人工湿地处理污水机理及效率比较

介绍国内外人工湿地处理技术的研究现状及人工湿地对有机物、氮、磷等的去除机理及效率,分析了人工湿地处理技术存在的不足.提出人工湿地污水处理系统作为一种高效、节能、低投资、运行费用低、操作简单的污水处理技术在我国尤其是中小城镇及广大农村具有应用前景.     

我国人工湿地研究进展及在寒冷地区的应用

针对人工湿地处理技术及其工程的应用,文中系统论述我国在人工湿地研究方面的最新进展及亟待解决的关键技术问题。通过分析人工湿地的特点及研究现状,重点探讨我国北方寒冷地区人工湿地的技术的应用,为完善人工湿地系统在我国北方寒冷地区的应用及实施,提供理论指导和技术支持。     

浅析我国人工湿地污水处理技术

人工湿地作为一种新型的污水处理系统,具有众多的优点.分析了人工湿地的特点、组成、分类及运行机理,总结了人工湿地系统在我国污水处理中应用的发展历史及优势,结合有关工程实例,得出国内应用湿地污水处理存在的问题,最后时人工湿地污水处理系统在我国的应用及前景做了展望.     

人工湿地处理农村面源污染水源的设计与应用

南方某水库补充水源存在污染风险,采用人工湿地处理工艺净化水质,介绍了人工湿地的布置及主要设计参数,并介绍湿地基质的配比及植物的选择与搭配,总结人工湿地技术在处理农村面源污染问题的工程经验。湿地处理系统出水可以达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)V类水体标准。     

人工湿地处理生活污水技术在农村的应用与效果

<正>人工湿地作为一种新型的生活污水处理系统,经过国内外多年研究和实践,该技术已经较为成熟,对解决我国农村污水排放问题和改善农村水环境污染现状有着积极的意义。当前正值全国建设美丽乡村、河北省开展村容村貌提升的关键时期,人工湿地污水处理技术的推广意义深远且具有极其广阔的应用前景。邢台市桥东区三合庄村人工湿地污水处理工程创全市首例,2013年正式运行。1.项目概况     

太阳能人工湿地净化农村生活污水研究展望

通过分析农村生活污水特征、人工湿地主要技术缺陷和太阳能光催化、光伏-光热技术在国内外污水处理中的研究应用状况,从综合利用太阳能资源和解决湿地低温季节运行效率低、易堵塞和供氧不足等角度出发,提出了太阳能湿地保温技术和湿地防堵及供氧技术。新型太阳能人工湿地无能源消耗、简便易行,有助于改善湿地出水水质和长期运行稳定性,在太阳能资源丰富的广大农村地区具有广阔的应用前景。     

北方人工湿地建设存在问题及对策

文中对比分析了常用的表面流人工湿地和潜流人工湿地,同时对北方地区人工湿地建设存在的问题及相应的对策等方面进行了论述。最后结合葫芦岛市乌金塘水源湿地的设计,阐述了人工湿地技术在北方地区的设计布置原则和植物的选择。     

人工湿地在江西农村水环境生态治理中的应用研究

随着城镇化进程不断加快,农村水环境形势不容乐观,利用人工湿地处理污水是改善农村水环境的一种有效途径。文章介绍了国内外人工湿地生态治理技术的研究进展和应用,以江西省抚州市临川区大岗镇污水设施完善工程为典型案例进行了应用效果评估,最后给出了人工湿地在江西省农村水环境生态治理方面还处于初步推广阶段、未来研究中应进一步加强人工湿地净化能力研究等结论。     

无性系柳床人工湿地技术在农村生活污水处理中的应用

本项目将无性系灌木柳引入人工湿地,构建出一种用于农村生活污水处理的无性系柳床人工湿地技术,并在天津市静海县良王庄乡十里堡村建立示范工程。示范结果表明,该技术对CODCr、氨氮、总氮、总磷的去除率分别可达到88.0%～92.2%、90.4%～91.9%、90.5%～92.2%、92.8%～98.6%,截污减排效果显著。同时,无性系柳替代传统湿地技术的多年生草本植物,进一步降低了湿地系统的管理强度和运行成本,增加了湿地植物的经济效益,为农村生活污水处理提供了经济适用的技术。     

人工湿地处理电镀废水的研究进展

通过分析国内人工湿地处理电镀废水的进展,认为采用人工湿地处理电镀废水具有投资与运行费用低、维护管理简便、耐冲击负荷能力强等优点。对其在电镀废水处理中的应用前景进行了展望,指出了利用人工湿地处理电镀废水的发展趋势及技术应用中的一些关键性问题。     

Evaluation of constructed wetlands by wastewater purification ability and greenhouse gas emissions.

Domestic wastewater is a significant source of nitrogen and phosphorus, which cause lake eutrophication. Among the wastewater treatment technologies, constructed wetlands are a promising low-cost means of treating point and diffuse sources of domestic wastewater in rural areas. However, the sustainable operation of constructed wetland treatment systems depends upon a high rate conversion of organic and nitrogenous loading into their metabolic gaseous end products, such as N2O and CH4. In this study, we examined and compared the performance of three typical types of constructed wetlands: Free Water Surface (FWS), Subsurface Flow (SF) and Vertical Flow (VF) wetlands. Pollutant removal efficiency and N2O and CH4 emissions were assessed as measures of performance. We found that the pollutant removal rates and gas emissions measured in the wetlands exhibited clear seasonal changes, and these changes were closely associated with plant growth. VF wetlands exhibited stable removal of organic pollutants and NH3-N throughout the experiment regardless of season and showed great potential for CH4 adsorption. SF wetlands showed preferable T-N removal performance and a lower risk of greenhouse gas emissions than FWS wetlands. Soil oxidation reduction potential (ORP) analysis revealed that water flow structure and plant growth influenced constructed wetland oxygen transfer, and these variations resulted in seasonal changes of ORP distribution inside wetlands that were accompanied by fluctuations in pollutant removal and greenhouse gas emissions.     

Danish guidelines for small-scale constructed wetland systems for onsite treatment of domestic sewage.

The Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy has passed new legislation that requires the wastewater from single houses and dwellings in rural areas to be treated adequately before discharge into the aquatic environment. Therefore official guidelines for a number of onsite treatment solutions have been produced. These include guidelines for soakaways, biological sand filters, technical systems as well as different types of constructed wetland systems. This paper summarises briefly the guidelines for horizontal flow constructed wetlands, vertical flow constructed wetlands, and willow systems with no outflow and with soil infiltration. There is still a lack of a compact onsite solution that will fulfil the treatment classes demanding 90% removal of phosphorus. Therefore work is presently being carried out to identify simpler and robust P-removal solutions.     

Effect of polyaluminium chloride on phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater

Total phosphorus (TP) removal in aged constructed wetlands poses a challenge, especially when treated with swine wastewater with high concentrations of phosphorus (P). Our earlier studies with anaerobic lagoon swine wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands showed a decline in P removal (45-22%) with increased years of operation. These particular wetlands have been treated with swine wastewater every year since the first application in 1997. Preliminary lab-scale studies were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) in the removal of phosphate-P (PO4-P) from swine wastewater. The experimental objective was to increase the phosphorus treatment efficiency in constructed wetland by adding PAC as a precipitating agent. PAC was added by continuous injection to each wetland system at a rate of 3 L day(-1) (1:5 dilution of concentrated PAC). Swine wastewater was added from an anaerobic lagoon to four constructed wetland cells (11m wide x 40m long) at TP loads of 5.4-6.1 kg ha(-1) day(-1) in two experimental periods, September to November of 2008 and 2009. Treatment efficiency of two wetland systems: marsh-pond-marsh (M-P-M) and continuous marsh (CM) was compared. The wetlands were planted with cattails (Typha latifolia L.) and bulrushes (Scirpus americanus). In 2008, PAC treatment showed an increase of 27.5 and 40.8% of TP removal over control in M-P-M and CM respectively. Similar trend was also observed in the following year. PAC as a flocculant and precipitating agent showed potential to enhance TP removal in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater.     

温度和基质对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响

构建由潜流人工湿地和表流人工湿地串联而成的复合人工湿地系统,研究了复合人工湿地脱氮除磷效果以及温度和基质对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明,复合人工湿地TP、氨氮平均去除率为33.64%、57.24%;水温降低会导致人工湿地氮磷去除率下降;基质为粗砂的潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷能力大于基质为砾石的潜流人工湿地。     

含镉废水人工湿地处理系统中基质微生物数量和酶活性研究

构建了美人蕉-红蛋(MH)和彩叶草-风车草(CF)两种不同植物组合的复合垂直流人工湿地系统,以不种植物的垂直流人工湿地系统(CK)为对照,研究不同湿地系统基质微生物数量和酶活性及其与无机废水中镉的去除效果的相关性。结果表明,在不同的植物系统中,微生物数量和酶活性为:MHCFCK;在同一个湿地系统中为下行池大于上行池;在有植物的系统中其微生物数量和酶活性的垂直分布为0~5 cm5~15cm15~20 cm;基质中真菌、放线菌数量和蔗糖酶活性与镉去除率呈显著正相关,而细菌数量和脲酶活性与镉去除率相关性不显著。     

The removal of pathogens in surface-flow constructed wetlands and its implications for water reuse.

Microbiological quality represents the biggest concern to the reuse of treated wastewater. This paper reports and discusses the results of an international survey on the removal of indicators of microbiological contamination in surface-flow constructed wetlands. Constructed wetlands consistently provide a reduction of 90-99% (1-2 log-removal) in the concentration of indicators such as coliform bacteria and faecal streptococci. This removal is found in wetlands treating water from different types of pretreatment (primary sedimentation, activated sludge, trickling filter, maturation ponds). On the other hand, when the influent is of high microbiological quality, wetlands act as sources of pathogenic contamination. The final water quality, however, is still compatible with medium to no-contact recreational activities and other final water uses. High variability in the effluent quality and seasonality might limit the opportunities for reuse. The role of constructed wetlands in different treatment schemes and the remaining open questions concerning removal mechanisms and reference pathogens are discussed.     

表面流人工湿地不同植物及其组合净化污水处理厂尾水研究

为提高表面流人工湿地对低污染水的生态净化效率,对人工湿地中湿生植物的组成进行比选研究,设置8个由不同湿生植物(包括挺水、沉水和浮叶植物)组成的表面流人工湿地,比较其净化尾水氮磷效果。结果表明:挺水植物圆币草(Hydrocotyle verticillata)和大聚藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)组合的表面流人工湿地净化尾水氮磷效果最好,其人工湿地对TN、NO-3-N和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为68.6%、62.6%和78.2%,对TP和溶解性无机磷(DIP)的平均去除率分别为64.5%和80%。浮叶植物睡莲(Nymphaea L.)人工湿地去除氮磷能力次之,TN、NO-3-N、NH3-N、TP和DIP平均去除率分别为55%、55.2%、63.3%、56.1%和64.7%,体现一定的污染物去除潜力。沉水植物苦草[Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara]在与圆币草等共存净化尾水过程中逐渐失去优势种地位。而由黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus L.)和再力花(Thalia dealbata)等挺水植物构建的表面流人工湿地,虽然生物量高,但其氮磷去除效果较差,尤其是再力花人工湿地对TN、NO-3-N和NH3-N平均去除率仅在18%~36.2%之间,对TP和DIP平均去除率也分别只有41.5%和38.7%。因此,采用圆币草和大聚藻组合构建的表面流人工湿地能更有效净化污水处理厂尾水中氮磷,对TN的去除尤为高效,能有效提升尾水水质。     

Constructed wetland attenuation of nitrogen exported in subsurface drainage from irrigated and rain-fed dairy pastures.

Nitrogen removal performance is reported for constructed wetlands treating subsurface drainage from irrigated and rain-fed dairy pastures in North Island, New Zealand. Flow-proportional sampling of inflow and outflow concentrations were combined with continuous flow records to calculate mass balances for the wetlands. Drainage flows from the irrigated catchment were 2.5-4 fold higher and N exports up to 5 fold higher per unit area than for the rain-fed catchment. Hydraulic and associated N loadings to the wetlands were highly pulsed, associated with rainfall, soil water status, and irrigation events. Transient pulses of organic nitrogen were an important form of N loss from the rain-fed landscape in the first year, and were very effectively removed in the wetland (> 90%). Median nitrate concentrations of approximately 10 g m(-3) in the drainage inflows were reduced by 15-67% during passage through the wetlands and annual nitrate-N loads by 16-61% (38-31 7 g N m(-2)y(-1)). Generation in the wetlands of net ammoniacal-N and organic-N (irrigated site) partially negated reduction in nitrate-N loads. The results show that constructed wetlands comprising 1-2% of catchment area can provide moderate reductions in TN export via pastoral drainage, but performance is markedly influenced by variations in seasonal loading and establishment/maturation factors.     

北方某人工湿地净化能力分析

在对北方某人工湿地长期观测取得的大量详尽数据的基础上,分析了人工湿地系统总体净化能力和潜流人工湿地水质动态变化特征。结果表明:该人工湿地示范工程对水质净化效果较为明显,对各类污染物的去除率平均可达40%;潜流人工湿地可对污水进行深度处理,对BOD5、NH4-N的去除效果最好,去除率为80%～90%,对NO3-N、TN的去除效果较好,去除率为65%～75%,对CODMn和SS的去除效果一般,去除率为40%～60%,对TP的去除效果随着时间推移逐渐减弱,碎石吸附对TP去除起主要作用。     

沸石床复合垂直流人工湿地脱氮机理分析

通过研究沸石床复合垂直流人工湿地中不同形态氮的空间变化,分析了其脱氮机理,认为沸石对NH_3—N的吸附作用是脱氮的重要途径,硝化和反硝化作用提高了TN的去除率,硝化和反硝化强度影响到沸石的饱和周期和生物再生,有待进一步研究。