Detecting unforgiving roadside contributors through the severity analysis of ran-off-road crashes

The objective of this paper is to study the contributors influencing ran-off-road (ROR) crash severities in a setting that has not been analysed in the literature, namely on freeways not designed according to the “forgiving roadside” concept. To accomplish the analysis, ROR crash data were collected on freeway road sections in Portugal and multinomial and mixed logit models were estimated using the driver injury and the most severely injured occupant as outcome variables. Our results are in line with previous findings reported in the literature on ROR crash severity in a number of distinct settings. Most importantly, this study shows the contribution of critical slopes and vehicle rollover towards fatal injuries and highlights the importance of introducing the “forgiving roadside” concept to mitigate ROR crash severity in Portuguese freeways. The study also indicates the importance of protecting errant vehicles particularly in horizontal curves, as these are linked with fatalities. Finally, the empirical findings from the developed models revealed problems in current Portuguese roadside design, especially with regards to criteria for forgiving slopes provision and warrants for safety barrier installation.     

A comparative Full Bayesian before-and-after analysis and application to urban road safety countermeasures in New Jersey

This paper develops a step-by-step methodology for the application of Full Bayes (FB) approach for before-and-after analysis of road safety countermeasures. As part of this methodology, it studies the posterior prediction capability of Bayesian approaches and their use in crash reduction factor (CRF) estimation. A collection of candidate models are developed to investigate the impacts of different countermeasures on road safety when limited data are available. The candidate models include traditional, random effects, non-hierarchical and hierarchical Poisson-Gamma and Poisson-Lognormal (P-LN) distributions. The use of random effects and hierarchical model structures allows treatment of the data in a time-series cross-section panel, and deal with the spatial and temporal effects in the data. Next, the proposed FB estimation methodology is applied to urban roads in New Jersey to investigate the impacts of different treatment measures on the safety of “urban collectors and arterial roads” with speed limits less than 45 mph. The treatment types include (1) increase in lane width, (2) installation of median barriers, (3) vertical and horizontal improvements in the road alignment; and (4) installation of guide rails. The safety performance functions developed via different model structures show that random effects hierarchical P-LN models with informative hyper-priors perform better compared with other model structures for each treatment type. The individual CRF values are also found to be consistent across the road sections, with all showing a decrease in crash rates after the specific treatment except guide rail installation treatment. The highest decrease in the crash rate is observed after the improvement in vertical and horizontal alignment followed by increase in lane width and installation of median barriers. Overall statistical analyses of the results obtained from different candidate models show that when limited data are available, P-LN model structure combined with higher levels of hierarchy and informative priors may reduce the biases in model parameters resulting in more robust estimates.     

京津城际铁路桥墩基础场地振动测试与分析

为确定京津城际铁路地震预警系统地震仪的触动阀值,在高速列车通过时,对京津城际铁路桥墩基础场地进行了振动测试,并采用最小二乘法及频谱分析获得了桥墩附近场地的振动加速度衰减规律及其频率特性。结果表明,振动加速度幅值在距离桥墩10 m范围内衰减很快,且垂直向衰减比水平向快,超过10 m范围后,衰减变缓,水平向与垂直向的振动幅值衰减接近;在桥墩附近,加速度水平向及垂直向主振频率分别为37 Hz和41 Hz,远高于理论预测值;距桥墩70 m处安置的地震仪不会被触发。     

The effect of infrastructure and demographic change on traffic-related fatalities and crashes: a case study of Illinois county-level data

This paper presents analyses of data from the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) for the State of Illinois. Our analyses focuses on whether various changes in road network infrastructure and geometric design can be associated with changes in road fatalities and reported accidents. We also evaluate models that control for demographic changes. County-level time-series data is used and fixed effect negative binomial models are estimated. Results cannot confirm the hypothesis that changes in road infrastructure and geometric design have been beneficial for safety. Increases in the number of lanes appears to be associated with both increased traffic-related accidents and fatalities. Increased lane widths appears to be associated with increased fatalities. Increases in outside shoulder width appear to be associated with a decrease in accidents. Inclusion of demographic results does not significantly change these results but does capture much of the residual time trend in the models. Potentially mis-leading results are found when the time trend is not included. In this case a negative association between vertical curvature and both accidents and fatalities. No statistical association with changes in safety is found for median widths, inside shoulder widths, and horizontal and vertical curvature.     

钢框架结构中钢筋混凝土双向板火灾试验研究

利用自行研制的火灾试验炉,进行了足尺三层钢框架结构中钢筋混凝土双向板在恒载-升温工况下的火灾试验。介绍了钢框架足尺模型与火灾试验炉的设计以及试验观测内容和方法。描述和分析了试验中板的裂缝开展及破坏特征。研究了双向板在受火过程中沿板厚混凝土的温度分布、钢筋的温度变化以及板的平面外和平面内的变形。结果表明:火灾作用下,沿板厚存在非线性温度场及较大的温度梯度;在荷载和温度的耦合作用下,受火板顶沿板边出现密集裂缝,最终形成圆形塑性铰线,由于结构连续性及构件间的相互作用,与受火板相邻的未受火楼板板顶也出现了规则裂缝;火灾中受火板的平面外变形基本对称,最大平面外位移发生在板中心;周边相邻未受火构件对受火板有较强的侧向约束作用,导致板边未产生向外膨胀的平面内位移,而是随板挠度的增长一直向内收缩;整体结构中钢筋混凝土双向板具有较好的抗火性能。     

浮置板组合道床系统振动控制效果分析

介绍了一种用于轨道交通的新型浮置板组合道床系统的结构和特点。利用动力吸振原理，设计了谐振单元，实现对道床主振动系统的动力调谐消振。同时，结合多种减振措施，有效降低了轨下部分振动能量的传递。在线测试结果表明，组合道床系统采用浮轨扣件，轨道动态变形均满足轨道安全性要求；依据GB 10071—1988测试评价方法，垂向和横向减振效果分别为18.7 dB和10.8 dB；依据CJJ/T 191—2012测试评价方法，垂向和横向减振效果分别为20.4 dB和11.7 dB，可以满足特殊减振地段的减振要求。      

基于安全性分析的山区公路弯坡组合路段设计指标研究

我国当前设计方法对于山区公路,尤其是弯坡组合路段安全性考虑不足。基于车辆在弯坡组合路段行驶的安全性分析,以事故临界状态为限制条件建立弯坡组合路段安全模型。基于安全模型计算讨论了大小代表车型下,弯坡组合路段最小半径、最大坡长等关键设计指标受车路参数的影响及变化规律,利用Carsim仿真软件对变化规律进行了一致性验证,验证了该安全模型的有效性。根据安全模型及仿真计算结果,弯坡组合路段最小半径值与设计车速、路段坡度成正比,与路段超高、横向附着系数值成反比;弯坡组合路段最大坡长值与道路滚动阻力系数、滑移率成正比,与设计车速、路段坡度,以及车型大小成反比,但总体受超高值影响较小。进一步计算分析了考虑车辆实际运行车速下的弯坡组合路段设计指标阈值,并指出对于弯坡组合路段应尽可能采取小纵坡并增大最小半径值,以提高山区公路弯坡组合路段安全水平。     

成渝高速铁路某路堤段地面三向振动测试分析

为研究高速铁路路堤段地面振动的传播和衰减规律,选择成渝高速铁路某路堤段进行现场地面三向振动测试。在时域和频域内分析地面三向振动的时程特征和频谱特征,以及垂向振动、水平向振动随距离的传播特性。结果表明,在距离线路纵向中心线同一距离处,横向(Y)、纵向(X)振动加速度最大值及有效值均大于垂向(Z),随距离的增加,加速度最大值及有效值均呈衰减趋势;随着距离的增大,三向振动的频率带宽均越来越窄,远场垂向和纵向振动主频均基本集中在33.6 Hz左右,横向优势频率集中在9.6 Hz。计权后的垂向振级高于水平向振级,未计权的水平向振级均大于垂向振级,未计权三向加速度级和计权三向振级随距离的传播近似符合负指数规律。     

水下生产系统跨接管结构在地震作用下动力响应分析

研究水下生产系统跨接管结构在地震波载荷下的动力响应特性。分析中计及了地震波沿水平和竖向两个方向的载荷输入,采用非线性弹簧模型模拟跨接管与海床的耦合作用,同时考虑了地震作用下跨接管的动水作用效应。通过对不同影响因素下结构的动力响应结果分析表明：竖向地震波对跨接管结构水平响应幅值影响较小,但显著改变其响应频率;管土接触引起跨接管响应幅值变化明显,并激发跨接管高阶振型;地震下动水作用力对跨接管的响应幅值影响较大。所建立的分析方法对跨接管结构设计和安全性评估有一定借鉴意义。     

Exploring a Bayesian hierarchical approach for developing safety performance functions for a mountainous freeway

While rural freeways generally have lower crash rates, interactions between driver behavior, traffic and geometric characteristics, and adverse weather conditions may increase the crash risk along some freeway sections. This paper examines the safety effects of roadway geometrics on crash occurrence along a freeway section that features mountainous terrain and adverse weather. Starting from preliminary exploration using Poisson models, Bayesian hierarchical models with spatial and random effects were developed to efficiently model the crash frequencies on road segments on the 20-mile freeway section of study. Crash data for 6 years (2000–2005), roadway geometry, traffic characteristics and weather information in addition to the effect of steep slopes and adverse weather of snow and dry seasons, were used in the investigation. Estimation of the model coefficients indicates that roadway geometry is significantly associated with crash risk; segments with steep downgrades were found to drastically increase the crash risk. Moreover, this crash risk could be significantly increased during snow season compared to dry season as a confounding effect between grades and pavement condition. Moreover, sites with higher degree of curvature, wider medians and an increase of the number of lanes appear to be associated with lower crash rate. Finally, a Bayesian ranking technique was implemented to rank the hazard levels of the roadway segments; the results confirmed that segments with steep downgrades are more crash prone along the study section.     

汶川地震竖向地震动特征初步分析

选择国家强震动台网中心发布的2008年5月12日汶川地震四川、甘肃、陕西等地台站中的94组加速度记录进行了处理,提取了一些主要地震动参数,应用统计分析方法重点对地震动竖向与水平峰值加速度比、竖向与水平加速度反应谱及竖向与水平卓越周期比等进行了研究。结果表明:竖向与水平峰值加速度比的平均值为0.58,但约30%台站的峰值加速度比大于2/3;竖向与水平峰值加速度比随震中距的增大减小,近震区该比值离散性较大,场地条件对该比值也有较大的影响;在周期0~6s内竖向与水平加速度反应谱比曲线总体呈马鞍形;不同的周期段,竖向加速度反应谱和水平加速度反应谱的谱形有较大差异,相比水平加速度反应谱,竖向加速度反应谱偏“瘦”;除少数台站外,绝大部分台站竖向与水平卓越周期比均小于1.0,该比值随震中距的增大而增大,并逐渐趋于平缓。上述研究结果可以为时程分析选取竖向地震动输入提供参考。     

重复荷载作用下土工格栅包生态袋加筋土挡墙动力特性试验研究

设计并制作了土工格栅包生态袋加筋土模型挡墙,测试了模型挡墙在不同幅值、不同频率重复交通荷载作用下的加速度、动土压力、累积变形和土工格栅拉应变,获得了挡墙在重复交通荷载作用下的动力特性和累积变形发展规律。研究表明：在交通重复荷载作用下,土工格栅包生态袋加筋挡墙顶层的加速度响应最大,沿墙高按指数模型衰减,且水平加速度衰减较竖向加速度快;挡墙内的动土压力也是在顶层最大,随墙高降低而减小;挡墙的变形和土工格栅拉应变增量在加载初期较大,随加载次数的增加而增大,受荷载幅值的影响明显,受频率变化的影响较小;竖向累积变形主要来自挡墙上部土体的沉降;水平累积变形总体上为上部大下部小。     

基于磁悬浮技术曳引式乘客电梯三维加速度测量

为实现曳引式乘客电梯三维加速度测量,利用磁悬浮技术设计了惯性式加速度测量模型,建立了垂直方向和水平方向振子的运动方程,设计了磁悬浮三维加速度测量仿真模型,分别进行了垂直方向和水平方向加速度仿真,并通过实验对仿真模型进行了验证。实测了曳引式乘客电梯垂直方向和水平方向的加速度。磁悬浮加速度测量系统的振子处于悬浮状态,测量灵敏度较高,测量频率低,分辨率高,易于实现绝对式多维加速度测量,实验证明适于电梯的加速度和振动测量,且便于安装和调试。     

基于中国规范的近断层区竖向抗震设计谱研究

针对近断层区结构抗震设计缺乏专门竖向抗震设计谱的现状,以近断层竖向地震动为研究对象,基于《建筑抗震设计规范》,开展近断层区竖向抗震设计谱的研究。选取198条近断层脉冲型地震动的竖向分量,分析得到实际近断层地震动竖向反应谱,将计算得到的反应谱与中国抗震规范中的近断层竖向设计谱进行了对比。研究结果表明,中国抗震规范未充分考虑近断层竖向地震动的特点,表现为部分周期段上规范设计谱的谱值小于实际近断层竖向地震动反应谱,难以保证近断层区结构具有足够的抗震安全性。根据近断层竖向地震动的分析结果,基于中国抗震规范设计谱的基本形式,提出了谱值放大系数取1.5、特征周期下限取0.40 s(多遇地震)和0.45 s(罕遇地震)及减小曲线下降段衰减系数的修正方法。该竖向抗震设计谱工程应用简便,可为近断层区的结构竖向抗震设计提供参考。     

圆高强钢管UHPC梁抗弯性能研究

以含钢率和套箍系数为参数,开展5根圆高强钢管超高性能混凝土(UHPC)梁和2根圆普通钢管UHPC对比梁的纯弯试验;而后,采用已验证的有限元模型,对套箍系数进行了参数分析。试验研究表明,高强钢管UHPC梁发生延性破坏,组合截面满足平截面假定,受压区高强钢管对核心UHPC的套箍作用应被考虑。较普通强度的钢管,高强钢管能更及时地约束UHPC的横向膨胀。随着套箍系数的增加,钢管混凝土梁达抗弯承载力时,中性轴趋近截面中线,受拉区钢管应力减小,受压区钢管和混凝土的应力则增大。承载力计算分析发现,对于高强钢管UHPC梁而言,现有中国规范GB50936?2014的实用计算方法存在不准确且离散性较大等问题,为此该文提出了新实用计算方法。     

地裂缝场地地铁运行引起框架结构振动的数值分析

针对西安地裂缝场地地铁运行引起地面建筑物的振动问题,建立隧道-地裂缝-地层-框架结构三维有限元模型,进行建筑物的模态分析和振动响应分析,并与同荷载工况的无地裂缝场地框架结构的振动响应进行对比。结果表明:结构的竖向振动比水平向强烈;地裂缝对结构横向和竖向振动加速度的分布影响不大,前者随层高呈波动性分布,后者除首层之外,其余各层差异不大;地裂缝对纵向振动加速度的分布规律影响较大,无地裂缝时呈逐层增加的分布,有地裂缝时呈两端大中间小的分布;地裂缝使结构竖向振动加速度有增大趋势,横向和纵向加速度会在局部楼层增大。     

基于试验设计与有限元仿真的辐射井水平钻机承载部件优化设计

为了提升辐射井水平钻机承载部件的安全性与稳定性，运用试验设计（design of experiment，DOE）与有限元仿真技术对承载部件进行优化设计。通过正交试验法结合ANSYS Workbench有限元静力学仿真对由回转平台、立支架及横支架组成的承载系统的加强筋板布置形式进行优化设计，获得承载系统加强筋板的最优布局类型。在此基础上，运用基于试验设计的响应面优化法对回转平台的台面厚度、筋板高度及筋板厚度进行优化设计，进一步减小回转平台的最大等效应力、最大变形及质量，提升承载系统的安全性与稳定性。结果表明承载系统加强筋板的最优布局类型为：回转平台采用纵横筋板，立支架采用X形筋板，横支架采用V形筋板；回转平台的最优参数组合为：台面厚度为11.2 mm，筋板高度为31.9 mm，筋板厚度为12.3 mm。集成运用试验设计与有限元仿真技术对水平钻机承载部件进行优化设计的方法可为水平钻机实体样机设计提供一定的参考。     

Vibration and acceleration levels of multimodal container shipping physical environment

In global supply chains, multimodal transportation plays a dominant role in worldwide shipping. The rail, truck, and vessel combination is the most commonly used mode for non‐time sensitive shipments between continents. This study focused on measuring the transportation environment effects (vibration and acceleration levels) in 40‐foot ISO container shipments using multiple modes of transport, originating in Hungary and destined for Mexico, India, and China over several weeks. The study also measured multimodal shipping routes without vessel transportation to China over Trans‐Siberian and Trans‐Manchurian railway lines. The transshipments and handling events in container hubs and terminals were separately analyzed. The results show the comparison of vibration intensity (in PSD) of different route conditions between various continents, and the possibility of acceleration levels during transshipments and handling events. The measured data show that extreme acceleration levels in vertical direction (9.37 G) occur while containers are handled in a seaport, and in lateral (4.45 G) and longitudinal (5.55 G) directions while they are transshipped by truck to rail container terminals. The rail vibration levels in Russia and China showed a lower intensity in the frequency range of 1 to 15 Hz, and higher between 15 and 200 Hz than in Europe; the lowest vibration levels occurred when the containers traveled on the sea, and truck vibration levels were very similar to previous research and ISTA protocols.     

Study on a design method for hybrid ground heat exchangers of ground-coupled heat pump system

The hybrid ground heat exchangers (GHEs) of ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems refer to a GCHP system using both vertical and horizontal GHEs. With the proposed optimal load ratio of horizontal to vertical GHEs, three-dimensional numerical heat transfer GHE models were established using independent heat transfer calculation method, and a design method for hybrid GHEs of GCHP system was put forward and then applied in one project. A combined heat transfer calculation method considering the mixing outlet water temperature was proposed and validated by a built experimental platform, which shows an improvement in accuracy prediction compared to the independent heat transfer calculation. It indicates the mixing outlet water temperature plays an important role in calculation accuracy and should serve as the boundary condition in modelling. The heat transfer performance of GHEs can be characterized by the independent heat transfer results in a certain range of load ratio.     

Hydrodynamic pressure on an accelerating dam and criteria for cavitation

Summary The effect of finite reservoir on the hydrodynamic pressure due to horizontal as well as vertical ground excitations has been studied. It is found that for horizontal accelerations the hydrodynamic pressure force decreases as the size of the reservoir decreases. The effect of vertical acceleration on the pressure force on a dam is simply to adjust the hydrostatic pressure by replacing the gravitational constant by an effective gravitational acceleration and this is true for any arbitrary shapes of the reservoir. A simple criterion has been presented in this paper which would enable dam engineers to determine whether a given earthquake could cause cavitation at the dam-water interface or not.