农村厨余垃圾堆肥对土壤环境及苹果重金属含量的影响

结合北京市生态清洁小流域建设中垃圾治理现状,开展了农村厨余垃圾堆肥对土壤环境及苹果重金属含量的影响试验研究,旨在为北京市农村厨余垃圾资源化利用提供科学依据,提高生态清洁小流域治理成效,保障首都水环境安全。研究结果表明,农村厨余垃圾堆肥对苹果园土壤养分状况具有明显的改良效果,土壤中重金属含量虽有不同程度的增加,但均远低于GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级限值要求,重金属污染综合指数小于土壤安全限值0.7,表明苹果园土壤未受到重金属污染;施用农村厨余垃圾堆肥,苹果中重金属含量虽均呈现增加趋势,但均远低于GB18406.2-2001《农产品安全质量无公害水果安全要求》限值要求,且苹果重金属单因子污染指数均小于1,综合污染指数均小于0.85,苹果未受到重金属污染。     

城市污泥中氮磷在壤土和砂土中的淋溶实验研究

研究探讨了壤土和砂土上施用城市污泥对地下水中氮和磷的影响。以北京市高碑店污水处理厂的生污泥和庞各庄堆肥厂的堆肥作为土壤施加的污泥源,采用自制土柱淋溶模型的方法研究壤土和砂土上施用不同污泥量时灌水对土柱中pH、氮、磷的淋出情况,测定分析淋滤液中的pH值、总氮和总磷。实验设计4种处理,分别为污泥施用量占土壤干重的0(不施污泥,对照处理)、2%、4%和6%。实验结果表明:淋滤液的pH值显著变低;总氮和总磷以波动方式逐渐降低,并随淋洗次数的增多逐渐低于空白对照水平,而且壤土和砂土中淋滤液的变化规律不同。污泥添加2%时淋滤液氮磷含量最低,堆肥添加4%时淋滤液氮磷含量最低。污泥施用到壤土和砂土上,适量时不会造成地下水氮磷的污染,同时有益于土壤养分的保持,减少养分流失。     

发酵污泥对疏菜和土壤重金属积累的影响

采用盆栽方法，试验研究发酵污泥对蔬菜生长、土壤和蔬菜重金属积累的影响，试验设不施用和分别施用1％、5％、10％发酵污泥4个处理。结果表明，在试验范围内，施用发酵污泥可以促进蔬菜生长，增加其单球（株）重；同时，随着发酵污泥施用量的增加，土壤和蔬菜的重金属含量也随之增加，但均未超过《土壤环境质量标准》和《食品中污染物限量》2个国家标准限定的重金属含量，因此，发酵污泥利用必须严格限制其重金属含量和施用量，控制重金属在土壤及作物体内的积累。     

施用污泥堆肥对玉米产量及安全性的影响分析

为研究污泥土地利用对玉米产量及安全性的影响,2014年6—9月在北京市灌溉试验中心站通过田间试验的方法探讨了1、2和4 kg/m2等3种不同污泥堆肥利用量条件下玉米产量及植株中重金属含量分布。研究结果表明:不同重金属在玉米器官中呈现出不同的分布规律,不同处理间重金属在各器官的分布都表现为籽粒中最小,说明重金属对玉米籽粒影响较小;不同处理玉米各器官对重金属的富集能力大小不一,对重金属表现出一定的选择性,重金属在玉米籽粒中的富集系数较根系和植株小,不同处理间的差异也较小;污泥堆肥各处理玉米产量和单株穗重较对照都有不同程度增加,玉米产量并未随着施用量的增加而增长。     

基于EDTA淋洗离心—硫酸盐还原菌固化法去除污泥中重金属镉的研究

为研究如何分离和去除污泥中重金属镉（Cd）,采取二氨基乙烷四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA)淋洗离心与硫酸盐还原菌( sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)固化相结合的方法进行了污泥试验并统计分析了污泥中重金属Cd的形态分布和含量变化。结果表明：在离心力100g、淋洗时间12 h、淋洗2次和离心温度30 ℃的条件下采用EDTA对污泥原样进行淋洗离心,污泥中Cd含量由6.793 mg/kg降至5.241 mg/kg,去除率达22.8%。然后采用SRB对淋洗离心后的污泥试样进行固化,不稳定态Cd含量由2.589 mg/kg降至1.103 mg/kg,固化后污泥中的Cd含量低于《绿化种植土壤》（CJ/T 340-2016）中重金属要求的Ⅳ级标准2 mg/kg。与传统单一修复方法相比,该联合方法有效地降低了污泥中活性大、污染程度高形态Cd的含量,减轻了其环境危害性。     

有机酸淋洗修复复合重金属污染河道底泥研究

针对高粘性Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ复合重金属污染河道底泥,采用酒石酸、草酸、柠檬酸三种有机酸作为淋洗剂对污染土进行淋洗修复,通过振荡淋洗方法,探究淋洗剂浓度、淋洗时间对重金属去除率的影响规律,采用ＢＣＲ三步提取法对淋洗前后土壤重金属形态进行分析。研究结果表明:3种有机酸对Ｚｎ的去除率优于对Ｃｕ的去除率,得到最佳淋洗方案为浓度0．4ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的酒石酸淋洗2．0ｈ,对Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ的去除率分别为29．19％、67．8％。通过ＢＣＲ形态分析发现有机酸可有效降低重金属弱酸提取态、可还原态浸提浓度,并能一定程度上提高残渣态含量,这有利于降低重金属环境风险。     

城镇生活污泥产品施用对小白菜肥效和土壤质量的影响

为促进污泥产品土地利用资源化科学发展及应用,设置0、9、18、27 t/hm~2共4个施肥水平,通过单季小白菜农用,研究生物碳土(好氧堆肥)和有机营养土(高级厌氧消化工艺)两种北京城市生活污泥产品对植物肥效和土壤质量的影响。结果表明:有机营养土和生物碳土均能提升小白菜的养分吸收,施肥量越高,全氮吸收量越高,有机营养土、生物碳土的T3处理较CK分别提升23.7%、14.2%;对小白菜重金属吸收的影响很小,未表现出明显的植物重金属富集特征,均满足《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2017)限值标准;对小白菜的生长具有显著促进作用,在0～27 t/hm~2范围内,产量随着施肥梯度不断增加,肥料贡献率不断升高,同施肥梯度下,生物碳土的增产效果优于有机营养土,两种产品最佳施用量均在18～27 t/hm~2,可维持较高的肥料利用率;有机营养土和生物碳土对土壤全氮、NH_3-N、NO~(3-)-N、全磷、有效磷、有机质的提升效果尤为明显,均能对土壤质量的改善起到积极效果;从土壤环境影响来看,在本试验施肥梯度下,除全镉和全铬,其它重金属指标均在各施肥处理土壤中无显著差异,未出现土壤重金属明显累积趋势,满足《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(试行)(GB 15618-2018)要求,土壤环境良好。     

加载絮凝—污泥回流工艺处理 重金属废水的研究

电子行业废水的重金属处理通常采用混凝沉淀方法。然而,常规混凝方法存在药剂投加量大、污泥产量多、水质波动影响大等不足。因而,本文提出了加载絮凝—污泥回流工艺,在小试、中试基础上,对原处理工程进行了改造。改造后出水重金属含量稳定。Cu2+、TCr和Ni2+的含量上限值分别小于0.5 mg/L、0.6 mg/L和0.5 mg/L,与改造前相比,改造后PAC和PAM用量可分别节省70%和93%,污泥产生量也会相应减少。加载絮凝—污泥回流工艺可实现电子行业废水重金属达标排放,同时可降低处理成本和污泥产量,具有较好的应用前景。     

北京市东南郊灌区土壤和农产品重金属含量水平评估

为明确北京东南郊典型灌区土壤和作物重金属含量和污染水平,２０１５年对该灌区３１个监测点位土壤样品和６２个作物样品的６种重金属进行了检测,利用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和综合潜在生态风险评估法对土壤污染状况和生态风险进行了评估,利用皮尔逊相关分析、主成分分析和地统计学分析对土壤重金属来源进行了分析。研究结果表明灌区土壤重金属含量属于安全级别,潜在生态风险较低,农产品重金属含量满足国家食品标准,灌区土壤重金属的主要来源是农业施肥、污水灌溉和大气沉降。     

北京市典型再生水灌区土壤质量现状研究

选择北京市典型再生水灌区,对再生水、井渠混合、井水3种灌溉类型的土壤进行布点监测,分析研究再生水灌溉对土壤质量的影响。结果表明,再生水灌溉后土壤盐分、钠离子、氯离子等含量略有增加,但与作物适宜范围相比仍处于较低范围,危害程度较低;对重金属含量及土壤pH值含量影响很小,且显著提升了土壤的有机质及保肥能力。     

Reuse of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for fertilization and irrigation

The objective of the present work was to assess the short-term potential of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for ornamental lawn fertilization and irrigation. A field experiment was performed and the following treatments were considered: sewage sludge application + irrigation with public water; sewage sludge application + irrigation with treated wastewater; irrigation with public water; irrigation with treated wastewater (TW). Irrigation with treated wastewater showed a positive effect on lawn installation through higher growth of grass (1,667 cm) and higher dry matter yield (18,147 g m(-2)). These results represent a significant increase in the grass yield compared with public water irrigation. The grass height (2,606 cm) and dry matter yield (23,177 g m(-2)) increased even more, when sewage sludge produced in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was applied to soil, which proves once more its benefits as an organic fertilizer. At the end of the experiment, an increase of some soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and NH4+) was observed, indicating that treated wastewater irrigation can cause a soil sodization. This short-term study indicated that use of treated wastewater and sewage sludge for ornamental lawn fertilization and irrigation is an environmentally sustainable option for re-use of the WWTP by-products.     

Fate of nonylphenol and 17beta-estradiol contained in composted sewage sludge after land application.

Many environmental problems caused by endocrine disrupters (EDs) have been reported. Because little is known about the fate of EDs accumulated in sewage sludge, we carried out a study to clarify the fate of EDs in composted sludge after its application to soil. Nonylphenol (NP) and 17beta-estradiol (E2) were measured for leachate and soil. High concentrations of NP and E2 were detected in the leachate at the early stage, but they decreased rapidly. Also, the high contents of NP and E2 in soil decreased significantly within 300 days. Because the decrease of NP and E2 in the soil was much larger than that of NP and E2 in the leachate, there must have been a physicochemical or biological decomposition mechanism in the soil layer. We also tried to clarify the transfer of NPs to plants from compost. In the experimental conditions of this study, the transfer of NPs to plants from compost was not observed.     

太湖疏浚底泥的脱水技术研究

太湖环保疏浚工程产生大量高含水率的疏浚底泥,处置不当就造成十分严重的二次污染。由于疏浚底泥重金属含量基本低于农用污染物控制标准,合理施用即可改良土壤、节约大量处置费用,不仅能够解决我国土壤退化的问题,还能带来良好的经济效益。为实现底泥的快速脱水,便于资源化利用,同时针对疏浚底泥渗水性差致使底部排水法困难的缺点,采用了絮凝剂、脱水剂与真空抽滤相结合的方法处理疏浚底泥。试验结果表明:加药实验组在520h内可将疏浚底泥的含水率从70%降至41.9%,而不加入药剂的空白组实验含水率只降至60.3%就无法继续脱水。所用脱水剂不与絮凝剂、淤泥和淤泥中的有机质等成分发生化学反应,且对出水水质无明显影响,出水的浊度、CODMn以及pH值在废水排放的规范之内。     

Impact of sewage sludge applications on the biogeochemistry of soils

This report describes an investigation into the bioavailability and fate of trace metals and their subsequent impact on important soil microbiological functions such as nitrification, denitrification and methane oxidation in low and high Cu containing soils in the presence and absence of residual organic matter from sewage sludge additions made 10 years earlier. The soils being studied are part of long term sewage sludge trials and include a low Cu soil (13.3 mg Cu/kg soil, 4.18 LOI %), left un-amended to serve as a control soil, soil amended with a high Cu sewage sludge (278.3 mg Cu/kg soil, 6.52 LOI %) and soil amended with a low Cu sewage sludge (46.3 mg Cu/kg soil, 6.18 LOI %). Soil was also amended with inorganic metal salts (273.4 mg Cu/kg soil, 4.52 LOI %) to further investigate the impact of Cu in the absence of additional organic matter contained in applied sewage sludge. Data from the first two years of a project are presented which has included field-based studies at long term sewage sludge trials based in Watlington, Oxford, UK and laboratory based studies at the Institute of Grassland & Environmental Research, North Wyke, Devon, UK.     

Recycling mineral nutrients to farmland via compost application.

Increased cultivation of farmland has resulted in nutrient deficiency and consequently fertility degradation of soils. This research examined the application of composted wastes in terms of the feasibility and effectiveness of recycling plant essential minerals. Minerals in composts (derived from sewage sludge, livestock excrement, and municipal solid wastes, respectively) and in amended soils were observed. Ca/Mg ratios in amended soils and the effect of compost applications (mineral nutrients and heavy metals) on plant uptake were also studied. Results showed that composts, especially those made from sewage sludge and livestock excrement, were richer in mineral nutrients but also contained more heavy metals than untreated soil. The increase in some elements and plant-growth-essential Ca/Mg ratios were found in amended farmlands, implying that compost applications have made up for the nutrient deficiency and have adjusted chemical conditions of the soil. The soil contamination from heavy metals was noticeable. However, some results showed that the large existence of mineral nutrients and heavy metals in soils has caused no significant increase in the plant uptake of elements. The controlled composting process and farmland uses are believed necessary for reducing the heavy metal accumulation in agricultural plants.     

不同条件下土壤CO2浓度及地下水化学特征研究

为研究土壤CO2浓度变化规律及对地下水化学成分的影响,在进行野外试验观测的基础上,进一步开展了室内土柱降水模拟试验。野外观测发现,自然条件下地表处CO2浓度小于包气带土壤CO2浓度;不同深度的土壤CO2浓度不同,随着深度增加CO2浓度逐渐增加;坡度对土壤CO2浓度变化存在显著影响,坡度越小,对应的土壤CO2浓度越高。不同植被类型下土壤CO2浓度不同。室内试验发现,降水前相同深度下土壤CO2浓度由高到低依次为植被组、空白组、杀菌组,降水后由高到低依次为杀菌组、植被组、空白组;降水后,土壤内CO2浓度明显增加,pH和COD降低,TDS增加;杀菌组中Na+, Mg2+,Ca2+和Cl-含量明显高于其他两组。坡度、植被、微生物均对土壤CO2浓度变化存在显著影响。     

Energy and nutrient recovery from sewage sludge via pyrolysis.

Energy recovery and nutrient reuse from sewage sludge has traditionally been achieved via anaerobic digestion/power generation with land application of the biosolids. By contrast, thermal processes such as pyrolysis have typically been used only for energy recovery. One such technology has demonstrated at commercial scale that all of the energy in sludge can be beneficially recovered and reused. No attempt was however made to recover and reuse sludge nutrients. There are many potential benefits of using pyrolysis for both energy and nutrient recovery. Firstly, unlike digestion, the principal energy product is oil, which can readily be stored and used when required, ensuring that energy recovery is maximised. Secondly is that the sludge nutrients are recovered in the pyrolysis char. Laboratory soil incubation studies using char from the Subiaco demonstration plant were conducted over an eight-week period to confirm nutrient availability. Results from this study showed that the phosphorus in the char is plant available although the nitrogen was insoluble. Based on these results it appears that there is potential to use pyrolysis as an effective means to recover and reuse both the energy and the very valuable phosphorus present in sewage sludges.     

Evaluation of sludge properties in a pilot-scale UASB reactor for sewage treatment in a temperate region

In this study, continuous operation of a pilot-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for sewage treatment was conducted for 630 days to investigate the physical and microbial characteristics of the retained sludge. The UASB reactor with a working volume of 20.2 m(3) was operated at ambient temperature (16-29 °C) and seeded with digested sludge. After 180 days of operation, when the sewage temperature had dropped to 20 °C or lower, the removal efficiency of both total suspended solids (TSS) and total biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) deteriorated due to washout of retained sludge. At low temperature, the cellulose concentration of the UASB sludge increased owing to the rate limitation of the hydrolytic reaction of suspended solids in the sewage. However, after an improvement in sludge retention (settleability and concentration) in the UASB reactor, the process performance stabilized and gave sufficient results (68% of TSS removal, 75% of total BOD removal) at an hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9.7 h. The methanogenic activity of the retained sludge significantly increased after day 246 due to the accumulation of Methanosaeta and Methanobacterium following the improvement in sludge retention in the UASB reactor. Acid-forming bacteria from phylum Bacteroidetes were detected at high frequency; thus, these bacteria may have an important role in suspended solids degradation.     

Aerobic granular sludge technology: an alternative to activated sludge?

Laboratory experiments have shown that it is possible to cultivate aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors. In order to direct future research needs and the critical points for successful implementation at large scale, a full detailed design of a potential application was made. The design was based on the laboratory results, and two variants of a full-scale sewage treatment plant based on Granular sludge Sequencing Batch Reactors (GSBRs) were evaluated. As a reference a conventional treatment plant based on activated sludge technology was designed for the same case. Based on total annual costs both GSBR variants proved to be more attractive than the reference alternative (7-17% lower costs). From a sensitivity analysis it appeared that the GSBR technology was less sensitive to the land price and more sensitive to a rain weather flow (RWF). This means that the GSBR technology becomes more attractive at lower permissible RWF/DWF ratios and higher land prices. The footprint of the GSBR variants was only 25% compared to the reference. However, the GSBR with primary treatment only cannot meet the present effluent standards for municipal wastewater in The Netherlands, mainly because of a too high suspended solids concentration in the effluent. A growing number of sewage treatment plants in the Netherlands are going to be faced with more stringent effluent standards. In general, activated sludge plants will have to be extended with a post treatment step (e.g. sand filtration) or be transformed into Membrane Bioreactors. In this case a GSBR variant with primary treatment as well as post treatment can be an attractive alternative.