深度图时域一致性增强

在自由视点电视(FTV)系统的发送端,数据由多摄像机采集的纹理图和其相应的深度信息组成;在接收端,虚拟视点由视点纹理序列和估计的深度信息经过3D变换绘制。因此,获取高质量的深度信息是FTV系统的一个重要部分。由于当前非交互方式深度估计方法是逐帧进行的,所得到的深度图序列往往缺乏时域一致性。理想情况下相邻帧静止区域的深度值应该相同,但是对这些区域深度值的估计结果往往不同,这将严重影响编码效率和绘制质量。由于深度图表征的是纹理图中相应场景离摄像机的距离,所以可以通过对纹理图的有效分析,判断出错误的深度值。通过对深度值可靠性和当前区域运动属性的判断,提出一种基于自适应时域加权的深度图一致性增强等。实验表明,本文算法能有效抑制静止区域深度值不连续的错误,产生更加稳定的深度图序列,使虚拟视点的时域绘制质量得到增强,同时编码效率得到提高。     

面向虚拟视点图像绘制的深度图编码算法

针对不同区域对绘制虚拟视点图像质量产生不同的影响,以及深度估计不准确导致时域抖动效应影响压缩效率的问题,提出了一种面向虚拟视点图像绘制的深度图压缩算法。通过彩色图像帧差、深度图边缘提取等相关处理过程,提取深度图的静态区域、边缘区域以及动态区域。对深度图边缘区域使用了较低的量化系数,以提高深度图边缘区域编码质量;根据深度图各个区域的编码模式特点,仅对部分编码模式而不是所有模式进行率失真优化搜索,以提高深度图的编码速度;对于深度图P帧的静态区域,合理地采用了SKIP模式,以消除由于深度估计算法的局限性导致时域抖动效应对深度图压缩的影响。实验结果表明,与传统的H.264编码方案相比,本文方案在传输码流大小基本不变的前提下提高了最终虚拟视点图像边缘区域的绘制质量,其余区域主观质量相近,而深度图编码时间则节省了约77～87%。     

基于FTV的改进深度估计算法

深度估计是任意视点电视(Free View Television,FTV)系统的关键技术。为提高深度边缘的深度估计准确度,并解决视频序列中不同帧间同一深度物体深度估计值不一致问题,提出一种在深度图的时间一致性保持算法,以前一帧的深度图与当前视图的运动信息为约束条件估计当前帧的深度,使得相邻帧的深度图在时间上保持一致。     

面向三维高效视频编码的深度图错误隐藏

基于多视点视频序列视点内、视点间存在的相关性,并结合视点间运动矢量共享技术,该文提出一种面向3维高效视频编码中深度序列传输丢包的错误隐藏算法。首先,根据3D高效视频编码(3D-HEVC)的分层B帧预测(HBP)结构和深度图纹理特征,将深度图丢失块分成运动块和静止块;然后,对于受损运动块,使用结合纹理结构的外边界匹配准则来选择相对最优的运动/视差矢量进行基于位移矢量补偿的错误掩盖,而对受损静止块采用参考帧直接拷贝进行快速错误隐藏;最后,使用参考帧拆分重组来获取新的运动/视差补偿块对修复质量较差的重建块进行质量提升。实验结果表明:相较于近年提出的对比算法,该文算法隐藏后的深度帧平均峰值信噪比(PSNR)能提升0.25～2.03 dB,结构相似度测量值(SSIM)能提升0.001～0.006,且修复区域的主观视觉质量与原始深度图更接近。     

基于图像分割的深度视频校正算法

在基于深度图的虚拟视点绘制过程中,由于通过深 度估计软件获取的深度视频存在大量的失真,从而导致绘制的虚拟视点中存在纹理失真和缺 失现象。本文围绕深度视频失真类型,提出一种基于分割的深度 视频校正算法。利用彩色深度一致性信息分区域校正深度失真,以解决由于深度块失真造成 的虚拟视点纹理 缺失问题。首先,提取彩色视频运动和边缘区域,得到彩色视频边缘和运动区域掩模图;其 次,在边缘和运 动信息的辅助下,对彩色图像进行Mean Shift聚类,并将不同类别区域赋以不同的标签;最 后,分别统计不 同类别连通区域对应的深度直方图,利用其峰值校正深度视频中深度彩色非一致区域。实验 结果表明,本文提 出的基于分割块的深度视频校正算法优于部分基于像素的滤波算法,可以有效地校正深度视 频块失真,解决 虚拟视点边缘失真和纹理缺失问题,同时虚拟视点质量平均提高了0.20dB。     

面向编码和绘制的多视点图像深度估计

针对自由视点三维电视系统中深度估计不准确将给后续多视点深度编码和虚拟视点绘制带来困难的问题,提出一种面向编码和绘制的多视点图像深度估计算法。首先对初始深度进行一致性检查,并采用自适应匹配误差策略删除不可靠的匹配以减小初始深度的误匹配。然后根据融合准则将多幅参考深度图合成为一幅深度图以提高深度图的精度。最后,采用多边滤波...     

基于纹理平滑度的视点合成失真优化快速算法

针对3D-HEVC中深度图编码采用的视点合成失真优化方法的高复杂度问题,提出一种基于纹理平滑度的快速算法。首先结合帧内DC预测特性和统计学方法分析平坦纹理图中像素规律并设定基于纹理图平坦度的跳过准则;然后在深度图编码采用视点合成失真优化方法时提前分离出纹理图平坦区域所对应的深度图区域,并终止该区域像素基于虚拟视点合成的视点合成失真计算过程。实验结果证明该算法的有效性,能在保持编码质量的同时减少大量编码时间。     

实时3DV系统中面向虚拟视绘制的快速深度编码

在基于深度的三维视频系统中,合成视的质量与深度图的质量息息相关。为加快深度数据的压缩速度并保证重建虚拟视点图像的质量,提出了一种面向虚拟视点绘制的快速深度编码算法。根据深度数据的特点及深度失真对绘制视质量的影响,将深度图像划分为边缘区域与平坦区域,并相应地为深度编码中的宏块模式选择设计了两种搜索策略。对边缘区域及纹理复杂区域采用全搜索策略,对平坦区域及低纹理区域采用SKIP模式、帧间16×16模式和帧内模式搜索。实验结果表明,与X264编码方案相比,本文方法在保证虚拟绘制图像质量与编码码率不变的前提下,显著提高了编码速率,可应用于实时的基于深度的三维视频系统中。      

基于3D-HEVC的多视点纹理加深度的联合比特分配算法

首先依据视频序列的统计特性,建立纹理 比特率和深度 图比特率与虚拟视点失真之间模型;然后分别建立拉格朗日算子与纹理、深度图比特率的对 应关系,在前 两步的基础上构建由虚拟视点失真模型和拉格朗日算子的代价方程,为了保证目标 码率与输出码 率在一定的误差范围内,建立纹理比特率和深度比特率的受限约束方程;最后利用目标码率 的约束方程,求解 出最优的纹理比特率和深度图比特率。实验结果表明,提出的算法与目前流行的多视点纹理 加深度的算法 相比,在相同的编码比特率情况下,虚拟视点和基本视点客观质量平均提高0.15dB,因此具有更高的编码效率。     

结合预处理的深度视频帧内快速编码算法

多视点彩色加深度(MVD)视频是三维(3D)视频的 主流格式。在3D高效视频编码中,深度视频帧内编码 具有较高的编码复杂度;深度估计软件获取的深度视频由于不够准确会使深度图平坦 区域纹理增加, 从而进一步增加帧内编码复杂度。针对以上问题,本文提出了一种联合深度处理的深度视频 帧内低复杂度 编码算法。首先,在编码前对深度视频进行预处理,减少由于深度图不准确而出现的纹理信 息;其次,运 用反向传播神经网络(BPNN,backpropagation neural network)预测最大编码单元 (LCU,la rgest coding unit)的最大划分深度;最后联合深度视频的边缘信 息及对应的彩色LCU最大划分深度进行CU提前终止划分和快速模式选取。实验结果表明, 本文算法在保证 虚拟视点质量的前提下,BDBR下降0.33% ,深度视频编码时间平均节省50.63%。     

Texture aided depth frame interpolation

Recent development of depth acquiring technique has accelerated the progress of 3D video in the market. Utilizing the acquired depth, arbitrary view frames can be generated based on depth image based rendering (DIBR) technique in free viewpoint video system. Different from texture video, depth sequence is mainly utilized for virtual view generation rather than viewing. Inspired by this, a depth frame interpolation scheme using texture information is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme consists of a texture aided motion estimation (TAME) and texture aided motion compensation (TAMC) to fully explore the correlation between depth and the accompanying textures. The optimal motion vectors in TAME and the best interpolation weights in TAMC are respectively selected taking the geometric mapping relationship between depth and the accompanying texture frames into consideration. The proposed scheme is able to not only maintain the temporal consistency among interpolated depth sequence but also improve the quality of virtual frames generated by interpolated depth. Besides, it can be easily applied to arbitrary motion compensation based frame interpolation scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed depth frame interpolation scheme is able to improve the quality of virtual view texture frames in both subjective and objective criterions compared with existing schemes.     

Virtual view synthesis using layered depth image generation and depth-based inpainting for filling disocclusions and translucent disocclusions

View synthesis is an efficient solution to produce content for 3DTV and FTV. However, proper handling of the disocclusions is a major challenge in the view synthesis. Inpainting methods offer solutions for handling disocclusions, though limitations in foreground-background classification causes the holes to be filled with inconsistent textures. Moreover, the state-of-the art methods fail to identify and fill disocclusions in intermediate distances between foreground and background through which background may be visible in the virtual view (translucent disocclusions). Aiming at improved rendering quality, we introduce a layered depth image (LDI) in the original camera view, in which we identify and fill occluded background so that when the LDI data is rendered to a virtual view, no disocclusions appear but views with consistent data are produced also handling translucent disocclusions. Moreover, the proposed foreground-background classification and inpainting fills the disocclusions with neighboring background texture consistently. Based on the objective and subjective evaluations, the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the art methods at the disocclusions.     

基于多视点视频特征的3D-HEVC深度视频信息隐藏算法

为了更安全地传输秘密信息和保护3D视频,提 出基于多视点视频特征的3D-HEVC深度视频信息隐 藏算法。首先结合彩色视频的纹理特征,考虑深度视频不同区域对绘制视点的质量和编码效 率的影响,对 深度视频进行区域分割。然后针对不同的区域,采用不同的方式调制最大编码单元(LCU) 的QP值嵌入 秘密信息。最后,用修改后的QP值进行编码压缩,传输视频信息。实验仿真结果表明,相 比于原始HTM13.0, 本算法编码重建深度视频绘制视点质量的PSNR平均下降0.0015dB, 码率平均增加0.035%。本文算法 能较好地保证绘制视点的质量,对视频流的码率影响较小,且能实现秘密信息的盲提取。     

多视点纹理加深度编码的联合码率控制方法

码率控制技术是多视点视频编码和传输中一个关键的问题。为了提高三维(3D)视频的整体显示质量,包括虚拟视点质量和编码视点质量,提出一种多视点纹理加深度编码的联合码率控制方法。该算法研究了纹理和深度的关系,采用基于模型方法确定最优的纹理和深度之间的码率比例。根据各个视点编码结果的统计规律,不同的视频序列采用不同的视点间比特分配比例。实验结果表明,与目前流行的多视点码率控制算法相比,该算法在计算复杂度基本保持不变的情况下,平均码率控制误差在0.6%以内,客观质量PSNR最高可提高0.65 dB。     

Rate-distortion analysis of multiview coding in a DIBR framework

Depth image-based rendering techniques for multiview applications have been recently introduced for efficient view generation at arbitrary camera positions. The rate control in an encoder has thus to consider both texture and depth data. However, due to different structures of depth and texture data and their different roles on the rendered views, the allocation of the available bit budget between them requires a careful analysis. Information loss due to texture coding affects the value of pixels in synthesized views, while errors in depth information lead to a shift in objects or to unexpected patterns at their boundaries.In this paper, we address the problem of efficient bit allocation between texture and depth data of multiview sequences.We adopt a rate-distortion framework based on a simplified model of depth and texture images, which preserves the main features of depth and texture images. Unlike most recent solutions, our method avoids rendering at encoding time for distortion estimation so that the encoding complexity stays low. In addition to this, our model is independent of the underlying inpainting method that is used at the decoder for filling holes in the synthetic views. Extensive experiments validate our theoretical results and confirm the efficiency of our rate allocation strategy.     

Adaptive Learning Based View Synthesis Prediction for Multi-View Video Coding

In the applications of Free View TV, pre-estimated depth information is available to synthesize the intermediate views as well as to assist multi-view video coding. Existing view synthesis prediction schemes generate virtual view picture only from interview pictures. However, there are many types of signal mismatches caused by depth errors, camera heterogeneity or illumination difference across views and these mismatches decrease the prediction capability of virtual view picture. In this paper, we propose an adaptive learning based view synthesis prediction algorithm to enhance the prediction capability of virtual view picture. This algorithm integrates least square prediction with backward warping to synthesize the virtual view picture, which not only utilizes the adjacent views information but also the temporal decoded information to adaptively learn the prediction coefficients. Experiments show that the proposed method reduces the bitrates by up to 18 % relative to the multi-view video coding standard, and about 11 % relative to the conventional view synthesis prediction method.