引起中低压电网电压异常的故障分析与辨识

在中低压电网中，PT断线、单相接地及由PT饱和引起的铁磁谐振均是多发性的故障，这些故障都能使电压异常。PT一次不对称断线和单相接地时，电压互感器开口三角形都有电压，绝缘监查装置都会发接地信号，不能根据所发信号区分是单相接地还是PT断线。单相接地和铁磁谐振往往均表现为中性点出现位移电压，尤其是基波谐振更不易与单相接地区分。此文在分析各种故障特征的基础上，提出了当电压异常时辨识故障的方法，能有效判断是出现何种故障。     

10kV系统谐振过电压事故分析

介绍了某变电站发生的10kV电压互感器间隔设备损坏,造成母线三相短路故障事故现场检查处理经过,分析了事故发生的原因系由瞬时性单相接地故障引起铁磁谐振过电压造成的,指出10kV系统采取预防铁磁谐振过电压的措施。     

中性点不接地系统单相接地故障综合评判

该文分析了中性点不接地系统发生单相接地时相间工频突变量、线路零序电流幅值、相位、五次谐波、铁磁谐振等特征。中性点不接地系统单相接地以及电压互感器引起的谐振过电压均是多发性故障,铁磁基波谐振不易与单相接地区分。提出了利用综合评判方法对中性点不接地系统进行单相接地故障的评判方法,解决了只利用单一条件对接地故障判别可能存在误判的问题。在综合评判中已经考虑到了测量误差等因素,方法简单。中性点经消弧线圈接地系统也可以参照中性点不接地系统的方法进行单相接地评判。     

二滩水电站6千伏厂用电系统过电压事件分析

经过仿真及分析表明,二滩水电站6 kV厂用电系统单相接地(包括间歇性接地)和感应雷击均可以导致PT铁磁谐振。通过波形上看,PT铁磁谐振会导致PT一次侧电压升高,而引起PT击穿和熔断器熔断的主要原因为PT谐振一次侧过流。另外,单相接地故障和感应雷击引起的PT铁磁谐振均为1/2分频谐振,这与二滩电站厂用电系统结构(参数)有关。由于系统结构相对固定,二滩电站6 kV厂用电系统PT只会发生1/2分频谐振,我们可以利用这一特性辨识6 kV厂用电系统单相接地故障和铁磁谐振故障。     

应用故障暂态特性实现配电网故障选线的新方法

通过研究谐振接地电网中零序信号的暂态特性,建立了零序电流信号频谱能量分布与故障发生时刻、接地点过渡电阻之间的关系。在利用小波包对暂态零序信号进行分解的基础上,给出了能量比因子和暂态因子的定义,提出了基于以上两个因子取值的自适应故障选线方法。该方法充分利用了暂态零序信号中的低频、工频和高频信息,自适应地选择在故障特征最明显的频带中进行选线,对母线和高阻接地故障均有良好的灵敏性和可靠性。理论分析与仿真结果证明所述方法正确、可行,可实现无死区的故障选线。     

配电网谐振状态与单相接地状态的辨识

谐振过电压一直困扰消弧线圈的自动调整及故障选线的正确动作。文中提出了谐振过电压的辨识问题，采用 注入信号跟踪的方法进行状态辨识。谐振时，调整消弧线圈挡位，消除谐振；接地故障时，进行故障选线， 切除故障线路。研制出新型的消弧线圈自动调整及故障选线综合测控仪，经实验室模拟试验效果良好。     

谐振接地系统的新型自动调谐装置

分析了线路对地电容对故障电流负序分量和零序分量的影响以及故障电流负序分量在配电系统中的分布特征，提出了根据接地时刻线路负序电流的相对最大值确定故障线路、根据故障线路负序电流和消弧线圈电流的相位差决定消弧线圈的调节方向、以故障线路负序电流分量的最小值为调节目标的新型综合自动调谐方法。该调谐方法在完成调谐的同时也完成了故障选线，但它并不以正确的故障选线为前提条件，无须测量配电系统的对地电容，也不受配电系统运行方式的影响。即使在故障接地期间改变配电系统的运行方式，该方法也能及时判断并准确调节消弧线圈电感使配电系统重新回到谐振状态。对开发的新型自动调谐装置样机进行了动模实验，结果验证了所提出的方法的正确性和装置的可行性。     

低磁密电压互感器在GIS铁磁谐振解决方案中的应用

消除GIS铁磁谐振有两种方法:安装谐振抑制装置与采用低磁通密度PT.通过解决官地水电站的铁磁谐振,提出采用低磁通密度电压互感器与消谐装置结合的铁磁谐振解决方案并做出分析.为消除GIS运行中发生铁磁谐振的隐患,提高GIS设备运行的可靠性,应从GIS设备本身及电气方案着手,从根本上消除铁磁谐振发生的可能性.     

深溪沟水电站GIS电磁式VT铁磁谐振处理对策

GIS气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备在异常或倒闸操作改变运行方式的情况下,特别是在对只带电压互感器的空母线充电的操作中,若没有选择合理的运行方式和操作方式,很容易发生铁磁谐振过电压事故。结合一起因冰雪雨冻灾害引发铁磁谐振造成电磁式电压互感器过流而绝缘击穿接地的案例,叙述了故障处理过程,浅析了铁磁谐振发生的原因,提出了防范对策及应对措施。     

基于形态滤波的谐振接地系统故障选线新方法

分析了基于小波理论暂态选线方法的现状后，提出一种基于形态滤波和相关分析的暂态选线新方法。与故障线不同，故障时在中性点零序电压作用下，非故障线暂态零序电流的暂态特性主要由自身对地电容充放电特性决定。将所有馈线零序电流对中性点电压的导数进行归一化处理，再利用相关分析得出每条馈线的综合相关系数，选出符合故障判据的故障线。其中，为有效地抑制各种干扰对算法的影响，对归一化后的零序电流利用改进的多结构元素复合形态学滤波器进行滤波处理。高压物理模拟实验及现场试验结果验证了本算法的可靠性和实用性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。