基于能量流的塔式太阳能热发电吸热器动态建模

塔式太阳能热发电空气吸热器的最大热应力与其温度变化率成正比,吸热器出口空气温度的动态特性影响塔式光热系统的功率特性。结合热电比拟理论,采用对流换热系数和Rosseland辐射传递方程描述传热过程,建立塔式太阳能热发电系统中碳化硅泡沫陶瓷吸热体的能量流模型。通过剖析空气吸热器工作过程的传热特性,得出平均能流密度、吸热体厚度、平均孔径对出口空气温度、吸热体温度的影响,为该类空气吸热器的设计提供了理论依据。     

一种多孔介质太阳能吸热器传热研究

为了研究塔式太阳能多孔介质吸热器的传热传质特性,建立吸热器稳态传热模型,选择适合多孔介质太阳能吸热器的体积对流换热系数模型,采用数值方法求解,并分别分析孔隙密度、孔隙率和入口空气速度对温度场的影响。文中技术可以为同类型太阳能吸热器的设计和改造提供参考。     

金属管式承压空气吸热器实验研究

对内径为6 mm,壁厚为2 mm的太阳能热发电用金属管式承压空气吸热器的热性能进行了实验研究,分析了太阳法向直接辐照度(DNI),金属管式承压空气吸热器内空气质量流量对该吸热器出口空气温度的影响。实验结果表明:在空气质量流量相同的条件下,DNI越高,金属管式承压空气吸热器出口空气温度越高,该吸热器获得的热功率越大,吸热器内空气粘性越高,吸热器内空气压力损失也越大;随着金属管式承压空气吸热器内空气质量流量逐渐减小,该吸热器出口空气温度逐渐升高;随着金属管式承压空气吸热器内空气质量流量逐渐增大,该吸热器内空气压力损失逐渐增大;金属管式承压空气吸热器热效率受DNI和空气质量流量的综合作用,且该吸热器热效率的最大值出现在DNI较低处;当金属管式承压空气吸热器内空气压力损失较大时,应增大吸热管的管径或缩小吸热管单管的管长。     

环腔流道太阳能空气吸热器的光-热转换特性研究北大核心CSCD

吸热器是太阳能聚光热利用系统中光-热能量转换的核心部件,文章针对一种简单结构的环腔流道吸热器,采用光线跟踪方法和计算流体力学方法实现光热耦合,建立了含石英窗环腔流道空气吸热器的耦合传热数值模型,探讨了碟式聚光器焦距、太阳直接辐射强度、质量流量、入口温度以及能流分布形式(非均匀与均匀能流分布)对光热转换性能的影响。研究表明:吸热器热效率和出口温度受焦距影响不大,但壁面峰值温度随焦距增大而急剧上升;热效率与质量流量呈正相关而与太阳直接辐射强度(Direct Normal Irradiance,DNI)呈负相关,出口温度反之,当DNI=800 W/m^(2),质量流量m=0.0166 kg/s时,吸热器综合热性能最优,热效率和出口温度分别为74.70%和478.74 K;出口温度受入口温度直接影响以几乎相同的差值变化,入口温度每升高50 K,热效率下降7.3%左右,该吸热器结构适用于中低温空气;能流分布均匀与否对出口温度及热效率影响不大,均匀能流分布下的吸热器壁面峰值温度反而略高于非均匀能流分布的。     

整体式太阳能空气集热器热性能研究

对一种新型的整体式太阳能空气集热器,根据简化的物理模型利用CFD软件对集热器内部的流场、压力场和温度场进行数值模拟分析,并与传统拼装式集热器阵列进行对比。结果表明,传统拼装式集热器阵列内部存在流动的滞留区,内部温度分布不均匀,吸热板有局部的高温区域;整体式空气集热器内部流场、压力场和温度场分布比较均匀,有明显的温度梯度,吸热板与空气能够更好的进行对流换热。因此,整体式空气集热器的热性能优于传统拼装式空气集热器阵列。     

两段式塔式太阳能腔式吸热器设计及性能分析

针对一种新型两段式塔式太阳能热发电的吸热器进行几何设计,建立了呈高斯分布热流密度的条件下吸热器辐射和对流换热以及流动模型,确定了吸热器I和吸热器II受热面蛇形管管道布置方式和几何尺寸,获得了吸热器内部不同位置受热面的热流密度分布情况.结合气液两相传热和流动特点确定了吸热器典型管道内部工质温度、干度、压降和沿管道流程的壁温分布规律.得出两段式塔式太阳能腔式吸热器几何结构的系统化设计流程,并对吸热器进行了热力性能分析.结果表明:两段式塔式太阳能腔式吸热器能够有效减小预热蒸发吸热器的几何尺寸,提高平均辐射热负荷的同时降低吸热器的平均温度,有效提高吸热器的热效率;多管程蛇形管道布置可使出口参数分布更加均匀,避免受热严重不均等安全问题.     

碳化硅泡沫陶瓷空气吸热器的动态仿真研究

在Modelica语言和Dymola软件平台的基础上,建立塔式太阳能热发电系统中碳化硅泡沫陶瓷空气吸热器的一维非稳态仿真模型。仿真模型中采用体积对流换热系数和Rosseland辐射传递方程描述对流换热和辐射传热过程,空气热物性参数随温度和压力变化。该模型的仿真结果正确性得到空气吸热器实验平台的实测验证,可用于以碳化硅泡沫陶瓷为吸热体的空气吸热器动态特性预测。     

管式空气吸热器规格设计及其换热能力计算

设计了塔式太阳能热发电用2520钢管式空气吸热器。依据材料属性对吸热器进行材料选型设计;依据材料许用应力设计研究计算管式吸热器壁厚;依据流体传热学研究设计空气吸热器的管径规格。结果表明,壁厚为2mm可满足设计需要;空气吸热器管径越细小,壁厚温度越低,换热能力越强;管径较理想设计尺寸为6~10mm。     

孔_肋相对位置对通道各壁面换热影响

数值模拟了肋和气膜孔的相对位置对矩形通道4个壁面换热特性的影响,重点分析了通道4个壁面换热系数差别以及3种气膜孔位置换热.计算结果和实验数据吻合较好.结果表明:气膜孔位置对同时带肋和气膜孔的下壁面影响最大,孔在肋间上游换热最好,孔在肋中间换热次之,孔在肋间下游换热最差,气膜孔位置对光滑的左右壁面换热影响较小,对只带肋的上壁面几乎没有影响.肋的扰流和气膜孔抽吸使通道下壁面换热系数增幅最大,左右壁面次之,上壁面最小.沿着流动方向,肋扰流和气膜孔出流共同作用导致带肋壁面换热增强因子先增大后减小,光滑壁面换热增强因子先保持不变后减小.     

多孔介质太阳能吸热器性能分析

采用4种多孔骨架中辐射传输模型,包括:忽略多孔骨架内部辐射模型(模型A)、Rosseland模型(模型B)、均匀内热源模型(模型C)与吸热器中辐射传输满足Beer定律的模型(模型D),推导得到了局部非热平衡条件下4种模型所对应的吸热器中多孔骨架温度、空气温度和吸热器热效率的解析解,分析了多孔骨架孔隙率、导热系数和孔隙直径对吸热器性能的影响。结果表明,对模型A和模型B,吸热器中最高温度位于吸热器进口处;对模型C,吸热器中最高温度位于吸热器出口处;而在模型D中,吸热器中吸热器内部或吸热器的出口处温度最高。吸热器效率取决于多孔骨架导热系数、孔隙率和孔隙直径等参数,当吸热器中内热源均匀分布时,吸热器效率是最高的。     

Theoretical and experimental study of efficiency factor,heat transfer and thermal heat loss coefficients in solar air collectors with selective and nonselective absorbers

The thermal heat performance of a solar air collector depends strongly on the thermal heat loss and the efficiency factor. In order to increase these performances, it is necessary to use a solar air collector which is well insulated and where the fluid flow is fully developed turbulent flow. It needs a high heat transfer between the absorber plate and the fluid to decrease the absorber‐plate temperature and hence the heat loss by radiation from the absorber to the ambient. This increases the efficiency factor. In the present paper, the heat loss and efficiency factor are treated for solar air collectors with selective and nonselective absorber plate. It is shown that the selectivity of the absorber plate cannot play an important role in a well‐insulated solar collector with a fanned system which permits a fully developed turbulent flow and, in consequence, high heat transfer. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exergy analysis of single‐flow solar air collectors with different configurations of absorber plates

In the current study, an experimental analysis of exergy performance for different absorber plates is done. Three types of absorber plates are supplied with different fin arrangements with a variable air mass flow rate. The exergy analysis to evaluate the exergy performance of the solar air heaters uses experimental data for conventional and finned solar air collectors with different arrangements of fins. The main aim of the current study is to compare the exergy performance of the conventional solar air collector with those equipped with fins. The introducing of the fins in different arrangements enhances the absorber surface area, which leads to increased heat transfer. Also, fins induce air turbulence in the flow field, which improves the exergy performance of solar air collector. It is found that the exergy reduces and exergy efficiency enhances with increasing the airflow rate. The traditional flat absorber plate has undesirable exergy loss and exergy efficiency for all ranges of airflow rates. Thus, the flat plate collector presents the most substantial irreversibility, for which the exergy efficiency is the least. However, the results show that the exergy efficiency of inclined staggered turbulators is higher than that of in‐line and staggered turbulators. The optimal value of exergy efficiency is recorded at nearly 77% for the solar air collectors equipped with inclined staggered turbulators compared with other types of configurations.     

风冷垂直管降膜吸收器及其传热传质问题的研究

吸收器是吸收式制冷机的关键部分，传统的吸收器都是采用水冷却，该文提出了风冷吸收器的设计方案，建立了风冷吸收器降膜吸收过程中传热、传质耦合问题的物理数学模型。并在此基础上，对风冷垂直单管内溴化锂水溶液吸收过程的传热、传质问题进行了数值研究，得出了一些基本结论。这些结果对于垂直管降膜吸收过程的研究以及风冷吸收器的设计具有一定的指导意义。     

The air solar collectors: Comparative study, introduction of baffles to favor the heat transfer

Concerning the solar air collectors, various techniques favorise and increase the heat transfer coefficient between the caloporting fluid (air) and the absorber; such as the fixation of small wings to the absorber, the manner in which the air flows vis à vis the absorber, the shape of the collector itself and those of its inlets and outlets. Studies achieved at the University of Valenciennes–France, Laboratory of Aerodynamic, Energetic and Environmental (current naming), were especially interested in another factor: the creation of turbulence in the air channels by using obstacles or baffles. The efficiency reached 80% for an air flow rate of 50 m³/h/m², allowing a temperature increase of 70 °C to be achieved. All the configurations of baffles are subjected to visualizations of air flow, measurement of pressure drop and instantaneous energetic efficiency. The best configuration is the one that permits extending the trajectory of the air flow and increases the speed of the air within the collector and therefore the heat transfer.     

Effect of artificial roughness on heat transfer and friction factor in a solar air heater

Convective heat transfer coefficient between absorber plate and air in a flat-plate solar air heater can be enhanced by providing the absorber plate with artificial roughness. An investigation of fully developed turbulent flow in a solar air heater duct with small diameter protrusion wires on the absorber plate has been carried out and expressions for prediction of average Stanton number and average friction factor have been developed. The results of these expressions have been compared with available data. The results have been found to compare with a mean deviation of 6.3% for friction factor and −10.7% for the Nusselt number. The effect of height and pitch of the roughness elements on the heat transfer rate and friction has also been investigated.     

Numerical study of heat transfer enhancement by unilateral longitudinal vortex generators inside parabolic trough solar receivers

This study presents numerical computation results on turbulent flow and coupled heat transfer enhancement in a novel parabolic trough solar absorber tube, the unilateral milt-longitudinal vortexes enhanced parabolic trough solar receiver (UMLVE-PTR), where longitudinal vortex generators (LVGs) are only located on the side of the absorber tube with concentrated solar radiation (CSR). The novel absorber tube and the corresponding parabolic trough receiver with smooth absorber tube (SAT-PTR) are numerical studied by combining the finite volume method (FVM) and the Monte Carlo ray-trace (MCRT) method for comparison and verification from the viewpoint of field synergy principle (FSP). Then the effects of Reynolds number, heat transfer fluid (HTF) inlet temperature, incident solar radiation and LVG geometric parameters were further examined. It was found that the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement of this novel absorber tube can be explained very well by the field synergy principle, and that the proposed novel UMLVE-PTR has good comprehensive heat transfer performance than that of the SAT-PTR within a wide range of major influence factors of diverse working conditions and geometric parameters.     

Modelling and performance analysis of a cross-flow type plate heat exchanger for dehumidification/cooling

This paper describes the performance analysis of a cross-flow type plate heat exchanger for use as a liquid desiccant absorber (dehumidifier) and indirect evaporative cooler. The proposed absorber can be described as a direct contact, cross-flow, heat and mass exchanger, with the flow passages separated from each other by thin plastic plates. One air stream (primary air) is sprayed by liquid desiccant solution, while the other stream (secondary air) is evaporatively cooled by a water spray. Each thin plate, besides separating the water/air passage from the solution/air passage, also provides the contact area for heat and mass transfer between the fluids flowing in each passage. A parametric study for the primary air stream at 33°C, 0.0171 kg/kg humidity ratio and secondary air stream at 27°C and 0.010 kg/kg humidity ratio using calcium chloride solution was performed in this study. The results showed a strong dependence on the heat and mass transfer area, solution concentration and ratio of secondary to primary air mass flow rates. However, negligible differences were found between the performance of a counter flow and a parallel flow arrangement. The results demonstrate that the proposed absorber will not offset both the latent and sensible load of the primary air and, therefore, an auxiliary cooler or more dehumidification/indirect evaporative cooling stages will generally be required to meet the sensible and latent load in a typical comfort application.     

Thermal enhancement of solar parabolic trough collectors by using nanofluids and converging-diverging absorber tube

Parabolic trough collectors are the most mature technology for utilizing the solar energy in high temperature applications. The objective of this study is the thermal efficiency enhancement of the commercial parabolic collector IST-PTC by increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the absorber. There are two main factors which influence on this parameter, the working fluid type and the absorber geometry. For this reason three working fluids are investigated, thermal oil, thermal oil with nanoparticles and pressurized water. Moreover, a dimpled absorber tube with sine geometry is tested because this shape increases the heat transfer surface and increases the turbulence in the flow. The final results show that these two techniques improve the heat transfer coefficient and the thermal efficiency of the collector. More specifically, the use of nanofluids increases the collector efficiency by 4.25% while the geometry improvement increases the efficiency by 4.55%. Furthermore, collector parameters such as the heat loss coefficient, the exergetic efficiency, the pressure losses and the absorber temperature are presented for all the examined cases. The model is designed with Solidworks and is simulated by its flow simulation studio.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of convection heat transfer in passive solar heating room with greenhouse and heat storage

In this paper, heat transfer and air flow in passive solar heating room with greenhouse and heat storage are studied. Thermal insulation of solar heating room has significant effects on temperature distribution and airflow in the heating chamber of this solar system. Heat transfer and air flow in a rock bed, which is used as solar absorber and storage layer, are also studied. If porosity is kept within certain range, increasing the rock size causes an increase of the capability of thermal storage and heating effects; increasing the porosity of thermal storage materials results in an increase of the bed temperature but a decrease of the rock mass. The specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity have a remarkable effect on the average temperature of rock bed. All these factors should be taken into account when designing a solar heating system.     

Experimental study of heat and mass transfer on an absorber with several enhancement tubes

An experimental study of the absorption process of water vapor into a lithium bromide solution was performed. For the purpose of the development of a high-performance absorption chiller/heater utilizing a lithium bromide solution as the working fluid, it is the most effective way to improve the performance of the absorber with the largest heat transfer area of the four heat exchangers. This paper considers a bare tube, bumping bare tube, floral tube, and twisted floral tube for the absorber of an absorption chiller/heater. The floral and twisted floral tubes have about 40% higher heat and mass transfer performance than the bare tube conventionally used in an absorber. Therefore, floral and twisted floral tubes are expected to realize high heat and mass transfer performance. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 28(8): 664–674, 1999