稻草不同施入方法对温室土壤主要环境因子的影响

采用随机区组设计,研究了稻草施入方式和施入长度两因素对温室土壤主要环境因子的影响。结果表明:主处理A1、A2的温室CO2浓度、稻草腐解速率、土壤含水量及土壤碱解氮和速效P含量随着稻草施入长度的增加均相应增加,而主处理A3则正好相反(除土壤含水量外)。试验筛选出一个较优的稻草施入方法,即A2B2。     

大豆N2O释放与光照度和光合作用的关系

采用分隔式封闭箱法,测定盆栽大豆植株氧化亚氮(N2O)通量以及光照度、光合速率和气孔导度的日变化。同时,观测田间大豆—土壤系统在主要生长阶段N2O释放的变化。在温室里,大豆植株N2O释放在上午10:00时出现一个高峰;中午时N2O释放量较低,此时光照度和光合速率都保持在较高的水平上;在14:00时,N2O释放量达到低谷,光照度达到最大,但光合速率却处于很低的水平;在15:00时,植株N2O的释放达到第二个高峰,但光照度和光合速率却处于快速下降期。结果表明:植物N2O的释放不仅与光合作用的光反应有关,而且也与暗反应有关。上午10:00以后植株N2O释放通量与气孔导度变化没有一致的关系。在大豆生长季,大豆—土壤系统N2O释放通量有两个高峰,第一个峰出现在6月中下旬,第二个高峰出现在9月下旬。     

鲜切花温室多环境因子采集系统驱动的研究与开发

鲜切花温室环境因子例如CO2、光照度、温湿度、PH值、土壤盐分等对鲜切花生长有至关重要的影响,能够实时掌握温室中各种环境因子的情况并且根据环境的变化采取相应措施可以为鲜切花的生长提供最佳的环境,给花农创造更大的经济价值。本文在系统分析了相关研究的基础上,针对目前我国温室大棚环境因子采集多为单环境因子采集的现状,提出了以S3C2440为开发平台,以linux为操作系统,设计开发了多通道A/D转换驱动程序,对多路模拟信号进行转换,实现了鲜切花温室多环境因子的集成采集。     

不同水分管理下施用稻草对土壤有机酸和养分有效性的影响

为探索稻草还田短期内土壤有机酸积累和养分供应特征,在温室培养条件下,采用多孔聚酯管溶液采集器采集土壤溶液和"通用佳"离子交换树脂球法,分别研究了连续淹水和干湿交替下,施用稻草30天内对土壤有机酸产生和养分有效性的影响。结果表明,(1)无论连续淹水还是干湿交替,施用稻草后土壤中有机酸积累明显增加,但在干湿交替下的积累要低于连续淹水下;施用稻草后产生的有机酸以乙酸为主,且5cm处的有机酸积累明显低于15cm处。(2)施用稻草降低了土壤氮的有效性,但提高了土壤磷、铁、钾、钙和镁的有效性;与连续淹水相比,干湿交替下施用稻草降低土壤氮有效性的程度更大,而提高土壤磷、铁、钾、钙、镁的程度则较小。     

施用废渣后土壤硅素释放特性及其影响因子的研究Ⅱ土壤硅素释放特性及其与pH的关系

选取5种工矿废渣进行室内模拟试验,研究不同种类工矿废渣作为硅肥施用对土壤硅素释放特性及pH的影响.结果表明:y=kxm方程可以很好地描述土壤硅素释放的动力学特征;施用废渣可显著提高水田土壤硅素释放速率.增加土壤硅素释放量,提高土壤溶液的pH值,土壤溶液pH与培养127天硅素累积释放量间呈极显著直线正相关关系;三种高炉渣(A、B、F)的施用效果明显好于粉煤灰(H)和金刚石矿渣(J),即三种高炉渣更适于作为生产硅肥的原料.     

农田土壤中N2O释放的水温特征研究

室内模拟研究不同水热条件下土壤中N2O的释放特征,有助于阐明N2O释放的水热效应机理。本文通过室内试验研究了西北地区的典型耕种土壤土娄土中N2O在不同水温变化下的释放特征,借助化学反应动力学理论对其释放机理进行了初步的探讨。结果表明:10℃和30℃下,不同含水量的土壤中N2O的浓度变化随着培养时间的延长呈"S"型曲线。可用方程C=1/[A Bexp(-t)]来描述。随着温度的升高(10℃到30℃),N2O释放的快速期,减速期,稳定期的启动时间明显提前。在较低的土壤湿度范围内(27%至58%wfps),土壤中N2O释放的稳定浓度与土壤湿度呈正相关;田间持水量(58%wfps)时,N2O释放的稳定浓度达到最大;超过田间持水量时,其逐渐变小。当土壤湿度从27%-42%wfps增加时,30℃下土壤中N2O释放的稳定浓度大于10℃下的;当土壤湿度等于或大于田间持水量(58%wfps)时,30℃下土壤中N2O释放的稳定浓度小于10℃下的。低温下(10℃)的风干土壤(8%wfps)存在吸收N2O的现象。不同水热条件下土壤硝化和反硝化过程中N2O释放的表观化学反应速率常数和对应活化能的大小决定了土壤中N2O的释放量及难易程度。     

长期施用有机肥对瘠薄红壤有效碳库及碳库管理指数的影响

主要分析了长期施用有机肥对瘠薄红壤有效碳库(微生物量碳,易氧化碳,矿化碳)及碳库管理指数(CPMI)的影响.结果表明:长期施用有机肥对土壤有效碳库和碳素有效率有很大影响,绿肥,稻草秸秆肥和厩肥处理的土壤有机碳,微生物量碳、易氧化碳、矿化碳的数量、碳素有效率明显高于对照处理的土壤。施肥对全碳、矿化碳的影响为:厩肥>绿肥>秸秆稻草肥>本田还田>对照,对微生物量碳的影响为:绿肥>厩肥>稻草秸秆肥>本田还田>对照,对活性碳(CA)、CPMI,碳素有效率A、B、C的影响为:绿肥>稻草秸秆肥>厩肥>本田还田>对照。在提高CA、CPMI方面,绿肥和稻草秸秆肥优于厩肥。相关分析表明:土壤有效碳库和碳素有效率与土壤化学性质相关或极相关,CPMI与土壤养分因子相关或极相关,反映了农业生产措施对土壤碳库的影响,可以运用CPMI来评估土壤碳库的变化。     

有机、无机肥料15N在土壤不同粒级中的分布及其生物有效性

利用超声波分散—沉降法对利用15N标记的硫铵、稻草和猪粪培养处理一年后的土壤进行物理分级,研究了施入土壤的肥料N在土壤不同粒级中的分布,并利用黑麦草研究了土壤不同粒级中15N的有效性。结果表明,施用稻草和猪粪提高了0～2μm粒级和2～10μm粒级在土壤中的分配比例。硫铵15N、稻草15N和猪粪15N在土壤0～2μm粒级中的分布比例都在14%左右,在2～10μm和10～50μm粒级中的分布比例分别为22%和14%左右。但在>100μm(残渣)粒级中来自硫铵的15N比例为16%左右,而来自稻草和猪粪的15N比例则在30%以上。施用硫铵土壤的2～10μm粒级中,黑麦草对15N的利用率最高,50～100μm粒级中的15N利用率最低。而施用稻草和猪粪土壤的粒级中15N利用率以10～50μm粒级中最高。表明不同性质的肥料在土壤中的不同转化方向影响了肥料N在土壤不同粒级中的分布。由于不同粒级的土壤颗粒对有机物质的吸持力不同,从而决定了在不同粒级中N的生物有效性。     

不同含水率煤的燃烧特性实验

为研究水分含量对煤燃烧特性的影响,以朱集西煤矿烟煤为研究对象,利用锥形量热仪测试了不同含水率煤样点燃时间、热释放速率、总热释放量、烟气生成速率、总烟释放量、CO生成速率等参数,并分析了煤样燃烧效率。实验结果表明:(1)煤样点燃时间随着含水率增大先减少后增加,煤样点燃时间从长到短对应的含水率排序为17.82%13.82%1.82%5.82%9.82%;煤样热释放速率峰值随含水率增大先减小后增大再减小,煤样热释放速率峰值从大到小对应的含水率排序为9.82%1.82%5.82%13.82%17.82%;煤样总热释放量、烟气生成率和总烟释放量随含水率增大先减小后增大再减小,其从大到小对应的含水率排序为1.82%9.82%5.82%13.82%17.82%;在燃烧后期,含水率5.82%的煤样CO生成速率最低,含水率17.82%的煤样CO生成速率最高,高水分含量会增大CO产率;煤样燃烧效率从大到小对应的含水率排序为9.82%5.82%1.82%13.82%17.82%。(2)适当的水分含量可提高煤的燃烧性能,应选择含水率为5.82%～9.82%的煤,可缩短煤点燃时间,减小烟气生成率、总烟释放量和CO生成速率,提高热释放速率和燃烧效率。     

长期施肥对黑土呼吸过程的影响

土壤呼吸是土壤有机C矿化分解,释放无机养分的重要生物化学过程。对公主岭地区长期有机肥(不施有机肥、施中量和高量有机肥处理)与化肥(不施化肥、施用N、NP、NPK化肥)配合施用的12个处理的黑土进行室内好气培养(196天),采用一级动力学方程模拟土壤的呼吸过程,结果表明,有机肥和化肥的施用能显著增加土壤呼吸释放的CO2 -C的累积量,提高土壤中潜在矿化的有机碳含量及其占土壤有机质的比例,促进土壤有机质中无机养分的释放,有利于提高土壤养分的有效性,改善黑土的供肥状况。有机肥与NPK化肥配合施用效果更为明显。     

SAH guided spatial split partitioning for fast BVH construction

We present a new SAH guided approach to subdividing triangles as the scene is coarsely partitioned into smaller sets of spatially coherent triangles. Our triangle split approach is integrated into the partitioning stage of a fast BVH construction algorithm, but may as well be used as a stand alone pre‐split pass. Our algorithm significantly reduces the number of split triangles compared to previous methods, while at the same time improving ray tracing performance compared to competing fast BVH construction techniques. We compare performance on Intel's Embree ray tracer and show that BVH construction with our splitting algorithm is always faster than Embree's pre‐split construction algorithm. We also show that our algorithm builds significantly improved quality trees that deliver higher ray tracing performance. Our algorithm is implemented into Embree's open source ray tracing framework, and the source code will be released late 2015.     

长期定量施肥对黑土呼吸的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验,用静态箱法采样,气相色谱测定样品CO2浓度,研究大豆出苗到开花期长期定量施肥土壤CO2排放速率的变化规律。结果表明,长期定量施肥大豆生长对土壤呼吸影响有明显的规律性,NPK OM>NPK>NP>NK>CK;长期定量施肥对裸土呼吸速率影响较小,NPK OM呼吸速率较大为53.8mgCm-2h-1,NP次之为50.7mgCm-2h-1,其它施肥影响不大,气温对裸土呼吸影响较大,而对种植大豆的土壤呼吸前期(出苗后9天)影响较大,生长后期(出苗9天以后)影响较小。裸土呼吸速率变化与气温变化趋势相似,种植大豆促进土壤呼吸增大。如果忽略大豆生长对土壤有机质分解的激发效应,大豆根际呼吸占总土壤呼吸的23%～56%。     

重金属Cu的土壤微生物毒性研究

Cu进入土壤后的早期阶段 ,低浓度对土壤微生物生物量有刺激作用 ,而高浓度则起抑制作用 ;表现在微生物呼吸强度升高 ,微生物生理生态参数代谢商 qCO2 增大 ,微生物生物量碳与有机碳的比值 (Cmic/Corg)降低 ;但土壤对Cu高强的结合容量导致该效应随时间而变得不显著 ;Biolog数据表明 ,在Cu的胁迫下 ,不仅微生物的群落结构有所改变 ,而且对碳源的优先利用种类发生了转移 ,碳源消耗量增加 ,消耗速度变快 ,同时这样的损伤效应具有长期性。     

祁连山不同森林植被类型对土壤微生物影响的研究

通过研究不同植被类型下土壤微生物区系、土壤酶活性和土壤生化作用强度,分析了祁连山不同森林植被类型土壤微生物的数量变化、垂直分布、土壤呼吸强度和纤维素分解能力等的变化规律和特征。     

基于无线传感网的土壤呼吸测量系统

LI-COR公司开发的LI-8100系列土壤碳通量测定仪被广泛用于土壤呼吸测定。但该仪器价格昂贵、测量能耗高，难以满足土壤碳通量测定的多点实时测量要求。本文提出引入无线传感器网络技术实现土壤碳通量的多点测量，以准确地评价区域的土壤碳通量指标。通过对动态开放箱法测定土壤碳通量的模型建立，提出了土壤碳通量的计算方法。设计了实现土壤碳通量测定的机械结构，并给出了相应的控制电路。实验结果表明，所设计的仪器与LI-8100的测量结果呈极显著相关，且能耗低，可满足野外的长期部署工作要求。     

Search heuristics for a parallel machine scheduling problem with ready times and due dates

We consider a problem of scheduling orders on identical parallel machines. An order can be released after a given ready time and must be completed before its due date. An order is split into multiple jobs (batches) and a job is processed on one of the parallel machines. The objective of the scheduling problem is to minimize the holding costs of orders including work-in-process as well as finished job inventories. We suggest two local search heuristics, simulated annealing and taboo search algorithms, for the problem. Performance of the suggested algorithms is tested through computational experiments on randomly generated test problems.     

Derivation of pan-Arctic soil decomposition rate constant,heterotrophic respiration and NEE using AMSR-E and MODIS data

An approach was developed for regional assessment and monitoring of land-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange, soil heterotrophic respiration (R _h), and vegetation productivity of Arctic tundra using global satellite remote sensing at optical and microwave wavelengths. C- and X-band brightness temperatures were used from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) to extract surface wetness and temperature, and MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were used to derive land cover, Leaf Area Index (LAI), and Net Primary Production (NPP) information. Calibration and validation activities involve comparisons between satellite remote sensing and tundra CO₂ eddy flux towers, and hydroecological process model simulations. Analyses of spatial and temporal anomalies and environmental drivers of land-atmosphere net CO₂ exchange at weekly and annual time steps were conducted. Surface soil moisture and temperature, as detected from satellite remote-sensing observations, were found to be major drivers for spatial and temporal patterns of tundra net ecosystem CO₂ exchange and photosynthetic and respiration processes. Satellite microwave measurements are capable of capturing seasonal variations and regional patterns in tundra soil heterotrophic respiration and CO₂ exchange, while the ability to extract spatial patterns at the scale of surface heterogeneity is limited by the coarse spatial scale of the satellite remote-sensing footprint. The microwave-derived surface temperature and soil moisture were used to estimate net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) at the boreal-Arctic region. These were validated using flux tower sites data. Existing satellite-based measurements of vegetation structure (i.e. LAI) and productivity (i.e. Gross Primary Production (GPP) and NPP) from the Aqua/Terra MODIS with the AMSR-E-derived land-surface temperature and soil moisture were used and integrated. Spatially explicit estimates of NEE for the pan-Arctic region at daily, weekly and annual intervals were derived. Comparative analysis of satellite data-derived NEE with measurements from CO₂ eddy flux tower sites and the BIOME-BGC model were carried out and good agreement was found. The comparative analysis is statistically significant with high regression (i.e. R ²?=?0.965), especially in the R _h calculation and the overall NEE regression is 0.478. The results also indicate that the carbon cycle response to climate change is nonlinear and is strongly coupled to Arctic surface hydrology.     

Thermal structure of an agricultural region as seen by NOAA-7 AVHRR

Using a split and merge image segmentation algorithm on NOAA-7 AVHRR channel four data, the thermal structure of an agricultural homogeneous region (the Beauce Plateau in France) around midday is studied during 1982. It is shown that the image homogeneous areas can be identified with known natural regions: hills, forest, and the Beauce Plateau. The Beauce Plateau has a thermal structure divided into three or more areas depending on the season. Those areas are very well correlated with regions of equal soil water availability.     

Dynamic change of CO2 flux over bare soil field and its relationship with remotely sensed surface temperature

This study investigated the potential of thermal remote sensing for estimating ecosystem surface CO₂ flux. Ecosystem surface CO₂ flux was measured by an eddy covariance method for more than 3 years, in conjunction with thermal and optical remote sensing measurements as well as micrometeorological, soil and plant measurements. The soil was Andisol (Hydric Hapludands), a humic volcanic ash soil, which is the major cultivated soil for upland crops in Japan. The soil surface CO₂ flux under bare soil conditions was best correlated with the remotely sensed surface temperature, while air temperature was less well correlated and soil temperature and soil water content were poorly correlated. The relationship was well expressed by an exponential Q ₁₀ function (r ²=0.66, RMSE=0.098). The value of Q ₁₀ and the threshold temperature at which the CO₂ flux approached zero were estimated to be 1.47 and 10.0°C, respectively. Results suggested that the soil surface temperature had the dominant effect on the microbial respiration as well as on the physical processes determining the CO₂ gas transfer at the soil–atmosphere interface. Remotely sensed surface temperature will provide useful information for investigation of CO₂ transfer processes near the soil surface, as well as for quantitative assessment of ecosystem surface CO₂ flux.