VISCERAL FAT AND PARTS FROM CARCASSES OF TURKEYS FED THREE SOURCES OF SUPPLEMENTAL FAT

Turkeys were fed diets containing supplemental (2% to 6%) soybean oil, a blend of soybean oil and poultry fat, or poultry fat for 22 weeks. At 2 week intervals, beginning at week 12, two to four male and female turkeys fed each diet were processed. Source of fat did not affect total weight of parts, yield of visceral fat, or yield of breast, drum/thigh, wing, back, or neck for either sex. Total weight of parts, yield of visceral fat, and neck yield were affected by sex. Total weight of parts and visceral fat from both sexes, along with breast yield from toms increased over time; wing yield from both sexes and drum/thigh yield from males declined. Yields of breast and drum/thigh from hens along with back and neck from toms remained constant overtime. Neck yield from hens declined during weeks 12 through 16, then remained constant.     

大豆组织蛋白素食糯米肠制作工艺研究

大豆组织蛋白具有丰富的营养价值和类似于肉的口感,以大豆组织蛋白代替肉为主料,同时以大豆油代替动物脂肪,添加糯米研制大豆组织蛋白素食糯米肠。大豆组织蛋白经过预处理(浸泡、脱水)得到大豆组织蛋白湿基(水分65%)。通过比较糯米不同添加量对肠的影响,确定了糯米的最佳添加量以大豆组织蛋白湿基计(水分65%)为60%。通过单因素和正交试验确定了大豆组织蛋白素食糯米肠其他配料的最佳配方为:以大豆组织蛋白湿基(水分65%)为基准,添加水160%,大豆分离蛋白10%,复配胶5%,大豆油14%。     

Influence of the oxidative quality of dietary oil on broiler meat storage stability

Broilers were fed a high fat diet containing 11% oil (9% rapeseed oil, 2% soya bean oil) and the oil was given either as fresh (peroxide value of 1 meqv. O₂kg⁻¹ oil) or as highly oxidised (peroxide value of 156 meqv. O₂kg⁻¹ oil). Diets were supplemented with 46 mg all-rac--tocopheryl acetate kg⁻¹ diet, resulting in a tocopherol content of 80.8 mg -tocopherol and 58.6 mg γ-tocopherol per kg diet in the fresh oil diet and of 44.0 mg -tocopherol and 18.3 mg γ-tocopherol per kg diet in the oxidised oil diet, respectively, reflecting the degradation of the natural occurring tocopherols in the oxidised diet. Only minor differences were seen with respect to fatty acid composition in muscles from birds fed the two diets. The oxidation of the dietary oil lowered lipid stability significantly (p < 0.01) in both raw and precooked meats during chill storage, whereas only minor effects on the stability of frozen meat were seen. Tocopherol levels were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in muscles from birds fed the oxidised oil diet, explaining the decreased lipid stability of meat from these birds. Thigh meat was more susceptible to lipid oxidation during storage than breast meat, regardless of dietary treatment, although thigh meat had markedly higher tocopherol levels than breast meat. The molar ratio of PUFA > 18:2 (polyunsaturated fatty acids with three or more double bonds) to -tocopherol was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in thigh meat compared with breast meat, explaining the lower stability of the former during storage.     

Quality traits and lipid composition of meat from Nellore young bulls fed with different oils either protected or unprotected from rumen degradation

The qualitative characteristics, lipids and chemical composition of the meat of 35 Nellore young bulls were analyzed. These bulls had an average slaughter weight and fat thickness of 532.17 ± 30.2 kg, and 7.00 mm, respectively. Significant differences were found only in the meat's water holding capacity (WHC), which was higher for animals fed with fresh linseed oil. More conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was found in the meat of animals fed with unprotected soybean oil, while better omega-6/omega-3 ratios were noted for those fed unprotected linseed oil. The addition of different vegetable oils to the bulls' diet (soybean or linseed, either protected or not protected from rumen digestion) did not interfere with the qualitative characteristics of their meat while improving the lipid composition of the longissimus muscle. Of the oils examined, unprotected linseed oil most improved the omega-6/omega-3 ratio, thus producing the healthiest meat for human consumption.     

饲喂不同配比油脂饲料对肉鸡肉品质及肌肉中脂肪酸组成的影响

研究日粮中添加不同配比油脂对肉鸡肉品质、肌肉胆固醇含量及脂肪酸组成的影响。选取648只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分成6组,CON为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),SO为正对照组(日粮中添加豆油),LO为负对照组(日粮中添加猪油),COP、COC、COV组分别在日粮中添加以棕榈油为主的配比油脂、以椰子油为主的配比油脂、多种植物油组成的配比油脂,实验期为42d。结果表明：COP组胸肌24h的滴水损失显著升高(P＜0.05);COC组腿肌烹饪损失显著降低(P＜0.05)。LO组胸肌不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸得到提高(P＜0.05);SO、LO、COP、COC组n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量均得到提高(P＜0.05);SO、COC组n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量高于CON组(P＜0.05);除COV组外,各组n-6/n-3低于CON组(P＜0.05)。SO组胸肌胆固醇含量低于除LO组外的各组(P＜0.05)。结论：配比油脂组提高了肉鸡肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量,对肉鸡肉品质没有产生不良的影响,豆油组改善了胸肌中脂肪酸比例并降低胆固醇含量,以椰子油为主的配比油脂次之。     

Concentrations of oxysterols in meat and meat products from pigs fed diets differing in the type of fat (palm oil or soybean oil) and vitamin E concentrations

The aim of this study was to find out whether concentrations of oxysterols in pig meat are affected by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. 48 growth-finishing pigs were fed diets with either palm oil or soybean oil and vitamin E concentrations of 15, 40 or 200 mg/kg. Concentrations of oxysterols were analyzed in fresh and heat-processed (180 °C, 20 min) meat (M. longissimus dorsi) and in boiled sausage prepared from meat and back fat of the animals. Concentrations of oxysterols in fresh muscle were below 5 nmol/g dry matter; they were independent of the dietary fat type and vitamin E concentration. Heating caused a large increase of oxysterol concentration (up to 55 nmol/g dry matter). This effect was reduced by increasing dietary vitamin E concentration but was independent of the dietary fat. Sausage from pigs fed soybean oil had higher concentrations of oxysterols than sausage from pigs fed palm oil; vitamin E reduced concentrations of oxysterols in sausage from pigs fed soybean oil, but not in sausage from pigs fed palm oil.     

5种珍禽腿肉营养品质及风味评价

目的 探究不同种类珍禽腿肉的品质差异,并评价其风味.方法 选取了5种珍稀禽类(绿头鸭、雉鸡、鹧鸪、鹌鹑、鸸鹋),比较分析了其腿肉的营养成分、pH、蒸煮损失率、色泽及质构特性的差异,并通过氨基酸自动分析仪和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法对其游离氨基酸和挥发性风味物质进行评价.结果 5种珍禽腿肉中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪含量...     

A RESEARCH NOTE CHARACTERISTICS OF RESTRUCTURED PRODUCTS MADE FROM COLOR MODIFIED TURKEY THIGH MEAT

Turkey thigh meat was flaked, washed to lighten its color, formulated into 100% phosphate washed thigh (100P), 100% acetate/phosphate washed thigh (100AP), 50% flaked breast plus 50% phosphate washed thigh (50B/50P), 50% flaked breast plus 50% acetate/phosphate washed thigh (50B/50AP) restructured products and compared to products made from 100% flaked turkey breast (100B), 100% unaltered flaked thigh (100T), and 50% breast plus 50% thigh (50B/50T). All products were mixed with 1% NaCl and 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP), stuffed into fibrous casings, thermally processed, chilled, and sliced into 10 mm-thick chops. The chops were freezer wrapped, stored at −23C for 0 or 30 days, and evaluated. The 50B/50P and 50B/50AP products were higher in moisture, lower in fat, protein and ash and lighter in color and less red than the controls (P<0.05). The 50B/50AP products were more juicy, tender and desirable in flavor (P<0.05) than the control restructured breast products. Products containing color modified raw materials did not differ (P>0.05) in TBA values from control breast, thigh or 50B/50T products.     

Effect of linoleic acid and dietary vitamin E supplementation on sustained conjugated linoleic acid production in milk fat from dairy cows

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; cis-9,trans-11 18:2), a bioactive fatty acid (FA) found in milk and dairy products, has potential human health benefits due to its anticarcinogenic and antiatherogenic properties. Conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat can be markedly increased by dietary manipulation; however, high levels of CLA are difficult to sustain as rumen biohydrogenation shifts and milk fat depression (MFD) is often induced. Our objective was to feed a typical Northeastern corn-based diet and investigate whether vitamin E and soybean oil supplementation would sustain an enhanced milk fat CLA content while avoiding MFD. Holstein cows (n = 48) were assigned to a completely randomized block design with repeated measures for 28 d and received 1 of 4 dietary treatments: (1) control (CON), (2) 10,000 IU of vitamin E/d (VE), (3) 2.5% soybean oil (SO), and (4) 2.5% soybean oil plus 10,000 IU of vitamin E/d (SO-VE). A 2-wk pretreatment control diet served as the covariate. Milk fat percentage was reduced by both high-oil diets (3.53, 3.56, 2.94, and 2.92% for CON, VE, SO, and SO-VE), whereas milk yield increased significantly for the SO-VE diet only, thus partially mitigating MFD by oil feeding. Milk protein percentage was higher for cows fed the SO diet (3.04, 3.05, 3.28, and 3.03% for CON, VE, SO, and SO-VE), implying that nutrient partitioning or ruminal supply of microbial protein was altered in response to the reduction in milk fat. Milk fat concentration of CLA more than doubled in cows fed the diets supplemented with soybean oil, with concurrent increases in trans-10 18:1 and trans-11 18:1 FA. Moreover, milk fat from cows fed the 2 soybean oil diets had 39.1% less de novo synthesized FA and 33.8% more long-chain preformed FA, and vitamin E had no effect on milk fat composition. Overall, dietary supplements of soybean oil caused a reduction in milk fat percentage and a shift in FA composition characteristic of MFD. Supplementing diets with vitamin E did not overcome the oil-induced reduction in milk fat percentage or changes in FA profile, but partially mitigated the reduction in fat yield by increasing milk yield.     

Vegetable Oils Replace Pork Backfat for Low-Fat Frankfurters

Low-fat frankfurters (10% fat, 12.5% protein) with olive, corn, sunflower or soybean oils, compared to control (29.1% animal fat, 10.4% protein) had 67% lower total fat, 40–45% lower saturated fatty acids, 50–53% lower calories, reduced cholesterol and 20% higher meat protein. Although they had darker red color they were 6–7.2% lower in processing yield and had higher purge accumulation, were firmer and less juicy. The type oil had no effect (P>0.05) on these characteristics but affected fatty acid composition. Frankfurters with olive oil had 41.8% higher monounsaturated fatty acids and those with seed oils 5–7 times higher polyunsaturated fatty acids. Soybean oil increased lin-olenic acid content and negatively affected overall acceptability and shelf-life.     

Characteristics of low-fat meat emulsion systems with pork fat replaced by vegetable oils and rice bran fiber

The effects of vegetable oils prepared from olive, corn, soybean, canola, or grape seed, and rice bran fiber on the composition and rheological properties of meat batters were studied. Pork fat at 30% in the control was partially replaced by one of the vegetable oils at 10% in addition to reducing the pork fat to 10%. The chemical composition, cooking characteristics, texture properties, and viscosity of low-fat meat batters were analyzed. The moisture, protein, ash content, uncooked and cooked pH values, b^∗-value, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and viscosity of meat batters with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber were all higher than the control. In addition, batters supplemented with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber had lower cooking loss and better emulsion stability. Low-fat meat batters with reduced pork fat content (10%) and 10% vegetable oil plus rice bran fiber had improved characteristics relative to the regular fat control.     

Color Characteristics and Functional Properties of Flaked Turkey Dark Meat as Influenced by Washing Treatments

Effects of potassium phosphate and sodium acetate washing procedures on the composition, color characteristics, and functional properties of turkey dark meat were determined. All evaluations were compared to control thigh and breast tissues. Higher moisture and lower protein, fat and ash (P < 0.05) were found in tissues subjected to washing. Concentration of sarcoplasmic protein was reduced (P < 0.05) by washing. Hunter L, a, and b color values were changed (P < 0.05) to a color similar to breast meat by washing. Washed tissues, due to higher moisture, had less cooking loss in water and their protein solubility values increased with salt concentration. Emulsifying capacity (EC) values were not reduced (P > 0.05) due to washing. Phosphate-washed tissue stabilized a test emulsion better than the control and acetate/phosphate-washed thigh tissues.     

Effects of Feeding Elevated Levels of Monounsaturated Fats to Growing-finishing Swine on Acceptability of Low-fat Sausage

Sixty barrows and gilts were given one of five diets consisting of a control (corn and soybean meal), and four similar diets with a 10% replacement of animal fat, safflower oil, sunflower oil or canola oil. Pork trimmings, from carcasses of animals fed the five diets were used to formulate sausages at fat levels of 25 and 35% and water levels [4(% protein)+ 3% and 4(% protein)+ 11%]. Sensory panelists reported control sausages were springier than those from animal fat diets which were springier than those from all high oleate treatments. Sausages from high oleate treatments were more tender and less cohesive than the others. Sausage from canola oil treatment scored lowest flavor and palatability.     

Effect of dietary fish oil on fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation and sensory property of chicken frankfurters during storage

Broilers fed with three levels of fish oil (0, 2 and 4%) for 6 weeks were used in the manufacture of chicken frankfurters. The meat samples were vacuum-packed and stored at 0°C for 0, 10, 20 and 30 days. Cooking yield, proximate and fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, microbial and sensory properties of the meat products were measured. Cooking yield, moisture, fat, protein, ash and cholesterol contents of frankfurters were not affected (P>0.05) by levels of dietary fish oil. Frankfurters processed from chickens fed diets enriched with 2 and 4% of supplemental fish oil had a higher (P<0.05) level of n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), but had a lower level of n-6 fatty acids (P<0.05) than the controls (0% fish oil). TBA values and pH values of meat samples were not affected (P>0.05) by levels of supplemental fish oil in the diets, however, pH values of the vacuum-packaged chicken frankfurters decreased (P<0.05) as the storage time increased. No differences (P>0.05) in total anaerobic plate counts were observed among the fish oil treatments during storage. Supplementation of 2 and 4% fish oil in the diets did not increase (P>0.05) the intensity of fishy flavor in chicken frankfurters.     

Effect of replacing soybean meal by extruded chickpeas in the diets of growing-finishing pigs on meat quality

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the replacement of soybean meal by extruded chickpeas in diets of growing-finishing pigs on meat quality. In a 17wk study 48 growing-finishing crossbred pigs were fed ad libitum. The experimental design included four treatments, each one of 12 pigs; the ECKP0 treatment was fed with diet containing soybean meal and no chickpeas (control), while treatments ECKP100, ECKP200 and ECKP300 were fed with diets containing 100, 200 and 300kg/t of extruded chickpeas, respectively. The lean meat quality of the longissimus lumborum et thoracis muscle was evaluated by chemical analysis (moisture, protein, fat and ash), fatty acid profile, pH measurement, cooking loss, color evaluation, and sensory evaluation. Odor and taste, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability were scored on 1-10 scales by a group of 10 experienced assessors after a standard cooking regime. Small differences were observed between control and experimental groups in chemical composition (P>0.05). Fatty acid profiles, pH measurements and color evaluation did not differ among treatments (P>0.05), while cooking loss was significantly lower in the control group (P<0.05). The taste panel gave slightly higher scores for the tenderness and juiciness for the control group compared with the chickpea treatments (P<0.05). No differences were observed between control and experimental groups in taste scores (P>0.05). It is concluded that the replacement of soybean meal by extruded chickpeas, when substituted isonitrogenously and isoenergetically at inclusion levels up to 300kg/t of pig, does not influence significantly meat quality.     

Performance, carcass traits, muscle fatty acid composition and meat sensory properties of male Mahabadi goat kids fed palm oil, soybean oil or fish oil

This study examined the effect of palm, soybean or fish oils on the performance, muscle fatty acid composition and meat quality of goat kids. Twenty-four male Mahabadi kids (BW=19.4±1.2kg) were divided into three groups according to liveweight and randomly allocated to one of three diets. Animals were fed ad libitum for 84days. Different dietary fat sources had no effect on performance and/or carcass quality attributes. The soybean oil diet decreased 16:0 and 18:0 concentrations and increased 18:2 and 18:3 and the ratio of PUFA/SFA in the muscle compared with other treatments. Fish oil feeding increased 20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 concentrations and decreased the ratio of n-6/n-3 in the muscle. The results demonstrate that the use of fish oil is a nutritional strategy to improve the health claimable long-chain omega-3 fatty acid content and n-6/n-3 ratio in goat meat without changing the sensory properties or colour of meat.     

Fat Content Effects on Yield, Quality, and Microbiological Characteristics of Chicken Patties

Mixtures of ground chicken thigh meat and fat were formulated to contain 5, 10, 15, and 20% fat. Hunter color values, drip and cooking losses, proximate composition, texture profiles, and rates of microbial spoilage were compared for patties prepared from the mixtures. Raw patties became lighter and more yellow as fat content increased but cooking obscured these trends. As fat content increased, cooking losses and moisture:protein ratios increased. Lower fat patties were harder, springier, less cohesive and chewier than patties containing higher fat levels. Rates of bacterial spoilage were unaffected by fat content.     

Effects of dietary soybean oil on lipid and protein oxidation in pork patties during chill storage

The effect of dietary soybean oil on lipid and protein oxidation in low and high fat pork patties made from quadriceps femoris during chill storage in a high oxygen atmosphere packaging (80% O(2)/20% CO(2)) in the dark for 7 days was investigated. Pigs were fed either a standard diet or a diet added 2% soybean oil. After slaughter high fat pork patties were prepared for both feeding regimes by addition of back fat from pigs fed the same diet whereas low fat pork patties were prepared without addition of back fat. The 2% soybean diet increased the amount of unsaturated fat in the pork. Secondary lipid oxidation products determined as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were found to increase in the pork patties with increased unsaturated fat. Increased unsaturated fat in the pork patties had no effect on protein oxidation determined as free protein thiol content and protein carbonyl content. A small, but significant increase in protein oxidation was found in the high fat pork patties independent on dietary fat. In conclusion, protein oxidation is unaffected by dietary fat in pork patties during chill storage for periods normally used in retail trade, and lipid and protein oxidation are not coupled under these conditions.     

Physicochemical characteristics, textural properties and volatile compounds in comminuted sausages as affected by various fat levels and fat replacers

Physicochemical and textural properties, and volatile compounds of comminuted sausages with various added fat levels and fat replacers were evaluated. Sausages without added fat had higher expressible moisture and texture values, but their lightness and yellowness values were lower, as compared with sausages with 5%, 10%, or 15% fat. Increased fat levels with constant amounts of lean meat and added water increased the lightness and yellowness values, but tended the redness values tended to be similar. Low‐fat sausages (LFSs, <3%) containing non‐meat proteins, except egg white protein, had reduced texture values similar to those of regular‐fat counterparts (RFC). The addition of non‐meat proteins, except egg white protein, as components of fat replacers in LFS improved the textural characteristics, making them similar to those of RFC. LFSs containing sodium caseinate had reduced concentrations of pentadecanal and octadecanal, resulting in similar volatile compositions to those of RFC. Thus, sodium caseinate was the best non‐meat protein for the improvement of both texture and flavour of LFSs.     

发酵豆粕对肉鸭生产性能、肌肉成分、肉品质及血清指标的影响

选用体重(50.75±0.54)g的1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭360只,随机分为2组,每组设6重复,每重复30只,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组),以及以2%FSBM替代基础日粮中豆粕的试验日粮(FSBM组)。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加发酵豆粕(FSBM)使肉鸭后期和全期日采食量(ADFI)分别增加2.18%和1.46%,日增重(ADG)分别增加1.04%、1.65%和1.44%,F/G降低1.20%、1.29%和1.44%,其中前期料重比(F/G)有显著降低的趋势(P=0.093);使肉鸭胸肌和腿肌粗蛋白(CP)质量分数分别增加1.52%和1.90%,粗脂肪(EE)质量分数分别增加1.17%和2.67%;腿肌pH值显著降低(P<0.05),胸肌24 h和48 h滴水损失分别降低11.26%和8.21%;血氨(BUN)含量降低11.36%,血糖(GLU)含量增加1.96%,白球比(A/G)升高4.22%(P>0.05)。说明FSBM对樱桃谷肉鸭的生产性能、肉品质有一定的改善作用,并促进肌肉蛋白和脂肪的沉积。