中国实验快堆缓发中子探测系统的瞬态模拟与分析

根据中国实验快堆缓发中子探测系统的结构特点和探测原理,构建了缓发中子探测系统的计算模型.基于该模型,开发了计算机模拟程序.针对不同工况和不同燃料元件包壳破损时刻,进行了缓发中子探测信号的模拟计算.计算结果基本反映了计算情况下缓发中子探测信号的发展趋势.同时,还对燃料温度和燃料燃耗对缓发中子探测信号的影响进行了物理分析.     

模拟脉冲源方法计算CFBR-Ⅱ堆缓发临界瞬发中子衰减常数

通过计算国外基准装置缓发临界处的瞬发中子衰减常数,证明了用模拟脉冲源方法计算出的瞬发中子衰减常数是可信的。用该方法计算了CFBR-Ⅱ堆5个次临界状态的瞬发中子衰减常数;线性外推得到缓发临界时系统的瞬发中子衰减常数为0.55μs-1;计算值与试验结果相比存在着偏差。文中简单分析了产生偏差的原因。     

模拟脉冲源方法计算CFBR-Ⅱ堆缓发临界瞬发中子衰减常数

通过计算国外基准装置缓发临界处的瞬发中子衰减常数,证明了用模拟脉冲源方法计算出的瞬发中子衰减常数是可信的.用该方法计算了CFBR-Ⅱ堆5个次临界状态的瞬发中子衰减常数;线性外推得到缓发临界时系统的瞬发中子衰减常数为0.55μs-1;计算值与试验结果相比存在着偏差.文中简单分析了产生偏差的原因.     

有限裂变链长度概率分布及其在瞬发临界点附近的对称性

在全同粒子假设条件下,推导具有一定物理意义的有限裂变链长度概率分布的数学描述,结合基于点动力学模型的零维蒙特卡罗模拟计算结果,得出有限裂变链长度概率分布在瞬发临界点附近的对称性规律,该结论对获得浅超瞬发临界系统缓发中子发射率规律、提高裂变链引发的随机涨落规律认识有重要意义。     

缓发中子法测量脉冲堆裂变总数

用长计数器测量已知裂变率的缓发中子计数率，然后用同一探测系统测量脉冲后的缓发中子计数率，探测系统的探测效率、缓发中子份额和缓发中子先驱核半衰期等参数均不变，从而建立起利用脉冲堆脉冲后的缓发中子衰减曲线确定脉冲裂变总数的方法。该方法的相对标准不确定度（不包含稳定功率运行裂变率的不确定度）为4%。测量的30次脉冲的裂变总数与其它方法得到的结果一致。     

快中子脉冲堆弱源爆发脉冲实验理论研究

我们在应用Hansen理论研究快中子脉冲堆弱源爆发脉冲实验时发现,理论与实验结果差距非常大。对此,我们分析了原因,然后从求解系统中子数概率分布函数出发,研究和求解了系统有限长裂变链的期望值,给出了有限长裂变链期望值的求解方法和基本形式,讨论和定量计算了Godiva-Ⅱ和CFBR-Ⅱ脉冲堆有限长裂变链的期望值。然后研究了有限长裂变链导致缓发中子先驱核增值行为,结果表明,在等待爆发脉冲期间缓发中子数可发生数倍的变化。最后,在两种不同的物理假定下,对Hansen模型给予了改进。改进后的模型可以较理想地模拟Godiva-Ⅱ和CFBR-Ⅱ两个脉冲堆的实验结果,表明结果是可信的。     

利用缓发中子法测量235U裂变数的实验研究

缓发中子伴随核裂变产生,通过对它的测量估算核裂变数是一需实验检验的新方法。在中国原子能科学研究院微堆辐照²³⁵U样品,采用³He正比计数器测量缓发中子,并通过缓发中子数反推得到铀样品的总裂变数。利用高纯锗γ谱仪测量被辐照样品发射的缓发γ射线,通过缓发γ射线数得到样品总裂变数。对两种测量方法得到的结果进行了对比和分析,结果表明,用缓发中子法和缓发γ法对同一样品测量的结果一致,缓发中子法可作为一种辅助诊断方法。     

基于MCNP的缓发裂变中子衰减时间谱模拟计算

基于核裂变反应发生与缓发裂变中子发射这两个物理过程在时间上可相互分离的思想,利用MCNP程序计算得到了含铀地层0~100s范围内的缓发裂变中子衰减时间谱。模拟计算了球体几何模型中235 U与238 U核裂变反应率空间分布;借助SOURCE子程序依次对缓发裂变中子的发射位置、发射方向、发生核裂变反应的核素、缓发裂变中子所在的群组、发射时间及其初始能量等参数进行了抽样。结果表明,计算得到的缓发裂变中子衰减时间谱的时间特征与铀核素的缓发裂变中子群参数相符合。对缓发裂变中子总计数与地层铀含量之间的关系进行了线性拟合,拟合结果的相关系数平方值大于0.998 5,该结果从理论上验证了缓发裂变中子测井铀含量线性模型的正确性。     

浅超瞬发临界系统中子引发持续裂变链的概率

根据中子在核系统中发生不同反应的概率,推导了中子引发持续裂变链概率W( r ,E, Ω ,t)满足的方程;在定态、浅超瞬发临界前提下,采用二阶近似和微扰方法,得到了引发中子源分布下中子引发概率的表达式。由表达式和Godiva-Ⅱ、Caliban、CFBR-Ⅱ脉冲堆的参数得到中子引发脉冲的平均概率分别为0.00032、0.00054和0.00027,采用Godiva-Ⅱ、Caliban自发裂变源引发脉冲实验数据对理论结果进行了比较和分析讨论。     

一种测量快堆α_c的方法研究

在超瞬发临界状态下,直接测量脉冲前沿的功率上升,得到瞬发中子增殖常数(α)。在超缓发临界,刻度调节棒的反应性当量,累加调节棒的反应性当量得出爆发脉冲的预加反应性。由超瞬发临界实验数据外推得到了CFBR-II堆缓发临界瞬发中子衰减常数(αc)和反应性定向差。测量得到的αc与Rossi-α方法测量得到的结果一致。     

持续裂变链引发的零维蒙特卡罗模拟

采用基于点动力学模型的零维蒙特卡罗方法,模拟计算了自发裂变中子引发条件下,超瞬发临界5 c / 的GodivaⅠ快中子脉冲堆内持续裂变链引发时刻概率的分布。结果表明,零维模拟程序与基于Geant4 toolkit的三维直接模拟程序的计算结果一致,并与实验结果符合较好。另外,采用零维蒙特卡罗模拟方法,模拟计算了外中子源引发条件下快中子脉冲堆反应性动态加入过程中持续裂变链的引发概率。结果表明,零维方法用于反应性动态加入情形的模拟计算,其结果是合理可信的。可见,在研究快中子脉冲堆的动力学行为时,采用点动力学近似是合理的。     

Prompt alpha and reactivity measurements on fast metal assemblies

This paper summarizes and reviews the methods of reactivity determination and measurement of the prompt-neutron decay, briefly describes the equipment requirements for such measurements for unmoderated metal assemblies, and presents experimental results to illustrate the methods. These assemblies include fast metal critical assemblies and fast pulsed reactors. The primary reactivity determination methods used have been: (1) stable reactor period measurements which are usually used near delayed criticality to obtain the reactivity or to calibrate the reactivity prior to burst initiation; (2) prompt reactor period measurements which are useful to determine the reactivity early in superprompt critical excursions; (3) inverse kinetics rod drop measurements which obtain the reactivity as a function of time after a rod or reactor component is removed from a delayed critical assembly, and (4) prompt neutron decay constant measurements from which the reactivity can be obtained if corrections are made for changes in the neutron lifetime. Inverse kinetics and decay constant measurements are usually used below delayed criticality, although decay constant measurements have been performed above delayed critical.The decay constant is usually obtained by the traditional pulsed-neutron method, using a pulsed neutron source such as a Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, or by the Rossi-α method. The recent use of ²⁵²Cf has resulted in some new techniques for determining the decay constant and reactivity; this method has some unique advantages over the traditional methods. The theory of these new measurements is reviewed, and some recent results are presented.     

三维瞬态输运程序在中子点火中的应用

基于广义半马尔科夫过程模拟方法开发了一套三维中子输运瞬态蒙特卡罗程序GSMP3D，该程序使用ACE格式连续截面，适用于随机中子场瞬态和强中子场瞬态问题的求解。以美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室(LLNL)和洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室(LANL)提供的中子点火对算模型为例，对比了GSMP3D与美国点火程序Mercury的计算结果，二者吻合很好，GSMP3D不仅给出了中子点火概率，还提供了定态点火实验的中子爆发等待时间的统计结果。表明该程序可用于处理中子点火问题。     

CFBR-Ⅱ脉冲堆停堆过程物理分析

依据中子增殖规律,应用点堆模型动态方程分析了CFBR-Ⅱ脉冲堆停堆的物理过程,发现坪区功率与预加反应性无关,原因是缓发中子产生强度与中子增殖两个相反因素互相抵消。利用两套¹⁰B电离室分别测量获得了坪区功率和爆发脉冲后350 s内堆功率的变化。该堆停堆过程中功率变化为：坪区时3.5 MW,主安全块下降5 mm时209 kW,各部件外下限时4.8 kW,30 s时约60 W。     

Evaluation of Power History during Power Burst Experiments in TRACY by Combination of Gamma-Ray and Thermal Neutron Detectors

A combination method using γ-ray and thermal neutron detectors was newly applied to the accurate evaluation of power histories during reactivity-initiated power burst experiments in the Transient Experiment Critical Facility (TRACY). During an initial power burst, the power history was determined using a fast response γ-ray ionization chamber, which was used because of its ability to exactly trace the power history within a short duration of the initial burst. After the initial burst, a micro fission chamber containing highly enriched uranium was used for the determination of the power history because the γ-ray ionization chamber could not be applied due to the contribution of delayed γrays from fission products. By the present method, the power histories were evaluated for the experiments in the range of 1.50 to 2.93$ of the reactivity insertion. It was found that the peak power and integrated power as determined by the previous method using only the micro fission chamber were underestimated to be 40% and 30% in maximum, respectively, in comparison with the results from the present evaluation. The numerical simulation performed by using the Monte Carlo method indicated that the underestimation could be comprehended by considering the time delay of thermal neutron detection of the fission chamber, which arose from the flight-time of neutrons from the TRACY core to the fission chamber.     

临界反应堆阶跃正反应性输入时中子密度响应的近似修正解

通过修正单组缓发中子先驱核衰变常量λ值，使点堆中子动力学方程单组缓发中子模型在正反应性阶跃输入时的数值计算结果趋近于六组缓发中子模型数值计算结果。在此基础上，用修正后的单组模型解析方法进行计算。结果表明：采用修正后的单组解析方法计算阶跃正反应性输入的中子密度响应，计算结果与六组的接近，满足工程计算精度要求，同时计算简便，避免了刚性问题，可以实现快速计算。     

Characteristics of delayed neutrons: Systematics and correlation properties

Newly found features of delayed neutron characteristics are used to evaluate total delayed neutron yields, V_d and average half-lives, T, of delayed neutron precursors from fast neutron induced fission. On this basis different sets of time dependent parameters (Y_i, T_i) and V_d values obtained using the summation method are evaluated.