卫星遥感西藏高原积雪时空变化及影响因子分析

积雪是气候变化的指示器,其变化对地球能量和辐射平衡以及水分循环产生深刻的影响。研究积雪与气候变化的关系是气候变化区域响应的最好实证。利用2000年3月~2011年2月共11 a的MODIS雪盖产品数据、1979~2010年逐日雪深被动微波遥感数据、DEM数据以及地面气象观测数据,通过GIS空间分析及地统计分析功能,系统分析西藏高原雪深、雪盖和雪线的时空变化规律及其对气候变化的响应关系。研究表明:研究区雪深的分布形成了四周山地积雪深度大,中部腹地雪深小的空间格局。1979~1999年平均雪深呈极显著增加趋势,线性倾向率为0.26 cm/10a,1999~2010年则呈下降趋势。逐像元回归分析结果显示,研究区年积雪深度呈增加趋势的像元数占全区像元总数的76.9%,有减少趋势的仅占23.1%;雪盖面积变化总体呈缓慢波动减少趋势,线性倾向率为-3.89万km²/10a;7、8月在中东部念青唐古拉山、南部喜马拉雅山、冈底斯山和昆仑山等山脉一带以及高原腹地局部地区仍存在大面积常年积雪;雪线年平均呈微弱上升趋势,线性倾向率为6.54 m/10a,各季节平均雪线中,秋季雪线的变化对年平均贡献最大;雪线空间分布呈现从东南向西北逐步升高的态势。积雪参数与气候因素的相关分析表明,雪深春秋季主要受风速和日照时数影响,夏冬季则分别是降水量和风速;气温是影响四季积雪覆盖面积的主导因素,春秋季雪线与气温分别呈正相关和负相关。     

基于MODIS数据的我国天山典型区积雪特征研究

准确监测天山地区积雪面积和积雪日数对合理利用水资源及分析区域气候变化有重要意义。MODIS每日积雪产品可以为大面积快速积雪制图与监测提供依据,但因云量较高成为其应用的瓶颈。利用结合MODIS产品的时间与空间信息有效地减少了云对MODIS积雪产品的影响,并利用改进的MODIS积雪数据和DEM分析2002~2009年天山地区积雪面积和积雪日数的变化特征。结果表明:积雪频率总体上随着海拔升高而增大;不同坡向积雪面积差异明显,西北坡积雪覆盖率最高,北坡、西坡和东北坡次之,南坡和东南坡的积雪覆盖率最低;2006~2008年研究区积雪面积出现低值,年内最大积雪面积呈逐年减少的趋势;随着海拔下降,积雪日数逐渐变小,天山南部地区积雪日数仅为40 d以下;积雪日数大的区域年际积雪日数变化相对稳定,积雪日数少于40 d的区域积雪日数的变异系数最大,年际积雪日数变化不稳定。     

近15a青藏高原积雪覆盖时空变化分析

利用MOD10A2积雪产品分析了2000~2014年青藏高原(以下简称高原)积雪面积和覆盖率的时空分布和变化特点。主要结论如下:1近15a高原年平均积雪面积减少趋势不明显,但季节差异很大,秋季积雪面积略显上升趋势,其他3个季节略有减少趋势,其中夏季减少趋势相对较明显;积雪面积变化与同期气温之间存在负相关关系,且与最高气温的关系更为密切;2过去15a高原积雪覆盖率变化趋势的空间差异明显。青海南部至藏北羌塘高原北部及西南喜马拉雅山脉北麓增加趋势较明显,其中青海南部覆盖范围最广,而念青唐古拉山中西段、喜马拉雅山东段、高原东南地势较低区域和西北部存在较明显的减少趋势,其中那曲东南减少最为明显;3高原积雪覆盖率的年际变率空间差异同样很大,总体上与高原平均积雪覆盖分布相似,即高寒内陆和周边的高大山脉及其周边地区是积雪年际差异明显区域,且主要是由春秋两季的年际变率导致的,高原积雪年际变率较大区域是高原主要的牧区和雪灾频发区,是高原积雪监测和防灾减灾的重点地区。     

基于MODIS雪产品的北半球积雪时空分布变化特征分析

利用最新发布的中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS全球积雪8天合成数据MOD10C2和月合成数据MOD10CM,计算积雪面积及季累积积雪周数,分析北半球2001年～2011年积雪面积变化及时空分布特征。结果表明:北半球21世纪最初11年的积雪保持了20世纪的变化趋势,即积雪面积在秋夏两季减少而冬季增加,但在局部地区表现出新的变化特征,即积雪面积变化的异常区与1988年～1998年的有所差异:北美中西部和蒙古高原在两个时间段均是变化异常区,而青藏高原和欧洲阿尔卑斯山脉积雪在2001年～2011年变化不明显,哈萨克斯坦南部的图兰平原和里海北海岸地区是21世纪一个新的积雪变化异常区。     

中亚五国主要湖泊水面变化特征及关键影响因素分析

中亚五国位于水资源严重不足的内陆地区,湖泊是该地区生态系统的主要支撑。由于以往的相关研究缺乏年内和年际长时间序列的信息支持,很难全面地认识中亚五国主要湖泊变化特征。以2001～2016年MODIS 8d的反射率产品作为数据源,利用归一化水体指数(Normalized Difference Water Index,NDWI)的方法提取水体面积,分析近15 a来中亚9个主要湖泊的年内和年际间水面变化特征及关键影响因素。结果表明:①中亚五国湖泊水面变化受人为干扰和气候变化双重影响,平原尾闾和高山封闭性湖泊年内和年际时间序列呈现不同的变化趋势和波动特征;②平原尾闾湖中的南、北咸海变化最为明显,南咸海近15 a水面面积呈明显的减少趋势,减少面积超过70%,而北咸海则随降水变化呈现波动的特征;③中亚主要湖泊的总面积呈减少的趋势,15 a来面积缩减了23.51%,南咸海是统计的所有湖泊面积减少的主要贡献者,除南咸海外,其他湖泊水面面积呈增长的趋势。     

风云三号积雪覆盖产品评估

由于积雪在地球气候系统和水文循环中调节能量和水交换的特定作用,准确地估计积雪分布和制作高质量的积雪产品对短期气候预测以及水文管理至关重要。中国气象局国家卫星气象中心从2009年开始生成风云三号卫星积雪覆盖率(MULSS多仪器融合数据)产品,为了检验产品算法和为积雪产品在气候研究中的应用提供客观依据,有必要对积雪产品的精度进行评估。以MODIS MOD10C1(MYD10C1)全球日积雪覆盖数据集为参考,基于总精度、Heidke技巧评分等5项检验指标,主要对2010~2014年的风云三号积雪产品进行评估,并进一步分析不同时间尺度积雪覆盖率精度的偏差分布。总体而言,风云三号的卫星积雪产品都与MODIS产品保持了较好的时空一致性。如在积雪季节,风云MULSS积雪产品与MODIS产品的空间分布和时间演变相对统一;但是,可能受到云检测的处理的差异的影响,在融雪期二者的有无雪一致性略有下降。此外,两个产品的积雪覆盖率偏差有明显的年际、季节和月变化,从2012年开始,风云三号MULSS积雪产品相对MODIS的偏差由在中国北部偏高转变为在全国范围内的偏低,从积雪期到融雪期,偏差明显减小。从月的时间尺度来说,东北及新疆北部地区都是积雪变化的敏感区域,青藏高原地区受到地形影响,积雪常年保持,偏差稳定。     

青藏高原积雪对气候反馈的初步研究

积雪具有很高的反照率,能反射回绝大部分的太阳短波辐射;同时,积雪是热的不良导体,其热阻隔性会抑制地表的长波辐射。因此,积雪的积累和消融会强烈地改变大气层顶的辐射平衡,进而对气候产生反馈。采用ERA-Interim再分析资料和MODIS去云积雪产品,通过改进的偏辐射扰动思想,对青藏高原地区2001~2010年积雪影响下大气层顶的辐射能量收支状况进行模拟,计算对应的积雪辐射强迫,并在此基础上估算积雪反馈。结果表明:研究区99.5%以上地区的大气层顶辐射平衡为负,即积雪对气候存在正的辐射强迫,年平均辐射强迫为3.97 W·m-2。时空分布特征表明,积雪辐射强迫的年际差异不大,但空间差异很大,其空间分布与积雪覆盖率有很强的正相关关系,在绝大多数情况下,短波反照率辐射强迫对积雪辐射强迫起着决定性作用,且青藏高原的积雪反馈强度约为9.35 W·m-2·℃-1。     

EOS—MODIS数据在青藏高原冰雪季节性变化信息自动提取中的应用研究

冰雪的动态变化是环境变化的重要指标,利用地球系统中分辨率成像光谱仪（EOS-MODIS)数据监测冰雪的季节变化是目前国土国际上领域研究的重要方向之一。本利用中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所全球变化信息研究中心“中美联合EOS－MODIS地面站”的数据,选择青藏高原东部工布江达附近常年积雪区为试点地区,通过对2001年4月,6月和7月等三个不同时相EOS－MODIS数据的处理和分析,探讨利用EOS－MODIS自动提取冰雪空间分布数据的方法,研究结果表明,利用EOS－MODIS可见光,近红外,热红外通道提取冰雪的空间分布和季节变化信息是可行的。     

青藏高原1982~2015年FPAR时空变化分析

植被吸收利用太阳光合有效辐射比率反映了植被固碳释氧能力,根据青藏高原GIMMS NDVI3g（1982~2015年）和MODIS NDVI（2001~2015年）数据,采用非线性半理论半经验模型进行FPAR反演及时空变化分析。结果表明：①2001~2015年GIMMS NDVI3g和MODIS NDVI反演FPAR在空间分布上具有较高的一致性,相关系数为0.82（P<0.01）,年际变化趋势一致至少6年的区域占80%;②青藏高原FPAR受坡度和海拔影响较大,其中15~35坡度FPAR变化最快,700~2 100 m海拔区间FPAR值最大;不同坡向对应的FPAR除南坡方向偏低外其他方向差异不大。③1982~2015年青藏高原四季FPAR时空变化研究中,冬季FPAR年际变化最明显,约78.5%的区域表现为增长趋势;秋季FPAR下降区域最多,但超过71.5%区域变化不显著;④基于MODIS NDVI和GIMMS NDVI两数据反演的所有植被类型的FPAR都在2012年间出现小幅度下降趋势,且不同植被类型FPAR的年际变化趋势各不相同。     

基于遥感与地埋信息系统的额敏河流域积雪变化分析

2005年3月新疆北部部分地区发生融雪洪水灾害,给当地人民的生活和国民生产都带来了严重的影响。分析积雪的分布及其变化可为防洪抗灾提供决策依据,同时精确的流域积雪制图和雪盖消融曲线可为融雪径流的模拟提供参数。本文介绍了MODIS数据积雪监测的方法及流域雪盖的分带提取,利用MODIS影像,结合地理信息系统技术分析了额敏河流域3月4日—3月12日每天、每个海拔高度带的积雪变化情况,并利用逐步回归法对积雪变化与气象因子作了回归分析,结果表明400~900m海拔高度带积雪变化与气温降水相关性很好,相关系数R=0.9。     

Monitoring snow cover variability in an agropastoral area in the Trans Himalayan region of Nepal using MODIS data with improved cloud removal methodology

Monitoring the extent and pattern of snow cover in the dry, high altitude, Trans Himalayan region (THR) is significant to understand the local and regional impact of ongoing climate change and variability. The freely available Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover images, with 500 m spatial and daily temporal resolution, can provide a basis for regional snow cover mapping, monitoring and hydrological modelling. However, high cloud obscuration remains the main limitation. In this study, we propose a five successive step approach — combining data from the Terra and Aqua satellites; adjacent temporal deduction; spatial filtering based on orthogonal neighbouring pixels; spatial filtering based on a zonal snowline approach; and temporal filtering based on zonal snow cycle — to remove cloud obscuration from MODIS daily snow products. This study also examines the spatial and temporal variability of snow cover in the THR of Nepal in the last decade. Since no ground stations measuring snow data are available in the region, the performance of the proposed methodology is evaluated by comparing the original MODIS snow cover data with least cloud cover against cloud-generated MODIS snow cover data, filled by clouds of another densely cloud-covered product. The analysis indicates that the proposed five-step method is efficient in cloud reduction (with average accuracy of > 91%). The results show very high interannual and intra-seasonal variability of average snow cover, maximum snow extent and snow cover duration over the last decade. The peak snow period has been delayed by about 6.7 days per year and the main agropastoral production areas of the region were found to experience a significant decline in snow cover duration during the last decade.     

A blended global snow product using visible,passive microwave and scatterometer satellite data

A joint US Air Force/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) blended global snow product that uses Earth Observation System Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT or QSCAT) data has been developed. Existing snow products derived from these sensors have been blended into a single, global, daily, user-friendly product by using a newly developed Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA)/NASA Snow Algorithm (ANSA). This initial blended snow product uses minimal modelling to expeditiously yield improved snow products, which include, or will include, snow-cover extent, fractional snow cover, snow water equivalent (SWE), onset of snowmelt and identification of actively melting snow cover. The blended snow products are currently 25-km resolution. These products are validated with data from the lower Great Lakes region of the USA, from Colorado obtained during the Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX), and from Finland. The AMSR-E product is especially useful in detecting snow through clouds; however, passive microwave data miss snow in those regions where the snow cover is thin, along the margins of the continental snowline, and on the lee side of the Rocky Mountains, for instance. In these regions, the MODIS product can map shallow snow cover under cloud-free conditions. The confidence for mapping snow-cover extent is greater with the MODIS product than with the microwave product when cloud-free MODIS observations are available. Therefore, the MODIS product is used as the default for detecting snow cover. The passive microwave product is used as the default only in those areas where MODIS data are not applicable due to the presence of clouds and darkness. The AMSR-E snow product is used in association with the difference between ascending and descending satellite passes or diurnal-amplitude variations (DAV) to detect the onset of melt, and a QSCAT product will be used to map areas of snow that are actively melting.     

青藏高原MODIS积雪面积比例产品的精度验证与去云研究

MODIS积雪产品的精度验证和去云处理是积雪监测研究的基础。首先利用青藏高原典型地区的ETM+数据作为“真值”影像,对MODIS积雪面积比例(FSC)产品在无云条件下的精度进行验证,发展了一个基于三次样条函数插值的去云算法,并采用基于“云假设”的检验和地面站积雪覆盖日数(SCD)检验两种方法对去云算法的精度进行了分析评价。结果表明:MODIS FSC产品在青藏高原地区具有较高的精度,与FSC“真值”相比,其平均绝对误差、均方根误差以及相关系数分别为0.098、0.156和0.916;去云算法能够有效地获取云遮蔽像元的FSC信息,平均绝对误差为0.092,用新生成的无云MODIS FSC产品计算得到的SCD与地面观测值具有较高的一致性(87.03%),平均绝对误差为3.82 d。     

Evaluation of MODIS Snow Products in Southwestern Xinjiang Using the Google Earth Engine

Google Earth Engine(GEE) is a cloud\|based geospatial processing platform that can analyze geospatial data to achieve parallel processing of massive remote sensing data on a global scale,providing support for remote sensing big data and large\|area research.MODIS snow cover mapping is a global snow cover product established using MODIS data and has been widely used in regional and global climate and environmental monitoring.In the GEE,millions of remote sensing images are stored,including MODIS daily snow products MOD10A1 V5 data and Landsat data.Taking the three research areas in southwestern Xinjiang as examples,the Landsat stored by the GEE were selected,and the NDSI was used to extract the snow cover as the true value of the land cover to evaluate the MOD10A1 accuracy.The results show that the average overall accuracy of MOD10A1 in the snow cover season in southwestern Xinjiang during the period from 2000 to 2016 is 82%,the average misjudgment rate is 2.9%,and the average missed rate is 58.8%.The overall accuracy of MOD10A1 can reach 98% under the clear sky conditions.The accuracy of MOD10A1 is effected by the terrain conditions and cloud cover in different regions.Therefore,the GEE can quickly and effectively filter high quality cloudless Landsat images,and evaluate the accuracy of the MOD10A1 in the snow area around the global regions,displaying intuitively the misjudgment and missed areas in the form of online maps.Meanwhile,GEE provides the Landsat simple cloud score function to calculate the regional cloud cover,which makes the influence of cloud cover on the MOD10A1 accuracy assessment more regionally representative.     

View angle effects on MODIS snow mapping in forests

Binary snow maps and fractional snow cover data are provided routinely from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). This paper investigates how the wide observation angles of MODIS influence the current snow mapping algorithm in forested areas. Theoretical modeling results indicate that large view zenith angles (VZA) can lead to underestimation of fractional snow cover (FSC) by reducing the amount of the ground surface that is viewable through forest canopies, and by increasing uncertainties during the gridding of MODIS data. At the end of the MODIS scan line, the total modeled error can be as much as 50% for FSC. Empirical analysis of MODIS/Terra snow products in four forest sites shows high fluctuation in FSC estimates on consecutive days. In addition, the normalized difference snow index (NDSI) values, which are the primary input to the MODIS snow mapping algorithms, decrease as VZA increases at the site level. At the pixel level, NDSI values have higher variances, and are correlated with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in snow covered forests. These findings are consistent with our modeled results, and imply that consideration of view angle effects could improve MODIS snow monitoring in forested areas.     

欧亚大陆中高纬度区逐日无云积雪产品研发及验证

利用多源遥感数据,结合光学遥感数据高空间分辨率及被动微波数据不受云干扰的优势,利用MODIS逐日积雪标准产品和AMSR-E雪水当量产品,生成了欧亚大陆中高纬度区500m分辨率的逐日无云积雪产品,并利用更高分辨率的Landsat-TM数据生成的积雪产品作为"真值"影像,对研发的逐日无云积雪覆盖产品的精度进行了验证。结果表明:MOD10A1和MYD10A1受云影响均较为严重,无法直接用于地表积雪面积的监测。而本研究合成的逐日无云产品具有较好的精度,与TM积雪图具有较高的一致性。但不同的土地覆盖类型对积雪分类精度有一定的影响。其中,裸地和草原覆盖区精度最好,Kappa系数分别为0.655和0.644,均为高度一致性;其次精度较好的是灌丛和耕地覆盖区,Kappa系数分别为0.584和0.572,均为中等的一致性;而森林覆盖区由于受到高大植被的影响,Kappa系数仅为0.389,合成产品相对TM积雪产品明显高估了森林区积雪面积。整体Kappa均值达到0.569,接近高度一致,研究结果对实时监测欧亚大陆积雪面积具有一定的应用价值。     

MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品和激光雷达数据在大气颗粒物监测中的应用

遥感反演是区域尺度上近地面颗粒物数据获取的有效手段。利用激光雷达观测的消光系数垂直分布、地面相对湿度、风速等数据,对无锡市MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品进行垂直、湿度和风速订正,并用研究区域中7个地面站点的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度监测数据对订正结果进行评估。结果表明:经过订正的MODIS AOD产品与地面监测数据具有良好的相关性,其中与PM_(10)的决定系数达到0.452,与PM_(2.5)的决定系数达到0.449,说明MODIS AOD产品经相关订正后,可用于无锡及其附近地区地面空气污染的监测。在MODIS AOD产品的垂直订正方面,利用激光雷达数据的订正效果好于利用能见度数据的订正效果。在遥感与实测数据的相关性季节变化方面,夏季相关性最高,秋季次高,春季较低,冬季最低。     

Spatial and temporal variations of summer surface temperatures of high-arctic tundra on Svalbard — Implications for MODIS LST based permafrost monitoring

The ground surface temperature is one of the key parameters that determine the thermal regime of permafrost soils in arctic regions. Due to remoteness of most permafrost areas, monitoring of the land surface temperature (LST) through remote sensing is desirable. However, suitable satellite platforms such as MODIS provide spatial resolutions that cannot resolve the considerable small-scale heterogeneity of the surface conditions characteristic for many permafrost areas. This study investigates the spatial variability of summer surface temperatures of high-arctic tundra on Svalbard, Norway. A thermal imaging system mounted on a mast facilitates continuous monitoring of approximately 100 × 100 m of tundra with a wide variability of different surface covers and soil moisture conditions over the entire summer season from the snow melt until fall. The net radiation is found to be a control parameter for the differences in surface temperature between wet and dry areas. Under clear-sky conditions in July, the differences in surface temperature between wet and dry areas reach up to 10 K. The spatial differences reduce strongly in weekly averages of the surface temperature, which are relevant for the soil temperature evolution of deeper layers. Nevertheless, a considerable variability remains, with maximum differences between wet and dry areas of 3 to 4 K. Furthermore, the pattern of snow patches and snow-free areas during snow melt in July causes even greater differences of more than 10 K in the weekly averages. Towards the end of the summer season, the differences in surface temperature gradually diminish. Due to the pronounced spatial variability in July, the accumulated degree-day totals of the snow-free period can differ by more than 60% throughout the study area. The terrestrial observations from the thermal imaging system are compared to measurements of the land surface temperature from the MODIS sensor. During periods with frequent clear-sky conditions and thus a high density of satellite data, weekly averages calculated from the thermal imaging system and from MODIS LST agree within less than 2 K. Larger deviations occur when prolonged cloudy periods prevent satellite measurements. Furthermore, the employed MODIS L2 LST data set contains a number of strongly biased measurements, which suggest an admixing of cloud top temperatures.We conclude that a reliable gap filling procedure to moderate the impact of prolonged cloudy periods would be of high value for a future LST-based permafrost monitoring scheme. The occurrence of sustained subpixel variability of the summer surface temperature is a complicating factor, whose impact needs to be assessed further in conjunction with other spatially variable parameters such as the snow cover and soil properties.     

一种融合遥感和地面观测资料的雪深空间插值方法

针对积雪观测站点稀少的问题,提出一种考虑海拔影响,能够融合MODIS积雪面积产品和站点观测的雪深空间插值方法,该方法利用去云后MODIS积雪面积产品构建的无积雪“虚拟站点”弥补站点分布不均匀和稀少的不足,利用泛协克里金插值方法考虑海拔对雪深的影响。利用北疆地区50个气象站点的逐日雪深观测资料、逐日MODIS积雪面积产品和AMSR-E被动微波雪水当量和雪深产品,对普通克里金、泛克里金、普通协克里金和泛协克里金插值结果进行了比较研究。研究结果表明:积雪覆盖范围较大时,站点雪深与海拔之间相关系数较大,利用泛协克里金插值结果精度高且稳定;否则利用普通克里金插值精度较高且稳定。通过增加“虚拟站点”,能够提高雪深插值精度,并在一定程度上修正了克里金插值中存在的平滑效应。
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基于克里金空间插值的MODIS积雪覆盖率产品去云方法

由于云与积雪在可见光和远红外波段都具有相似的光谱特征,使得光学遥感监测积雪受到天气的严重干扰,如何消除亚像元尺度上MODIS积雪覆盖率(Snow Cover Fraction,SCF)产品中云的干扰成为了一个亟待解决的难题。通过分析亚像元尺度上SCF分布的空间变异性,提出了一种基于克里金空间插值的MODIS SCF产品去云方法,分别利用普通克里金(Ordinary Kriging,OK)和以海拔为协变量的普通协克里金(Ordinary Co\|Kriging,OCK)进行去云实验。11个不同日期的实验结果表明:OK和OCK方法在MODIS SCF产品去云中均能达到较高的精度,特别是在云覆盖率低于20%的情况下,此时OCK的精度要好于OK;而当云覆盖率大于20%时,OK的精度略高于OCK,但两者的精度都明显低于云覆盖率低于20%的情况,而且平滑效应都比较明显。