基于HEC-RAS的沥青混凝土心墙坝溃坝洪水过程模拟分析

大坝溃口发展过程模拟是开展溃坝洪水分析的基础,不同坝型溃口发展过程不同,溃口流量(下泄洪水)过程差异很大。文章通过对某水电站沥青混凝土心墙坝溃口形式的研究,采用HEC-RAS(Hydrologic Engineering Centers-River Analysis System)软件进行溃坝洪水模拟,旨在探讨沥青混凝土心墙坝在水库溃坝风险中的关键因素,着重考虑沥青混凝土心墙对溃口发展的影响。结果显示,初始运行水位、洪峰流量的重现期、溃坝历时及泄水建筑的泄流方式对溃口流量产生显著影响。研究成果为未来水利工程的安全可靠建设提供了科学依据。     

BREACH模型与MIKE21模型在溃坝风险中的耦合分析

BREACH模型常用来模拟水库大坝漫顶及管涌溃坝模式并获取溃口流量与时间关系,MIKE21模型常用来模拟湖泊、河口、海湾等二维水动力学并获取洪泛区内洪水风险信息要素,两大模型耦合分析在保障水库大坝安全运行及风险管理方面发挥了积极作用。以BREACH模型模拟溃口流量动态数据过程与溃口演变尺寸为基础,通过ArcGIS预处理地形文件、工程建筑物参数与水文数据,构建MIKE21二维水动力学模型并计算网格差值空间,利用Flow Model模块生成溃坝洪水模拟文件,采用判别溃口流量差值是否满足精度要求的迭代法来耦合两大模型,最终结合所要分析水库大坝的工程概况,计算不同风险情况下的水库大坝溃坝洪水淹没水深与范围,进而模拟溃坝洪水演进过程。该方法已成功应用于郑州常庄水库风险分析,结果表明,该方法能客观反映溃坝洪水行洪情况,使用方便,为水库大坝运行管理与应急处置提供了一定的技术支持。     

大坝瞬时溃决水流数值模拟——以Malpasset水库为例

建立反映天然条件下大坝瞬时溃决水流特点的数学模型,模型采用有限体积法对二维浅水方程进行非结构离散,利用Roe格式的近似Riemann解来计算网格界面处的通量。为避免采用堰流公式估算溃口流量带来的误差,将水库库区与大坝下游的计算区域统一划分计算网格,溃口处流量由计算格式自动识别。以Malpasset水库为例,对数学模型进行了验证。通过与实测数据的比较可以看出,该模型较好地模拟了大坝瞬时溃决后的洪水运动过程,模拟结果可以为溃坝洪水风险分析提供科学依据。     

土石坝水库溃坝洪水非恒定流演进计算应用研究

本文通过对老鹰嘴水库工程土石坝溃坝洪水研究,预测水库大坝溃口发生的过程(如形状、深度、宽度、溃口扩张的速度等),计算溃口出水流量,通过水库库容演算,预测水库溃口过流量的过程线;对大坝在正常蓄水位、大坝校核洪水、大漫顶三种情况下的溃坝洪水,进行了下游河段洪水非恒定流演进计算,分析最不利为大坝漫顶工况,并在大坝漫顶工况下根据不同溃决状态,分别计算出1/4溃决、1/2溃决、全溃决的下游淹没水位、影响范围人口等数据,为制定相应的应急措施提供依据。     

土石坝漫顶溃决过程数值模拟研究

针对水动力条件变化复杂、水土耦合作用强烈的土石坝溃决过程,结合水库调洪演算、清水冲刷以及溃口冲刷侵蚀机理,在Breach模型基础上建立了土石坝漫顶溃口流量过程计算物理模型。结果表明:模型对JP水库大坝溃决过程的模拟,很好地再现了溃决洪水流量过程线、溃口展宽和下切过程,验证了模型的合理性和应用潜力。     

基于BIM+GIS技术的前坪水库溃坝洪水数值模拟

为确保水库汛期防洪及水库下游人民生命财产安全,以河南省汝阳县前坪水库为例,基于库区高精度地形图和DEM,采用BIM技术、GIS技术结合MIKE软件建立水库溃坝一维、二维耦合数值模型,模拟水库大坝在5 000 a一遇校核洪水位下溃坝及洪水下泄过程,计算水库溃口流量过程及溃决后洪水在下游的演进过程,获得水库下游淹没区范围、淹没区流态等洪水风险信息。结果表明:大坝溃口流量过程与经验公式计算结果较吻合,数值模型可有效模拟溃坝后洪水下游演进风险特征,计算结果较为合理,三维洪水演进过程直观准确。     

大桥水库大坝逐渐溃决的数值模拟

根据逐渐溃坝模型原理和FLUENT软件的二次开发程序,建立两种逐渐溃坝模型,编制水库水位随溃坝洪水下泄而变化的UDF程序和溃口动态变化的UDF程序,对大桥水库大坝溃决过程和溃坝水流进行三维数值模拟,较准确地描述了大坝溃决的机理、溃口发展过程、坝址处洪水的水位和流量过程线,对比分析了线性模型和冲蚀模型的水位过程、流量过程、水面形态、流速分布等模拟结果。分析表明,三维逐渐溃坝模拟能形象而精确地展示溃口的水面形态和流速场分布。     

小型水库超标准洪水溃坝模拟及风险分析

我国小型水库数目众多，承担着防洪、灌溉、供水等重要作用。为减少水库遇超标准洪水溃坝后下游风险区的生命财产损失，以南王水库为研究对象，考虑水库遇超标准洪水下瞬时溃坝与渐进式溃坝两种溃坝形式，采用DB-IWHR溃坝模型模拟溃口流量过程，利用MIKE软件构建一二维耦合模型模拟洪水演进情况并进行风险分析。结果表明，下游淹没情况符合溃坝洪水演进的一般规律，模型可较好模拟超标准洪水引起大坝溃决的溃口流量与洪水演进过程，可为小型水库超标准洪水溃坝应急预案提供参考。     

瞬溃条件下不同溃决形式的溃口水力特性研究

以混凝土坝瞬间溃决为研究基础,分析了混凝土坝溃决时的溃口特征,比较研究了溃口横向溃决和垂向溃决时的溃口及大坝上、下游的水力学特征。结果表明:横向溃决和垂向溃决随着溃口面积的增大,溃口流量、流速和上、下游水位在最大值与变化趋势上都有明显的不同。在溃口面积相等的条件下,横向局部溃决比垂向局部溃决具有更大的溃口峰值流量和溃口流速,上、下游水位变化也更加突出,即横向溃决比垂向溃决具有更大的危害;溃口面积较小时,这种差别更明显。     

混凝土坝不同溃决方式下溃口水力学试验研究

混凝土坝溃决一般在极短时间内发生,以往研究很少考虑其溃决过程和溃决方式。根据混凝土坝结构特征和受力特点,假定了滑动式、倾倒式、开门式3种可能的溃决方式,通过物理模型试验研究了3种溃决方式的溃口水力学特征,并同经验瞬溃计算结果进行了比较。成果表明:溃口峰值流量试验值一般比计算值要小,3种溃决方式中,滑动式溃口峰值流量最大,危害最大。试验考虑了混凝土的溃决过程和溃决方式对溃口水流特征的作用,可为经验公式修订和溃坝机理研究提供指导。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.