时该方法还可以确定水驱强度指标的大小。通过实例分析对比验证说明该方法计算结果准确、可靠、计算简单、实用。     

吐哈盆地沙尔湖地区煤层气钻完井适用技术探讨

在剖析美国圣胡安盆地煤层气空气钻井、裸眼洞穴完井技术及优势的基础上,确定了低煤阶煤层气钻井及裸眼洞穴完井的煤储层条件等,并以吐哈盆地沙尔湖地区低煤阶煤层气为主要研究对象,利用类比法及地质统计法,具体分析了吐哈盆地沙尔湖地区的煤储层厚度、含气量、渗透率、井壁稳定性及储层压力条件等．研究表明,沙尔湖地区煤层厚度大,储层物性好,井壁稳定性好,可采用低成本空气钻井及裸眼完井技术提高钻井效率,保护煤储层,提高煤层气采收率．     

罗家寨气藏非稳态产能预测新方法研究

针对罗家寨气藏储层特征,对罗家寨气藏的产能进行分析和预测,分析表明,基于气藏与井筒耦合作用的非稳态产能预测新方法对于单井产能预测的优越性、长远性和实用性,不仅可以直接利用不稳定压力测试成果进行预测,还可以通过生产动态资料拟合来确定地层参数预测,同时也可以用来研究不同工作制度、完井方式以及增产措施改善情况下的产能变化.为衰竭式开采的油藏工程研究提供了先进的手段.     

用常规黑油模型模拟煤层气开采过程

流体在煤层中的传输机理由两部分组成,气体在煤内表面解吸,并通过基岩和微孔隙扩散进入裂缝网络中。若岩块表面甲烷气体的释放速度比气,水相在煤层割理中的流动速度快得多,那么在模拟煤层气开采过程时,解吸动能可以不考虑,根据这个假设可认为：在给定压力下煤层吸附的甲烷气体量类似于相应压力下溶解在原油中的气体量,煤层中的朗格缪尔等温曲线可视为常规黑油油藏中的溶解气油比曲线。若将煤层表面的吸附气作为不流动油中溶解气来处理,那么可用常规黑油模型描述煤层气,而不需要对模型源码做会何修改,基于上述思路,用黑油模型模拟煤层气开采过程,并与用煤层气模拟软件（COMETPC）的计算结果进行了比较,趋势非常接近。     

Optimum location of surface wells for remote pressure relief coalbed methane drainage in mining areas

Based on engineering tests in the Huainan coal mining area,we studied alternative well location to improve the performance of surface wells for remote pressure relief of coalbed methane in mining areas.The key factors,affecting location and well gas production were analyzed by simulation tests for similar material.The exploitation results indicate that wells located in various positions on panels could achieve relatively better gas production in regions with thin Cenozoic layers,low mining heights and slow rate of longwall advancement,but their periods of gas production lasted less than 230 days,as opposed to wells in regions with thick Cenozoic layers,greater mining heights and fast rates of Iongwall advancement.Wells near panel margins achieved relatively better gas production and lasted longer than centerline wells.The rules of development of mining fractures in strata over panels control gas production of surface wells.Mining fractures located in areas determined by lines of compaction and the effect of mining are well developed and can be maintained for long periods of time.Placing the well at the end of panels and on the updip return airway side of panels,determined by lines of compaction and the effect of mining,would result in surface wells for remote pressure relief CBM obtaining their longest gas production periods and highest cumulative gas production.     

杏13区块三类油层聚合物吸附特性及其驱油实验研究

杏13区块三类油层在实施聚合物驱油时,研究聚合物在油藏孔隙中的吸附滞留情况及对驱油效果的影响。通过室内油砂吸附性实验及岩芯驱替实验,对相对分子质量为700×104抗盐聚合物、相对分子质量为1 800×104和2 500×104进行不同层位不同质量浓度的聚合物吸附研究及其驱油效果对比。结果表明,在三类油层上,不同相对分子质量的聚合物在油砂上的吸附量不同;不同质量浓度的聚合物溶液吸附损失对聚合物溶液的黏度影响不同;在相同质量浓度下,相对分子质量为700×104抗盐聚合物和2 500×104聚合物在水驱基础上化学驱采出程度在11%~14%;相对分子质量1 800×104聚合物水驱基础上化学驱采出程度在10%~12%。     

Reservoir reconstruction technologies for coalbed methane recovery in deep and multiple seams

Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disasters become increasingly severe. When the coal is very deep, the gas content and pressure will elevate and thus coal seams tends to outburst-prone seams. The safety and economics of exploited firstmined coal seams are tremendously restricted. Meanwhile, the multiple seams occurrence conditions resulted in different methane pressure systems in the coal-bearing strata, which made the reservoir reconstruction of coal difficult. Given the characteristics of low saturation, low permeability, strong anisotropy and soft coal of Chinese coal seams, a single hydraulic fracturing surface well for reservoir reconstruction to pre-drain the coalbed methane(CBM) of multiple seams concurrently under the different gas pressure systems has not yet gained any breakthroughs. Based on analyses of the main features of deep CBM reservoirs in China, current gas control methods and the existing challenges in deep and multiple seams, we proposed a new technology for deep CBM reservoir reconstruction to realize simultaneous high-efficiency coal mining and gas extraction. In particular, we determined the first-mined seam according to the principles of effectiveness and economics, and used hydraulic fracturing surface well to reconstruct the first-mined seam which enlarges the selection range of the first-mined seam. During the process of mining first-mined seam, adjacent coal seams could be reconstructed under the mining effect which promoted high-efficiency pressure relief gas extraction by using spatial and comprehensive gas drainage methods(combination of underground and ground CBM extraction methods). A typical integrated reservoir reconstruction technology, ‘‘One well for triple use", was detailed introduced and successfully applied in the Luling coal mine. The application showed that the proposed technology could effectively promote coal mining safety and simultaneously high-efficiency gas extraction.     

非低阶煤煤层气解吸关系研究

煤层气解吸作用的研究可较好地预测产气量和气量持续周期。对当前数个煤层气勘探开发较为活跃地区的煤进行了吸附解吸实验,通过对实验数据拟合分析,得到煤层气降压解吸服从数学模型Vd=adbdp/1+bdp+c。在煤层气井排水降压产气过程中,采用此模型对煤层气的解吸量进行计算,揭示了降压解吸滞后是由于剩余含气量c的存在,解吸量ad与最大含气量amax线性相关,最大解吸率为c/amax,生产上要提高解吸量只能通过改变吸附系统吸附热与解吸速率。通过2口直井与2口水平井的排采实践对本文研究结论进行了验证。     

冷X块注气先导试验数值模拟研究

冷X区块经过2006年注水开发阶段后已大面积开发,含油总面积3.5km2、地质储量3.19×106 t。冷X油藏物性差,平均渗透率在15×10-3μm2,属于典型的深层低渗透油藏,该区块注水开发效果差,开展注空气驱研究具有非常重要的意义。针对冷X块注气井组的地质特征,利用多组分模型软件,完成了三维地质模型的建立,生产历史拟合和动态预测等。该油藏通过注空气开采,能大幅度地提高该区块的原油采收率。     

煤层气储层保护钻完井工艺技术探讨

分析钻完井过程中煤层气储层的损害机理,从井身结构设计、钻井方式选择、钻井参数优化、起下钻计算等方面,提出保护煤层气储层的钻井工艺技术,并对煤层气井固完井工艺技术进行了探讨,对于保护煤层气储层,提高煤层气开发效率具有一定的指导意义。     

渤南凹陷渤深6块潜山储层描述技术

渤深6块潜山储层位于沾化拗陷渤南凹陷北部,埋藏深度4100～4900m,储层发育及成藏规律复杂。为 了高效开发渤深6块,必须引进和优化潜山油藏描述技术,然后根据自身特点选择优化并创新使用。采用地震 资料目标处理、叠前深度偏移、高精度三维地震采集处理解释等基础资料处理技术;用多井地震合成记录综合标 定、变速成图等技术准确描述潜山形态。多井采用了斯伦贝谢成相、核磁共振测井、多尺度边缘检测平面预测等 先进技术,最后根据录井、测井等多项信息进行综合判识并量化。应用结果表明,渤深6块15口新井全部钻遇 设计油层,且均自喷生产,投产平均产油能力84t/d,产气5×104m3/d,油藏开发效果好。