泰曼-电视-微机系统非球面面形测试

本文用He-Ne激光器作光源,把电视摄相机(或CCD摄相机)和微机与泰曼-格林干涉仪结合,组成泰曼-电视-微机系统。利用法线象差补偿法检测非球面面形的原理,根据三个干涉图法,对非球面面形自动扫描、分析,并在计算机的监视器上绘制出被检非球面面形的二维等高线图和三维面形。为了扩大测试范围,设计了万能补偿器,可检测一定范围的抛物面,补偿精度可达0.01λ,也可检测椭圆面和双曲面。     

F/1.3抛物面零检验补偿器设计

根据会聚光路中使用的Offner补偿器和平行光路中使用的两片式补偿器的要求,设计出了四个针对F/1.3抛物面的补偿器,并从剩余波像差、公差要求、加工工艺性、装调等方面对它们的性能做出比较,确定了三个可用于实际补偿检验的设计结果,其剩余波像差均小于/35。所述补偿器的设计方法和要求具有普遍性,设计结果也可用于同类型主镜补偿器的设计。     

Absolute interferometric test of aspheres by use of twin computer-generated holograms

A complete absolute interferometric test of axially symmetric aspheres is presented. The method is based on a specially designed computer-generated hologram (CGH) that reconstructs an aspherical wave as well as a spherical auxiliary wave. Since both phase functions have the same symmetry and their pattern is simultaneously encoded, we call this type of multiplex hologram a Twin-CGH. The spherical wave is used for calibration. The aberrations of the spherical auxiliary wave are measured absolutely with either a spherical mirror or an absolute test for Fresnel zone plates. Thus the two types of aberration inherent in the CGH can be identified and separated from each other. The errors of the spherical wave can be transferred to those of the aspherical wave. Two different methods thatuse Twin-CGHs for absolute testing of aspheric surfaces are described. Test procedures are explained, equations are derived, and experimental results are presented. A mutual comparison of the two results and a comparison with the established N-position rotation test are given.     

Spatial-phase code-division multiple-access system with multiplexed Fourier holography switching for reconfigurable optical interconnection

A new, to our knowledge, space-variant optical interconnection system based on a spatial-phase code-division multiple-access technique with multiplexed Fourier holography is described. In this technique a signal beam is spread over wide spatial frequencies by an M-sequence pseudorandom phase code. At a receiver side a selected signal beam is properly decoded, and at the same time its spatial pattern is shaped with a Fourier hologram, which is recorded by light that is encoded with the same M-sequence phase mask as the desired signal beam and by light whose spatial beam pattern is shaped to a signal routing pattern. Using the multiplexed holography, we can simultaneously route multisignal flows into individually specified receiver elements. The routing pattern can also be varied by means of switching the encoding phase code or replacing the hologram. We demonstrated a proof-of-principle experiment with a doubly multiplexed hologram that enables simultaneous routing of two signal beams. Using a numerical model, we showed that the proposed scheme can manage more than 250 routing patterns for one signal flow with one multiplexed hologram at a signal-to-noise ratio of ~5.     

Dual Computer-generated Holograms for Testing Aspherical Surfaces

The use of a dual computer-generated hologram for performing interferometric testing of aspherical surfaces is described. The dual hologram consists of apertures whose positions are modulated along two different directions. The dual hologram allows the simultaneous generation of two different wavefronts whose sum and difference can be obtained with appropriate spatial filtering. This has been proved theoretically and verified experimentally. Finally, the dual hologram is utilized to test steep aspherics, and some practical advances of the dual hologram are mentioned.     

Spherical beam volume holograms for spectroscopic applications: modeling and implementation

The spherical beam volume hologram, recorded by a plane wave and a spherical beam, is investigated for spectroscopic applications in detail. It is shown that both the diffracted and the transmitted beam can be used for spectroscopy when the hologram is read with a collimated beam. A new method is introduced and used for analysis of the spherical beam volume hologram that can be extended for analysis of arbitrary holograms. Experimental results are consistent with the theoretical study. It is shown that the spherical beam volume hologram can be used in a compact spectroscopic configuration when the transmitted beam is monitored. Also, on the basis of the properties of the spherical beam hologram, the response of a hologram recorded by a plane wave and an arbitrary pattern is predicted. The information can be used to optimize holographic spectrometer design.     

Holography with Light Beams of Finite Spectral Width

The effects of spectral coherence on holographic images have been analysed in terms of the Fresnel-transform formulation of the process of holography. In this paper the case of very rough object or diffuse illumination has not been considered. The results have been obtained as contrast modulation in the image of a spatial frequency component in the object. The effect of polychromaticity in the recording beam is seen to be more severe than that due to the polychromaticity in the reconstruction beam. Fourier-transform holography seems to yield a better image. With the lensless Fourier-transform hologram recorded on monochromatic light, white light reconstruction seems to be possible if the illuminating beam is suitably dispersed before it falls on the hologram.     

Design of a phase-filtering mask and an aspherical lens for uniform irradiance and phase on target

We propose two designs with which one can obtain a circular light disk with both uniform irradiance and phase, namely, a homodisk on a plane target from a TEM(0, 0) Gaussian beam. The first design is pure-phase filtering masks based on wave theory and computer simulation. The second design, an aspherical lens, satisfies the two requirements successively. We used geometrical optics to obtain uniform irradiance with the aspherical lens. The theoretical results of both designs are reasonably good.     

Optical beam-shaping design based on aspherical lenses for circularization, collimation, and expansion of elliptical laser beams

We present two optical system designs using aspherical lenses for beam circularization, collimation, and expansion of semiconductor lasers for possible application in lidar systems. Two different optical lens systems are investigated; namely, two aspherical lens and single aspherical lens systems. Software package programs of ZEMAX and MATLAB to simulate the optical designs are used. The beam reshaping results are presented for one specific laser beam output.     

Optical fingerprint recognition using a waveguide hologram

We demonstrate the fabrication of a waveguide hologram and describe how a plane-wave output beam can be generated for the illumination of a finger for fingerprint image capture. Also, when using a diverging beam in the substrate as a reference wave, one obtains a set of gratings written in the hologram. The reflected light from the finger is spatially filtered by this hologram, providing bandpassed information back through the waveguide when it is viewed through the plate.     

Suppression of the zero-order diffracted beam from a pixelated spatial light modulator by phase compression

Phase compression is used to suppress the on-axis zero-order diffracted (ZOD) beam from a pixelated phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) by a simple modification to the computer generated hologram (CGH) loaded onto the SLM. After CGH design, the phase of each SLM element is identically compressed by multiplying by a constant scale factor and rotated on the complex unit-circle to produce a cancellation beam that destructively interferes with the ZOD beam. Experiments achieved a factor of 3 reduction of the ZOD beam using two different liquid-crystal SLMs. Numerical simulation analyzed the reconstructed image quality and diffraction efficiency versus degree of phase compression and showed that phase compression resulted in little image degradation or power loss.     

Novelty filter that uses a bacteriorhodopsin film

We propose a new novelty optical filter that uses a bacteriorhodopsin film. This filter is based on the time-dependent nonlinear diffraction efficiency of real-time holograms recorded in the film. As soon as the signal beam carrying a pattern is diffracted by the polarization hologram recorded in the bacteriorhodopsin film, it begins to erase the hologram and suppresses the diffraction of the beam at the position of the stationary part of the pattern. This filter enhances only leading edges of moving patterns. In this system undesired scattered light, which is orthogonally polarized to the diffracted beam, is discriminated by a polarizer.     

Reshaping of a Divergent Elliptical Gaussian Laser Beam Into a Circular, Collimated, and Uniform Beam With Aspherical Lens Design

In this paper, we present a specific optical system of two aspherical lenses designed to circularize, collimate, and expand an edge-emitting semiconductor laser beam and transform its irradiance distribution from Gaussian to a uniform-square distribution for possible application in light detection and ranging sensors. It is verified that the diffraction effects are negligible so that geometrical ray optics is used to design this optical system. To accomplish the design, the source beam profile is decoupled into two independent beam profiles represented in two transverse directions. Analytical equations specific to this lens system are derived and MATLAB is used to solve these equations and simulate a design example. Results are presented for a specific example.      

Efficient testing of segmented aspherical mirrors by use of reference plate and computer-generated holograms. I. Theory and system optimization

Telescopes with large aspherical primary mirrors collect more light and are therefore sought after by astronomers. Instead of large mirrors as a single piece, they can be made by use of numerous smaller segments. Because the segments must fit together to create the effect of a single mirror, segmented optics present unique challenges to fabrication and testing that are absent for monolithic optics. We have developed a new method for measuring large quantities of segments accurately, quickly, and economically using an interferometric test plate and computer-generated hologram (CGH). In this test, the aspheric mirror segments are interferometrically measured by use of a test plate with a best-fit spherical surface. The aspherical departure is accommodated with a small CGH that is imaged onto the test plates. The radius of curvature is tightly controlled by maintaining the gap between the test plate and the segment. We present a summary of the test and give the basic design tradeoffs for using a single system to measure all of the segments of a large aspheric mirror.     

Color holography using the angular selectivity of volume recording media

A display hologram of an object can be recorded and reconstructed in three primary colors if the angular selectivity of volume recording media is exploited. Three holograms are recorded in the same medium, each at a different primary color. These three holograms are reconstructed by simultaneous illumination of the hologram with the original reference beams. By proper choice of the angles that the reference beams make to the hologram, it is possible to suppress strongly cross talk between the different reconstructions (e.g., the red object reconstruction in green light). The technique exhibits high resolution, high diffraction efficiency, and vivid colors. Through the addition of three holographically recorded volume gratings it is possible to reconstruct the hologram with a beam of white light. The saturation and brightness of each primary color in the reconstruction can be adjusted by selection of an appropriate thickness for the corresponding grating.     

基于图像识别的波纹补偿器轴向尺寸检测方法

为了解决传统检测方法只能检测工业管道中波纹补偿器的整体轴向位移,而不能检测其相邻波纹之间轴向位移的问题(相邻波纹之间轴向位移变化不均匀,超出一定限度会导致波纹补偿器损坏),提出了一种基于图像识别的波纹补偿器轴向尺寸检测方法.首先,应用Sobel算子对经高斯滤波平滑处理后的波纹补偿器图像进行边缘检测,最大限度地保留原始图...     

Effect of spurious diffraction orders in arbitrary multifoci patterns produced via phase-only holograms

We analyze the effect of spurious diffraction orders when generating functional multifoci patterns produced by illuminating a phase-only hologram with a single Gaussian beam. Using a practical device for encoding a hologram generates an undesirable zero order and high-diffraction orders at the Fourier plane. This translates to the fact that a significant fraction of the incident light does not necessarily convert to functional multifoci patterns. In most applications, the zero order can be avoided by generating foci patterns shifted off the optical axis, which further increases the amount of light distributed to spurious high-diffraction orders owing to the reduction of light directed to the desired foci pattern. We analyze the amount of light dispersed to spurious orders and show that these unwanted orders can be a major limiting factor for most applications based on arbitrary multifoci patterns.     

Elimination of isochromatics in photoholoelasticity

This paper shows how isochromatics can be eliminated in double exposure photoholoelasticity so that sharp unmodulated and doubled isopachics are obtained for the unambiguous determination of principal stress sums. A quartz rotator is used to rotate by 90° the polarization of the beam emerging from the model. The rotated beam is redirected again through the model in a reverse direction and finally impinges on the hologram plate. Analytical and experimental analysis shows that the reconstruction of a double exposure hologram by this method yields isopachics only.     

Interactive approach to optical tweezers control

We have developed software with an interactive user interface that can be used to generate phase holograms for use with spatial light modulators. The program utilizes different hologram design techniques, allowing the user to select an appropriate algorithm. The program can be used to generate multiple beams and can be used for beam steering. We see a major application of the program to be in optical tweezers to control the position, number, and type of optical traps.     

The Sénarmont Compensator: An Early Application of the Geometric Phase

Abstract

The Sénarmont compensator has been used for many years to measure the phase retardation between the two components of an elliptically polarized beam of light. This letter shows how the operation of this device actually makes use of the geometric phase.