小擦地角海杂波测量研究

本文介绍了利用Ku波段雷达进行小擦地角海杂波测试和数据处理的过程.数据处理包括杂噪比的估计、散射系数随擦地角的变化特性、幅度分布特性和频谱特性.初步分析显示本次测试中在小擦地角区域,散射系数表现出与在平直区完全相反的趋势,但这种现象不能归结为杂噪比的不足.这些分析表明小擦地角杂波测试杂噪比估计的重要性,同时也说明了此种条件下杂波特性的复杂性.     

雷达大擦地角海杂波特性与目标检测研究综述

海杂波作为影响海用雷达目标探测性能的主要制约因素之一,其在小擦地角下的物理机理和特性被广泛研究.由于产生机理上与小擦地角的差异,大擦地角下海杂波特性认知研究难以直接采用现有的多样化小擦地角海杂波模型与特性结论,大擦地角海杂波特性规律及目标检测技术研究依旧是一项极其复杂的系统工程.该文从雷达大擦地角对海探测试验数据集出发,围绕大擦地角海杂波建模、海杂波特性影响因素和海杂波中目标检测技术3个方面,回顾总结了大擦地角下海杂波特性认知与抑制的研究进展,梳理了大擦地角海杂波机理与特性研究的主要结论,并对技术发展方向进行了展望.     

雷达大擦地角海杂波特性与目标检测研究综述

海杂波作为影响海用雷达目标探测性能的主要制约因素之一,其在小擦地角下的物理机理和特性被广泛研究。由于产生机理上与小擦地角的差异,大擦地角下海杂波特性认知研究难以直接采用现有的多样化小擦地角海杂波模型与特性结论,大擦地角海杂波特性规律及目标检测技术研究依旧是一项极其复杂的系统工程。该文从雷达大擦地角对海探测试验数据集出发,围绕大擦地角海杂波建模、海杂波特性影响因素和海杂波中目标检测技术3个方面,回顾总结了大擦地角下海杂波特性认知与抑制的研究进展,梳理了大擦地角海杂波机理与特性研究的主要结论,并对技术发展方向进行了展望。     

L波段小擦地角海杂波幅度均值与风速关系建模

在对比分析国际上现有模型中风速对海杂波幅度均值的影响基础上,提出了一种新的两分量高斯模型建立海杂波幅度均值与风速的关系.结合我国黄海L波段VV极化小擦地角海杂波实测数据,对该模型进行了验证与精度分析,并研究了该模型参数随擦地角的变化关系,给出了模型拟合参数.从数据分析的结果来看,该模型较好地捕获了海杂波幅度随风速的变化趋势,可为雷达系统设计和雷达海杂波预测提供技术支撑.     

L波段小擦地角海杂波幅度均值与风速关系建模

在对比分析国际上现有模型中风速对海杂波幅度均值的影响基础上, 提出了一种新的两分量高斯模型建立海杂波幅度均值与风速的关系.结合我国黄海L波段VV极化小擦地角海杂波实测数据, 对该模型进行了验证与精度分析, 并研究了该模型参数随擦地角的变化关系, 给出了模型拟合参数.从数据分析的结果来看, 该模型较好地捕获了海杂波幅度随风速的变化趋势, 可为雷达系统设计和雷达海杂波预测提供技术支撑.       

X波段雷达实测海杂波的特性分析

舰载雷达和海岸警戒雷达的目标检测和跟踪性能与海杂波密切相关。对X波段雷达实测海杂波进行了功率谱密度和相关分析,得到了一些有益的结果。与VV极化相比,HH极化的海尖峰特性更明显;与HH极化相比,VV极化海杂波的功率谱密度具有更窄的带宽,且衰减得更快。而HH和VV极化海杂波具有相似的相关性,但HH极化的相关系数要比VV极化的要小。得到的结果对雷达目标检测与识别具有一定的借鉴意义。     

海杂波对机载雷达探测影响研究

针对海战场环境下机载雷达探测海面目标受海杂波干扰的问题，文中提出一种定量分析海杂波影响效应的方法。首先对海杂波等效RCS进行建模计算，建立杂波散射系数与海情级别、擦地角、雷达波长的关系，给出杂波区域的计算方法；然后对机载雷达探测的综合信噪比进行推导，分析雷达检测概率与测量误差、综合信噪比的定量关系。在此基础上，对不同条件下的散射系数、综合信噪比、探测概率和测量误差等进行仿真，给出各指标随海情级别和擦地角的定量变化情况。所研究内容可为机载雷达的抗杂波设计和载机的任务规划提供理论支撑。     

L波段小擦地角海杂波幅度统计特性研究

为了研究L波段小擦地角海杂波幅度统计特性及其在不同海洋参数条件下的差异,该文结合海杂波实测数据,选取适当的拟合优度检验准则,对比分析给出了不同波高和风向条件下Rayleigh, Weibull, Log-normal, K分布等经典统计分布模型,以及典型参数条件下Pareto分布在L波段小擦地角海杂波建模中的拟合效果,可为雷达目标检测中杂波模型的选择提供参考,提高海洋环境背景下目标检测的适应能力。     

海杂波后向散射系数经验模型研究

为改善海洋环境雷达的检测性能,基于海杂波后向散射特性,对GIT,TSC,NRL三种典型海杂波后向散射系数经验模型进行仿真,并与实测数据进行对比,以均方差检验法作为拟合优度评价标准,分析了三种模型的拟合特点,给出了三种模型的适用性,结果表明,改进的NRL模型与实测数据拟合得最好,TSC模型次之,GIT模型拟合效果最差,其适用性随海况、擦地角、极化方式的变化而呈现出不同特点。     

多波段多极化海杂波特性的实验研究

长期以来,海杂波特性研究一直是雷达和微波遥感界普遍关心的问题。本文讨论基于矢量网络分析仪组建的波谱计对海杂波特性所进行的多波段（S,C,X,Ku）多极化测量,包括测量系统、实验描述和数据处理方法,通过数据分析得到不同海态下杂波特性（散射系数、多普勒谱等）随频率、极化和入射角（含小擦地角）的变化关系并给出一些典型结果。     

On the fractal dimension of sea surface backscattered signal at low grazing angle

Fractal analysis of sea surface backscattering signal (sea clutter in radar terminology) represents a novel technique for the study of sea surface roughness. When Kirchhoff's assumption is satisfied, the fractal dimension of the signal is linearly related to the fractal dimension of the sea surface. Moreover, such a relationship is independent of transmitted frequency, polarization, time, space, sea wave propagation direction, incident angle (within the constraint of Kirchoff's assumption) and significant wave height. Nevertheless, for a low grazing angle, the Kirchhoff approximation does not hold and the behavior of the sea clutter fractal dimension cannot be theoretically predicted. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the fractal dimension of the sea clutter at low grazing angle, in order to extend the theoretical results. Moreover, the effects of the presence of a target on the sea surface are analyzed by means of the fractal dimension. Such an analysis is performed by using live recorded clutter data. In detail, the fractal dimension's dependence on space, time, sea wave propagation direction, sea wave height, transmitted polarization and presence of targets is investigated. A discussion on the use of the sea clutter fractal dimension for sea surface monitoring is addressed.     

Analysis of sea spikes in radar sea clutter data

In this paper three sets of high-resolution, coherent, and polarimetric radar sea clutter data are analyzed and compared with radar sea clutter models. The nature of the data allows a thorough analysis of the power, polarization and velocity of the sea clutter. It is shown that these quantities, especially the velocity, are good measures of many physical properties of the ocean surface. Furthermore, it is shown that these physical properties match well with the sea clutter models. Sea clutter is found to consist of two components, a diffuse background, characterized by low values of backscattered power, HH/VV polarization ratio and Doppler velocity, and a number of spiking events, which possess higher power, polarization ratio and velocity. The background is reasonably well modeled by tilt-modulated Bragg scattering, whereas the spikes may be associated with the scattering on steepened and/or breaking waves. Moreover, it is shown that the influence of microbreakers has to be taken into account to explain the relatively high polarization ratio. A breaking wave origin for the spikes is supported in two ways. First, by a detailed analysis of the temporal behavior of individual spike backscatter properties, and second, by a statistical analysis of the entire population of spikes.     

Multipath scattering in ultrawide-band radar sea spikes

This paper presents sea scatter data collected with an ultrawide-band (UWB) polarimetric radar system that indicates that multipath scattering plays an important role in the generation of sea spikes. The radar system used in this study produces short pulses with a bandwidth of approximately 3 GHz centered at 9 GHz for a range resolution of approximately 4 cm. Pulse-to-pulse switching allows collection of the microwave echoes produced by all four combinations of linear transmit and receive polarizations [vertical-transmit vertical-receive (VV), horizontal-transmit horizontal-receive (HH), horizontal-transmit vertical receive (HV), and vertical-transmit horizontal-receive (VH)] each of which is collected by a sampling oscilloscope utilizing equivalent time sampling. In June 1996, upwind sea scatter data at grazing angles of 10°, 20°, and 30° were collected while the system was deployed on a research pier on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. An analysis of the strongest echoes (sea spikes) from this data set is presented and discussed. First, the cumulative distribution functions are presented. Second, an increase of approximately 5 dB is shown to occur in the polarization ratio (HH/VV) of the strongest echoes as the grazing angle decreases from 30° to 10°. Third, differences in the spatial and spectral characteristics of the VV and HH spikes are described. Through comparisons with laboratory results and a simple scattering model, these observations are explained by the presence of a multibounce scattering mechanism. The use of the model to extract wave height from the sea-spike frequency response is also explored     

波导环境下雷达后向散射系数研究

海上大气波导会显著改变雷达电磁波的传播性能,反应到雷达图像上表现为强烈的海杂渡回波信息。为了探究大气波导的影响因素,采用改进的GIT模型仿真方法模拟出波导背景下不同风速对雷达后向散射系数的影响,并且利用谱估计技术计算出掠射角随距离的变化。通过仿真结果分析,风因子对雷达后向散射系数影响显著,仿真结果对进一步利用海杂波反演大气渡导及提高舰载雷达探测性能具有重要指导意义。     

Studies of dual polarized low grazing angle radar sea scatter innearshore regions

Reports on experiments featuring horizontally (HH) and vertically (VV) polarized X-band marine radar sea scatter imagery in the coastal environments of Bermuda and La Jolla, under light to moderate winds and the absence of long gravity waves. These conditions allowed the study of fundamental scattering mechanisms from small scale roughness and short waves of a few meters wavelength or less, shorter than the radar pulse. While a large fraction of radar data collected revealed the presence of slick bands, the authors analyze the radar echo of ambient background outside of the slicks. Sea scatter data were digitally recorded for 360° azimuthal coverage for grazing angles between 1-3.5°, and were converted to normalized radar cross section (NRCS or σ°) images. The HH and VV polarizations show quite different spatial texture, with HH exhibiting a discrete character and VV being more nearly spatially homogeneous. Grazing angle dependencies are different for HH and VV: upwind-downwind differences of mean NRCS show ratios of just 4-6 dB for VV, but are equal or greater than the 16-dB noise-imposed limit for HH for the low wind conditions. HH NRCS grazing angle characteristics are shown to correlate with biological activity indicators of the coastal waters, with a fourth power dependence in relatively unproductive waters, to a nearly quadratic in productive waters. Arguments are presented that suggest different scattering mechanisms for the two polarizations: evenly distributed Bragg scatter patches for VV and scatter from small asymmetric bore features for HH. A multipath illumination model for small bore features is outlined, and scale sizes for the small scale breakers inferred from the experimental results presented are between 2 and 4 cm in height, with crest widths between 24 and 48 cm     

基于极化特征分解的海上小目标检测算法研究

该文首次从全极化信息处理角度解决低擦地角下,海杂波中的低可观测小目标检测问题,提出了一种基于极化特征分解的海上小目标检测方法。通过对实测全极化数据分析,验证了海杂波已被阐述的极化特性。并对回波特征矩阵进行极化特征分解,对比了纯海杂波与包含目标回波时海杂波的极化特征量。据此,提出了一个新的极化特征量-联合熵间距()。根据海杂波与小目标DBEA反映的散射机理差异,给出了小目标检测方法,得到了正确的检测结果。经过不同海况数据进行多次验证,得出该方法具有良好的检测能力和较强的鲁棒性。     

低掠射微波雷达的海杂波多方位幅度特性分析

雷达处于低掠射角探测时,干涉、衍射以及遮挡等效应导致电磁波与海面的相互作用更加复杂,海杂波的非均匀、非高斯、非线性特性明显,使得海杂波建模难度大,同时,雷达海杂波在多方位下的特性是否存在差异也是一个问题,进一步增大了低掠射条件下海杂波的认知难度。为了提高海杂波的建模精度和多方位特性的认知,亟需开展低掠射雷达海杂波的多方位幅度特性分析。本文利用低掠射机载雷达数据,围绕雷达的低掠射和多方位两个特点,开展了多方位海杂波的幅度特性差异分析,在此基础上,利用多个海杂波模型对低掠射、多方位下的海杂波进行拟合优度分析。实现了低掠射角条件下海杂波的多方位特性差异认知,包括不同方位下的带宽、功率和最优海杂波模型。实验结果表明,雷达前视状态带宽最窄,侧视最宽;右侧视时的海杂波功率大于左侧视,且正侧视时最大;对于多方位下的最优海杂波拟合,雷达前视时推荐G0分布,而侧视模式下,海杂波更接近K和GΓD分布。      

实测海尖峰特性分析及抑制方法

在高分辨率、低擦地角、高海况以及HH极化工作方式下,雷达回波强度会明显增强,容易产生海尖峰,使得海杂波具有高幅值、非平稳和非高斯等特点,严重影响雷达对海面微弱动目标的检测.为此,该文提出一种海尖峰抑制方法,首先,给出了海尖峰判别和筛选方法,在此基础上,分析了海尖峰的幅值特性、时间相关性、多普勒谱和分数阶功率谱特性;其次,通过剔除背景中的海尖峰并选取最小平均功率水平的背景杂波作为待检测数据,能够抑制海杂波,改善SCR;最后,实测数据的实验结果验证了该方法的有效性.