动态光散射测量核壳双层纳米颗粒的研究

用动态光散射方法研究了以聚丙烯酸丁脂（PBA）为核、聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂（PMMA）为壳的核壳双层纳米颗粒的粒径和粒径分布。得出的结论为：由于同一粒径的单层介质颗粒和核壳双层纳米颗粒的散射光不同,在测量中若将核壳双层颗粒当作单层介质颗粒处理时,必将影响测量结果的表征。     

Zeta电位测量中电场对颗粒粒径的影响

为确定电泳光散射法测量纳米颗粒zeta电位过程中电场对颗粒系统性质的影响,实验研究210、360 nm 2种标准颗粒的单分散溶液在通电前、后颗粒粒度的变化;通过测量90°散射角的动态光散射信号,采用自相关技术进行信号分析,用累积法反演计算颗粒的粒径。结果表明,颗粒在小电压的情况下,粒径几乎没有变化;随着电压的增大,平均粒径逐渐增大,说明样品发生团聚;电压越大,颗粒团聚越快。     

散射角对相关光谱法纳米颗粒测量的影响

研究散射角对相关光谱法纳米颗粒测量的影响,对相关光谱法纳米颗粒实验系统进行改造,实现不同的散射角下纳米颗粒的相关光谱法测量.实验采用30 nm和200 nm的混合颗粒群,按不同比例进行混合,在90°和165°散射角对混合颗粒群进行测量,并对此实验结果进行了理论分析,结果表明,在对单一颗粒群进行测量时,在两个角度都能实现颗粒的准确测量,而在混合颗粒群测量时,测量结果受两种颗粒群混合比影响,而165°散射角具有更好的测量结果,因此在对混合纳米颗粒群进行测量时,采用大的散射角有助于颗粒的反演.     

超纯水中杂质对光子相关谱法测量纳米颗粒粒径的影响

为了研究光子相关光谱法测粒技术中,溶液介质中的杂质对纳米颗粒有效直径和分散度测量准确性的影响,获取并分析了3种超纯水蒸发后残留杂质的显微图像,讨论了上述3种水对标称直径为960、340、90、60nm的颗粒物测定结果的影响。研究结果表明,水中杂质会增大光子平均计数率,以及增大100nm以下单分散颗粒的有效直径和分散度的测量结果;对于自身分散度较大的颗粒,水质对分散度测量结果的影响不明显。     

微克质量标准磁性测量中的关键问题

砝码的磁性对于砝码质量值测量的影响越来越受到人们的重视.比较了3种磁性测量的方法及磁化率和磁场强度不确定度分量,指出其与微克质量标准磁性测量中的不同,进而提出一个测量弱磁性微克质量标准磁化率的方法.通过砝码磁性参数的测量原理,指出了测量过程中可能影响测量的关键因素,包括湿度、温度、压力、振动、空气中的磁性颗粒,以及待测微克质量标准在磁化率计上的摆放方式.     

流动颗粒显微图像测量技术研究

针对显微环境下流动颗粒测量的需要,构建了测量平台,研制了基于MEMS工艺的测量器件。在分析流动颗粒显微图像特征的基础上,提出了基于颗粒运动特性的图像测量流程,其中提出了基于基准桢差分的目标提取算法,解决了流动颗粒目标分割的问题,根据图像运动模糊的退化模型,研究了图像模糊恢复的问题。最后以润滑油中的磨损颗粒为例,验证了该文的分析方法对流动颗粒检测的有效性。     

光脉动法颗粒浓度测量下限研究

光脉动法是一种新兴的光散射颗粒粒径测量方法,但是该方法对被测颗粒的浓度有一定的要求,浓度过高或过低都会直接导致最后测量结果的偏差。针对这个问题,本文中选取滑石粉作为被测颗粒样品,通过液固两相流实验,在理论分析结合实验数据的基础上设计了一套新算法,井以此对适用于光脉动法测量原则的颗粒浓度下限进行了研究。研究结果显示,该算法能较为准确地确定光脉动法颗粒浓度测量的下限。     

表面声波单电子输运器件中弱电流的测量

研究表面声波单电子输运(SAW/SET)器件中的量子化声电电流对于揭示表面声波驱动的单电子输运特性有重要意义,并且有可能应用于量子电流基准,从而把安培与基本电荷和频率联系起来.为此设计了一种高精度高智能测量系统用于测量表面声波单电子输运器件中的声电电流.通过采用高性能Ⅰ-Ⅴ转换器和小波去噪等措施,使系统的噪声峰峰值小于30fA;采用LabVIEW编写的测量程序和合适的硬件实现了智能化的自动测量.该系统已成功地应用到SAW/SET器件中弱电流的测量,为将来揭示表面声波驱动的单电子输运特性和量子电流基准的可能实现做了有益的探索.     

表面声波单电子输运器件中弱电流的测量

研究表面声波单电子输运（SAW/SET）器件中的量子化声电电流对于揭示表面声波驱动的单电子输运特性有重要意义,并且有可能应用于最子电流基准,从而把安培与基本电荷和频率联系起来。为此设计了一种高精度高智能测量系统用于测量表面声波单电子输运器件中的声电电流。通过采用高性能I—V转换器和小波去噪等措施,使系统的噪声峰峰值小于30fA;采用LabVIEW编写的测量程序和合适的硬件实现了智能化的自动测量。该系统已成功地应用到SAW／SET器件中弱电流的测量,为将来揭示表面声波驱动的单电子输运特性和量子电流基准的可能实现做了有益的探索。     

消光起伏频谱法颗粒测量技术

消光起伏法也称为光脉动法，采用一束窄光束照射流动的颗粒群，接收透射光信号，测量区中颗粒浓度的起伏导致了透射光信号起伏，由此得到颗粒的粒径和浓度信息。最早用消光起伏法来对颗粒测量的是Grogery，他得到了颗粒的平均粒径和浓度。然而，该模型无法合理地解释宽分布颗粒的消光起伏信号，因此无法得到颗粒的粒径分布。     

颗粒超声层析成像的散射特征分析

用数值方法对颗粒超声层析成像进行模拟研究,对单个球形颗粒散射特征的数值解与解析解作对比,验证数值方法的准确性、可靠性,进而对管内放置有单个和3个球形颗粒的散射声场特性进行的数值模拟和分析,并由二值逻辑反投影图像重建算法对其进行空间分布的重建,分析重建图像的误差。结果表明:基于边界元方法的数值模拟和重建方法是可行和有效的。     

浅海单模入射声场目标回波特性研究

浅海环境中,目标回波受到入射和散射双向过程的信道多途影响,具有复杂的多途结构。基于相控垂直阵的单模发射技术能激发出指定的单个简正波声场,可以降低海底混响干扰,简化目标回波多途结构,为主动探测提供了一种有效手段。在信道中点声源目标回波模型基础上,采用简正波本征函数加权研究了单模声场入射下球形目标散射问题,建立了浅海单模入射声场目标回波预报模型,并利用模型对刚性球回波进行了数值计算。结果表明:总声源级相同条件下,单模发射声场与传统的点声源发射声场相比具有一定的阵发射增益,目标回波具有较高的声压级;单模入射能够消除单程多途的影响,回波结构相对简单,有利于目标的探测和识别。     

相控聚焦超声与圆孔交互作用的散射特性研究

相较于传统超声检测,相控阵技术的声束聚焦控制能力使得相控超声检测的分辨率、信噪比和灵敏度等性能得到有效提升。但针对相控超声与缺陷的交互作用认识不足,导致目前检测技术无法对缺陷进行准确定性和精确定量。为此,建立了一维线阵相控超声检测圆孔缺陷的有限元模型,重点研究相控聚焦波束与圆孔缺陷交互作用的声场散射特性。结果表明,圆孔散射L模态的能量主要集中于正反射区和正透射区,且在透射区的能量大于反射区的能量,而在与入射声束垂直的方向上能量极其微弱,几乎没有散射能量;散射L模态沿入射方向呈轴对称分布;对于不同直径的圆孔缺陷,直径越大,在相同方向上散射波的能量越大;对于相同直径的圆孔,聚焦波与平面波入射时,散射波的分布规律相同,但聚焦波散射的能量明显高于平面波入射时散射的能量。     

Time integrated detection of femtosecond laser pulses scattered by small droplets

Scattering of femtosecond laser pulses by small droplets has been measured and compared with predictions, yielding some interesting new applications for time integrated detection of the scattered field. The scattering intensity of integrated detection becomes monotonic with droplet size over large regions of scattering angle and morphology dependent resonances are surpressed, opening the way for particle sizing using the scattered intensity. Furthermore, the ripple structure no longer appears in the rainbow region of scattering, simplifying rainbow refractometry significantly. These scattering proporties of femtosecond laser pulses have been demonstrated in the laboratory using a novel Paul trap for levitating single droplets.     

Broadband ultrasonic backscattering applied to nondestructive characterization of materials

A simple method based on the spectrum features of the backscattered signal is proposed to the assessment of scatterers size. The method takes advantage of the band-limited response of the scattering media to an incident broadband pulse. The single to multiple scattering regime transition determines this limited frequency content, which is strongly related to scatterer size. The method is applied to the estimation of graphite particle sizes in cast irons. Good quantitative correlation is obtained between graphite sizes measured by metallography and that obtained using this new ultrasonic method, in spite of the band limitations of the ultrasonic system used in the experiment. By this method, the absolute mean value of the scatterer size can be evaluated, provided that a reasonably good estimate of the concentration of particles is known.     

超声衰减谱法测量含蜡原油中蜡晶粒度

利用超声衰减法测量了不同频率不同温度下南海原油、丘陵原油和白油中的声衰减系数。同时,结合超声耦合相模型(Harker-Temple模型)和声散射模型(Bouguer-Lambert-Beer-Law模型)进行了数值研究,模拟出油样在两个不同频率下的声衰减系数以及它们的比值随蜡晶粒度的变化关系,较为准确地计算预测含蜡原油中声衰减系数。经过比较理论预测获得的声衰减模型与实验获取的声衰减系数,计算出了原油中所含蜡晶在不同温度下的平均粒度大小。结果表明,随着温度的降低,蜡晶的平均粒度大小呈增大趋势。测量结果与显微镜法测量所得结果进行对比,表明此方法应用到含蜡原油中蜡晶粒度大小的测量是可行的。     

Elastic wave scattering by a rectangular crack near a non-planar back surface

A 3D model of non-destructive ultrasonic testing for cracks near a non-planar back surface is presented. The scattering by an interior rectangular crack in a thick-walled component with a back surface of general geometry is considered. The 3D wave scattering problem is solved using boundary integral equation methods (BIEMs): the boundary element method (BEM) for the back surface displacement is combined with an analytical technique for the hypersingular traction boundary integral equation for the crack opening displacement. The solution method generates many unknowns, but by applying a threshold criterion a sparse approximation of the system matrix is obtained such that a fast sparse solver may be used. The computations are accelerated further using the stationary phase approximation for the computation of probe field integrals. The action of ultrasonic probes in transmission and reception, calibration by side-drilled holes and effects of material damping are taken into account in the model, and a few numerical examples illustrate the influence of the back surface geometry.     

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of highly scattering materialsusing adaptive filtering and detection

Adaptive filtering and detection has been applied to the problem of detecting ultrasonic echo signals from test targets where the wanted signals are masked by coherent scattering from grain boundaries present in highly scattering materials. The filter is based on the normalized least mean square (LMS) error algorithm, and can be operated with either an independent reference signal or by using the delayed input signal as the reference. Tests made on a collection of 64 ultrasonic A-scans using the same processing parameters show that an up to 10 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio can typically be obtained. A cell-averaging constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector is used to detect the signals automatically. The performance of the method is compared to that of split spectrum processing, both with and without polarity thresholding     

Plasmon-enhanced colorimetric ELISA with single molecule sensitivity

Robust but ultrasensitive biosensors with a capability of detecting low abundance biomarkers could revolutionize clinical diagnostics and enable early detection of cancer, neurological diseases, and infections. We utilized a combination of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) refractive index sensing and the well-known enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to develop a simple colorimetric biosensing methodology with single molecule sensitivity. The technique is based on spectral imaging of a large number of isolated gold nanoparticles. Each particle binds a variable number of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme molecules that catalyze a localized precipitation reaction at the particle surface. The enzymatic reaction dramatically amplifies the shift of the LSPR scattering maximum, λ(max), and makes it possible to detect the presence of only one or a few HRP molecules per particle.     

用PDA检测污水中的微生物

激光相位多普勒能够同时测量粒子的速度，大小和光散射特性。本文以ＰＤＡ技术为基础，研究了污水中细菌的尺寸分布和光散射特性，利用模糊模式识别技术实现了污水水样中菌群的分类检测。