现代纺织用锭子

考虑到纱线卷绕和退卷,要求纺织用锭子能在规定速度条件下转动固定于锭子规定位置的筒管。这个问题表面上看相当简单,但要完满地解决这个问题,却极为复杂。 1、问题的分析纱线载体(筒管)的正确定位,要求在锭子和筒管之间具有一定的间隙。这就使得锭子不同于基本上是在平衡条件下运转的大多数其     

清筒脚和自动理管相结合的联合机

纺纱工程中的理筒管工作对纱线的生产成本有很大影响,因为它涉及到筒管回收、分选、清筒脚和筒管箱分发的用人问题。因此,筒管的集中和自动化理管具有很重要的经济意义。     

聚丙烯弹性染色筒管

在对化纤纱线进行漂白或染色的时候,纱线有很大的收缩力。如果染色简管强度差,不能承受纱线的收缩力,就会破裂;另一方面,如果强度好,但无弹性,又会阻碍纱线收缩,甚至会引起纱线断裂。本专利塑料染色筒管既有足够的强度,又可径向收缩,解决了上述两个问题。本发明染色筒管采用聚丙烯材料,一次注射成型。就形状和结构而言有两种,图1～3是第一种,图4～6是第二种。     

伸缩筒管

伸缩筒管是为了适应纱线以及化纤纱的筒子染色或热处理的需要而制作的一种新型筒管。这种筒管已经打破了以往的筒管概念,筒管的外径和长度不再是固定不变的,而是可以伸缩的,外径和长度,不仅可以单独伸缩,而且可以同时伸缩。在结     

络筒机双挡边筒管喂纱主动退绕装置设计与分析

为防止塌边,络筒机中部分采用双挡边筒管喂纱,但在络筒工序退绕时双挡边与纱线摩擦较大。为此,笔者设计了双挡边筒管喂纱的主动退绕装置,对纱线张力进行了分析。实践表明,该装置能避免被动退绕造成纱线的断头、磨损、增加毛羽等缺陷。     

络筒机槽筒加装尼龙胶带

在生产中 ,准备工序操作人员发现筒纱在整经时小纱断头较大纱多。经过分析 ,认为空筒管开始绕纱时弹性较差 ,直接和槽筒接触 ,无法吸收锭子下落时筒管和槽筒间的冲击力 ,在卷绕启动时产生摩擦从而损伤纱线 ,造成整经时小纱断头增加。为解决这一问题 ,受村田№ 7 Ⅱ型自动络筒机在卷绕时空筒管不接触槽筒的启发 ,我们在普通槽筒的两端粘贴上 3ｍｍ厚、5ｍｍ宽的尼龙胶带 ,这就使空筒管在启动时不和槽筒直接接触 ,减少了纱线的损伤。经过试验 ,整经时小纱断头较以前大大减少 ,达到了改造的目的。目前 ,这一做法已在我公司西纺筒摇车间全面推广…     

细纱筒管自动处理联合机

由于细纱集体落纱装置、全自动络筒机和细络联合机技术的发展,细纱筒管的自动化处理,提高纺纱厂自动化程度,减少用人,也显得特别重要。从自动络筒机返回的筒管中带有一定数量的纱尾,需要自动拣出和清除残余纱线的纱尾,空筒管要按预定数量装箱以备落纱装置使用。     

控制筒管重量范围保证筒子成包重量

筒子纱线成包重量准确与否,直接影响纺厂的用棉量和用户单位的用纱量,从而影响企业的经济效益。而筒管重量的准确与否又是影响成包重量准确的因素之一。如我厂以前使用的筒管,由于长期磨损和没有进行定期校验重量等原因,使每个筒管重量平均减轻0.01公斤。按规定20个筒子成包,每包中筒管重量减轻0.2公斤,即在其它条件正常情况下,每包多称出0.2公斤净纱。这样,一天出厂成吨或几吨纱的工厂,全年因此的损失就相当可观了。如何解决筒管重量不准问题呢?我们的具体作法是:     

筒子纱的“换芯”机

美国Gaston County公司制造的“换芯”机,可使筒子纱卷绕在价廉的纸质筒管上,然后在需染色时,在该“换芯”机上去除纸质筒管并插入不锈钢弹簧芯管,而不损伤纱线,因不用金属的钳子和铗头,所以也不损伤筒管。 换入的弹簧芯管的直径较纸质筒管为小,使筒子纱内部的卷绕张力放松,可提高染色效果。     

转杯纺纱机用筒管

转杯纺纱机用筒管美国索诺科产品公司（ＳｏｎｏｃｏＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｓＣｏｍｐａｎｙ）研制了一种先进的新型低成本高效率筒管。为了更好地适用于现代转杯纺纱机，减小了简管壁厚，但坚固性与该公司传统的气流纺筒管相比毫不逊色。极好的粗糙表面改善了握持性，可防止纱线...     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

2010年山西省食品中食源性致病菌监测分析

目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45％,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50％和8.22％,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02％、1.11％和0.87％.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33％,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00％,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11％.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管.     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.     

Content of selenium in fishes,caught in lakes in Buriatia

Study of selenium accumulation by fish of Buryatia shows relatively high accumulation level for the Baikal lake (213-513 mcg/kg) contrary to the lakes of Baunt and Selenginsk regions of the republic (84-227 mcg/kg). Selenium deficiency in Baunt region is also confirmed by low selenium levels in meat of native origin (39-95 mcg/kg). Among different tissues and organs the lowest selenium levels are typical for muscles, the value increasing in the row: muscle < skin < air bladder < scales < fin < liver < roe.