运七飞机起落架连接摇臂断裂分析

对运七飞机起落架外筒收放动筒连接摇臂的断裂损伤效进行了分析。结果表明，由于摇臂表面局部的防护漆层不致密，致使潮湿的大气得以渗入并使金属表面腐蚀，形成蚀坑及及沿晶型微裂绞，在交变应力上疲劳裂纹由此萌生并扩展，导致连接摇臂早期失效。     

某仪器舱大套筒开裂失效分析

某仪器舱3个大套筒在振动试验过程中发生断裂,失效分析后认为套筒断裂性质为疲劳断裂;断裂原因是由于材料组织不均匀(存在大量条状析出相),以致套筒经硫酸阳极化后产生了表面腐蚀裂纹;断裂过程为在振动试验过程中表面腐蚀裂纹沿条状析出相扩展,导致套筒疲劳断裂.     

轴流压缩机动叶片断裂失效分析

研究和分析轴流压缩机动叶片断裂的原因.动叶片裂纹萌生主要在材料的缺陷处(夹杂物),断裂是由于工作中存在较大的交变应力,这可能来源于动叶片的某种振动.动叶片服役过程中曾受到过短时过载现象.叶片表面存在腐蚀现象,但腐蚀坑和坑内细心的裂纹不是引起疲劳裂纹萌生的主要因素.     

某油田用油管断裂失效分析

某油田直井气井在正常产气56d(天)后发生油管本体断裂失效。通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析,对该油管的失效原因进行了综合分析。结果表明:该油管的断裂性质属于腐蚀疲劳断裂;外表面脱碳降低了油管的耐腐蚀能力,在服役过程中管材外表面接触水及空气的位置发生氧腐蚀,形成腐蚀坑,腐蚀坑底部产生应力集中成为疲劳裂纹源;在外力作用下疲劳裂纹不断扩展,最终导致了油管的断裂失效。     

列车用弹簧断裂原因分析

采用直读光谱仪、光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等分析手段对断裂弹簧进行了失效分析。结果表明,该弹簧断裂性质为腐蚀疲劳断裂。弹簧表面与表面的有机涂层存在一定的间隙,外界的水蒸气和腐蚀性离子会穿透有机涂层,对基体材料造成腐蚀,产生腐蚀坑,形成应力集中点,在交变载荷和腐蚀性介质的共同作用下产生裂纹源,最终发生腐蚀疲劳断裂。     

安全阀用弹簧断裂失效分析

某安全阀用弹簧在使用半年后断裂，对失效弹簧进行了理论检验，检验结果表明，弹簧断裂的性质为腐蚀疲劳，断裂过程为腐蚀疲劳起源并放源，裂纹扩展到一定长度后快速断裂；弹簧断裂的原因是由于腐蚀作用的存在和材料抗疲劳性能较差所致，建议加强密封，以防工作介质进入弹簧所在的位置。     

柴油机进气门断裂原因分析

电镜分析结果表明,进气门断裂为多源腐蚀疲劳断裂.断裂原因是固溶处理效果不佳,抗腐蚀性能较低,在工作环境介质中,表面产生腐蚀坑和裂纹,裂纹扩展以致断裂.     

热交换器不锈钢管束断裂失效分析

采用宏观分析、金相检验、断口宏观及微观分析以及能谱分析等方法,对某炼油厂裂化车间4台热交换器不锈钢管束先后发生大面积断裂的性质及原因进行了分析。结果表明:该热交换器管束断裂是由在交变载荷和腐蚀介质作用下发生的由外向内的腐蚀疲劳开裂引起的;腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始于管外壁的点蚀坑等应力集中处,促进腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的管束外部介质主要是Cl^-和H₂S;裂纹先以腐蚀疲劳开裂方式扩展,而后又呈典型的应力腐蚀开裂方式继续扩展,当应力腐蚀裂纹扩展达到管束断裂强度时便发生断裂。最后提出了预防管束断裂的措施及建议。     

风力发电机叶片连接用高强度螺栓断裂原因

XE112-2000型风力发电机叶片连接用高强度螺栓在服役过程中频繁断裂,通过宏观观察、金相检验、力学性能测试及化学成分分析等方法对螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺栓断裂形式为腐蚀疲劳断裂,主要原因是螺栓的螺纹成形工艺为先调质后滚压成形,螺纹外侧表面受到挤压,导致螺纹顶部受到相反的拉应力作用,此外,又因为螺栓受到加工硬化的影响,产生较大的残余拉应力,增加了产生微裂纹和表面缺陷的可能,导致在螺纹顶部偏中心处产生了应力腐蚀裂纹。在之后的服役过程中,由于疲劳作用,裂纹处产生应力集中,导致裂纹快速扩展,最终螺纹发生腐蚀疲劳断裂。     

快卸卡箍螺栓断裂原因分析

通过断口形貌观察、X射线能谱分析、金相检验和硬度检测等试验方法,对某燃油供油导管快卸卡箍螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析,并与螺栓冲击断口和氢致疲劳断口进行了比较分析。结果表明:该快卸卡箍螺栓断口特征与冲击断口和氢致疲劳断口明显不同,其断裂性质为应力腐蚀断裂,裂纹起源于螺栓光杆段的侧表面;螺栓表面加工粗糙且没有防护对裂纹的萌生有一定的影响。对螺栓表面进行防腐处理可有效避免该类故障的再次发生。     

THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF 2021 ALUMINUM ALLOY

Abstract— The effects of dry hydrogen, moist air, distilled water and hydrazine environments on the fatigue crack propagation behavior of 2021 aluminum alloy have been investigated over a wide range of growth rates spanning about six orders of magnitude. Environmental interactions in the intermediate and near-threshold crack growth regions are shown to be associated with different fracture characteristics and mechanisms. Scanning Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of fracture surface corrosion deposits revealed that oxide induced crack closure phenomena, which considerably influence the near threshold corrosion fatigue behavior of low strength steels and some aluminum alloys, are not of importance for the present 2021-T6 aluminum alloy. The mechanistic aspects of environmentally influenced fatigue behavior of the alloy are discussed in the light of hydrogen embrittlement, chemical reactions and crack closure concepts.     

THE GROWTH OF SMALL CORROSION FATIGUE CRACKS IN ALLOY 2024

Abstract— The corrosion fatigue crack growth characteristics of small surface and corner cracks in aluminium alloy 2024 is established. The damaging effect of salt water on the early stages of small crack growth is characterized by: (1) crack initiation at constituent particle pits, (2) intergranular microcracking for a≤100μm, and (3) transgranular small crack growth for a≥100μm. In aqueous 1% NaCl and at a constant anodic potential of −700 mV_SCE, small cracks exhibit a factor of three increase in fatigue crack growth rates compared to laboratory air. Small cracks exhibit accelerated corrosion fatigue crack growth rates at low levels of Δ K (< 1 MPa√m) below the long crack Δ K _th value. When exposed to Paris regime levels of crack tip stress intensity, small corrosion fatigue cracks exhibit growth rates similar to that observed for long cracks. Similar small and long crack growth behavior at various levels of R suggest that crack closure effects influence the corrosion fatigue crack growth rates of small cracks for a≥100 μm. Contrary to the corrosion fatigue characteristics of small cracks in high strength steels, no pronounced chemical crack length effect is observed for alloy 2024 exposed to salt water.     

ELASTIC–PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FATIGUE LIMIT FOR A MATERIAL WITH SMALL FLAWS

Abstract Fatigue tests were carried out on mild steel with small cracks for which linear fracture mechanics is not effective. A fatigue limit criterion, based on the cyclic plastic zone size at a crack tip being a material constant at the fatigue limit, can effectively evaluate the effects of crack length and stress ratio. Regarding flaws as cracks, the theory gives fatigue limit values close to those obtained in experiments on specimens with natural defects, such as surface roughness, micro-shrinkage cavities, inclusions etc. The effect of water corrosion was also investigated.     

某大桥钢轨断裂原因分析

某大桥钢轨发生横向断裂。经对钢轨断口的宏观分析、显微组织观察、电子显微镜的微观分析和能谱的微区成分测定。结果表明，在轨底面中部的横截面上有一半径约7mm半圆形的疲劳裂纹区，疲劳裂纹起源于轨底面的小凹坑处，产生原因是钢轨在潮湿环境中受腐蚀而形成。在车轮应力的重复作用下，疲劳裂纹扩展而导致钢轨断裂。     

AN ANALYSIS OF CRACK TIP SHIELDING IN ALUMINUM ALLOY 2124: A COMPARISON OF LARGE, SMALL, THROUGH-THICKNESS AND SURFACE FATIGUE CRACKS

Abstract— The development of crack closure during the plane strain extension of large and small fatigue cracks has been investigated in a 2124 aluminum alloy using both experimental and numerical procedures. Specifically, the growth rate and crack closure behavior of long (∼17–38 mm) cracks, through-thickness physically-short (50–400 μm) cracks, and naturally-occurring microstructurally-small (2–400 μm) surface cracks have been examined experimentally from threshold levels to instability (over the range 10–^12–10–⁶m/cycle). Results are compared with those predicted numerically using an elastic-plastic finite element analysis of fatigue crack advance and closure under both plane stress and plane strain conditions. It is shown that both the short through-thickness and small surface cracks propagate below the long crack threshold at rates considerably in excess of long cracks, consistent with the reduced levels of closure developed in their limited wake. Numerical analysis, however, is found consistently to underpredict the magnitude of crack closure for both large and small cracks, particularly at near-threshold levels; an observation attributed to the fact that the numerical procedures can only model contributions from cyclic plasticity, whereas in reality significant additional closure arises from the wedging action of fracture surface asperities and corrosion debris. Although such shielding mechanisms are considered to provide a prominent mechanism for differences in the growth rate behavior of large and small cracks, other factors such as the nature of the stress and strain singularity and the extent of local plasticity are shown to play an important role.     

THE EFFECT OF CATHODIC PROTECTION POTENTIAL ON CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE OF AN OFFSHORE STRUCTURAL STEEL

Abstract— Duplicate tests have been performed to determine the effect of cathodic protection potential on corrosion fatigue crack growth rate of a modern offshore structural steel, produced by thermo-mechanically controlled processes. The experiments were carried out using compact tension specimens exposed to artificial seawater at 10°C and subjected to constant amplitude loading at 0.35 Hz. Reproducible results showed that the merits of cathodic protection potentials are strongly dependent on stress intensity ratio R and stress intensity range Δ K . It appears that a specific value of cathodic potential may not give comprehensive protection against corrosion fatigue within the spectrum of variable amplitude loading experienced in service. Fractography showed the initiation of secondary cracks on the fracture surface to be associated with the dissolution of calcium sulphide inclusions, regardless of imposed cathodic potential.     

Zusammenwirken von Spannungsrißkorrosion und Ermüdung bei der Schwingungsrißkorrosion eines hochfesten Stahles

Conjoint Action of Stress Corrosion Cracking and Fatigue on Corrosion Fatigue of a High Strength Steel The corrosion fatigue characteristics of a high strength, martensitic steel in 0.5 n NaCl solution is investigated with regard to the fatigue and stress corrosion cracking behaviour of the material. Test parameters are stress ratio and frequency, testing is carried out with fracture mechanics methods, the crack surfaces are examined fractographically. An analysis of the results reveals that corrosion fatigue in high strength steel is caused by fatigue or by stress corrosion cracking, depending on the kinetics of the two processes. Fatigue and stress corrosion cracking do not act cumulative or additive. Instead, the kinetically faster process causes crack advance. The crack growth characteristics are interpreted with respect to the fractographic appearance of the crack surfaces. Corrosion fatigue cracks propagate either intergranular relative to the prior austenite grain boundaries as stress corrosion cracks do or transgranular like fatigue cracks, depending on the crack growth rates of the two processes. Fatigue and stress corrosion cracking do not interact, at least in a measurable degree, because of the different crack path of the two fracture processes. Results can be assessed quantitatively with the “process competition model”.     

THE GROWTH OF SMALL FATIGUE CRACKS IN A LOW CARBON STEEL; THE EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND LIMITATIONS OF LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS

The growth characteristics of small fatigue cracks were studied under rotary bending in a low carbon steel prepared with two ferrite grain sizes of 24 and 84 μm, and were compared with the growth characteristics of large through cracks in fracture mechanics type specimens. The effect of microstructure on crack growth rates and the interaction in growth behaviour between two neighboring small cracks were examined experimentally, and also the critical crack lengths above which linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) is applicable were evaluated for small crack growth and for fatigue crack thresholds. It is found that small cracks grow much faster than large ones and also show growth rate perturbations due to grain boundaries. It is indicated that the critical crack lengths for fatigue crack thresholds are significantly shorter than those for small crack growth.     

铁路货车车轴断裂分析

为查明铁路货车车轴卸荷槽部位断裂失效的原因，对断轴整体及断口部位做了全面的理化检验和宏、微观分析，发现轴表面疲劳源处存在许多腐蚀坑。进一步对腐蚀坑底部进行微观观察和电子能谱分析，发现坑底存在较多沿轴周向的微裂纹，坑内腐蚀产物含有高价硫元素。结果表明，较强腐蚀性物质使卸荷槽部位轴表面形成较深腐蚀坑，在该区域极易造成应力集中，这是引起裂纹萌生和扩展最终导致车轴断裂的主要原因。     

PREDICTION OF THE FATIGUE LIMIT OF CRACKED SPECIMENS BASED ON THE CYCLIC R-CURVE METHOD

Abstract— The propagation behaviour of fatigue cracks emanating from pre-cracks was numerically simulated to evaluate the development of crack closure with crack growth. The crack opening stress intensity factor at the threshold was approximated as a function of the applied stress and the amount of crack extension. Pre-cracked specimens of a medium-carbon steel with a small surface crack and a single-edge crack were fatigued to investigate experimentally the initiation and propagation of cracks from pre-cracks. Crack closure was dynamically measured by using an interferometric strain/displacement gauge. The threshold condition of crack initiation from pre-cracks was given by a constant value of the effective stress intensity range which was equal to the threshold value for long cracks. The cyclic R -curve was constructed in terms of the threshold value of the maximum stress intensity factor as a function of crack extension approximated on the basis of the experimental and numerical results. The cyclic R -curve method was used to predict the fatigue thresholds of pre-cracked specimens. The predicted values of the fatigue limits for crack initiation and fracture, and the length of non-propagating cracks agreed very well with the experimental results.