Behaviour of embedded steel plate in composite coupling beams

Plate-reinforced composite (PRC) coupling beam is fabricated by embedding a vertical steel plate into a conventional-reinforced concrete coupling beam to enhance its strength and ductility. Shear studs are welded on the steel plate surfaces to allow for proper load transfer between the concrete and steel plate. The present study focuses on the evaluation of internal load distributions and load sharing on the embedded steel plate as well as at the shear studs in composite coupling beams using the nonlinear finite element package ATENA. The proposed two-dimensional finite element model is able to simulate the overall load-deflection behaviour and internal load distributions of coupling beams subjected to bending and shear forces. The reliability of the model is demonstrated by comparisons with the available experimental results. This is followed by an extensive and carefully planned parametric study using the calibrated finite element model. Numerical results on the effects of steel plate geometry, span-depth ratio of beams and steel reinforcement ratios at beam spans and in wall regions are presented and discussed in this paper. The finite element model provides a better understanding of the behaviour of shear studs as well as plate anchorage in the wall regions and embedded beam region. Based on the numerical results, equations for quantifying the shear stud forces are established and a set of non-dimensional design charts for determining the internal forces of the embedded steel plates is constructed. Both of them are useful for engineers to design PRC coupling beams.     

Experimental study of plate‐reinforced composite deep coupling beams

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the behavior of deep coupling beams of span‐to‐depth ratio (1·17) fabricated according to the newly proposed plate‐reinforced composite (PRC) coupling beam design. Three PRC coupling beams of small span/depth ratio fabricated based on different approaches for load transfers between steel plates and reinforced concrete (RC) were tested under reversed cyclic loading. This paper presents the experimental results and compares the overall performance of these three specimens with two geometrically identical RC coupling beam specimens, one with diagonal reinforcement and the other with conventional reinforcement details, tested by previous researchers. It was found that the performance of PRC deep coupling beams of small span‐to‐depth ratio with properly designed plate anchorage in the wall regions can be comparable to that of diagonally reinforced coupling beams while being able to achieve a higher shear capacity without causing the problem of steel congestion. The proper design approach for the plate anchorage of PRC coupling beams was also identified. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小跨高比钢板-混凝土组合连梁抗震性能试验研究

通过7个小跨高比钢板 混凝土组合连梁试件的拟静力试验,研究了连梁跨高比、钢板配钢率以及楼板等因素对其抗震性能的影响,分析了连梁的破坏过程、破坏形态、承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力等。结果表明：相比于不考虑楼板小跨高比PRC连梁,考虑楼板小跨高比PRC连梁增大了连梁的开裂位移,显著提高了连梁的受剪承载力和耗能能力,考虑楼板连梁试件相比于不考虑楼板连梁试件受剪承载力提高了18.03%,破坏时对应的累积耗能是后者的1.66倍;连梁钢板的破坏包括梁墙交界区钢板的开裂和钢板的局部屈曲,钢板的局部屈曲可分为钢板边缘发生的受压局部屈曲和钢腹板的剪切局部屈曲;小跨高比PRC连梁试件的剪压比实测值为0.20~0.30,相应的剪压比设计值为0.39~0.59,内嵌钢板显著提高了小跨高比连梁的剪压比限值。     

Research on mechanics and deformation performance of plate-reinforced composite coupling beamswith small span-to-depth ratio

根据7个小跨高比钢板 混凝土组合连梁试件的应变量测数据，研究了纵筋、箍筋和钢板在不同转角位移下的应变分布，定量分析了不同工作阶段连梁中钢板承担的剪力，并采用ABAQUS软件对组合连梁试件的抗震性能进行了非线性有限元分析。结果表明：钢板承担的剪力占连梁总剪力的百分比随连梁弦转角的增大而逐渐增大；小跨高比组合连梁剪切变形和总侧移量并不成固定比例增长；随着加载位移的增加，连梁剪切变形所占比例逐渐增大，各试件达到屈服荷载以后，剪切变形已超过总变形的50%以上。采用混凝土应力-裂缝宽度关系来考虑混凝土受拉软化性能，能较好地进行小跨高比组合连梁的弹塑性有限元分析。钢板沿梁跨度方向全跨轴向受拉，拉力分布呈M形分布，随着钢板厚度的增大，M形的峰值点拉力逐渐增大，在梁跨内钢板拉力较小，最小仅约为其峰值拉力的20%；跨高比、截面配钢率、纵筋配筋率、混凝土抗压强度和楼板作用是影响组合连梁抗震性能的主要因素。     

Seismic behaviour of coupling beams in a hybrid coupled shear walls

Steel coupling beams in a hybrid coupled shear wall provide a viable alternative for concrete coupling beams coupling individual reinforced concrete wall piers. Due to the lack of information, current design methods for calculating embedment lengths are silent about cases in which hybrid coupled walls have connection details of stud bolts and horizontal ties. In this work, an analytical study was carried out to develop a model for calculating the embedment lengths of embedded steel sections. Five models for calculating embedment lengths in a hybrid coupled wall are developed as variations of the Prestressed Concrete Institute guidelines for steel brackets attached to reinforced concrete columns. In addition, experimental studies on the hybrid coupled shear wall were carried out. The main test variables were the ratios of the coupling beam strength to the connection strength. The test results indicate that it is more advantageous to design the coupling beams as shear yielding members since the shear-critical coupling beam exhibits a more desirable mode of energy dissipation than the flexure-critical coupling beam.     

内嵌钢板混凝土组合连梁抗震性能试验研究

为改善传统高层建筑剪力墙连梁的抗震性能,设计并制作3个内嵌钢板混凝土组合(SPC)连梁和1个交叉斜筋钢筋混凝土连梁试件并进行低周往复加载试验。试件变化参数包括连梁纵筋配筋率和配板形式。对比分析各连梁的破坏过程、滞回性能、耗能能力、强刚度退化、承载力、延性以及变形能力等。结果表明,连梁试件发生弯剪和弯曲两种破坏模式;增大连梁纵筋配筋率在提高承载力的同时降低了试件的延性变形;在配板率相同情况下,钢板形式由单钢板改变为拉结双层钢板,连梁受力性能相似,当单层钢板厚度较大时可采用双层钢板设计方案;钢板的设置可有效提高试件的承载力与延性,较好改善滞回曲线的捏拢效应,同时参与连梁端部塑性铰区的抗弯,提供较大的抵抗弯矩,钢板的受压作用也可提高塑性铰的转动能力。与交叉配筋钢筋混凝土连梁相比,利用钢板良好的承载力和延性变形能力,内嵌钢板混凝土组合连梁具有稳定的滞回性能和耗能能力且施工简单,其综合抗震性能优于传统配筋混凝土连梁。     

Shear strength of the connection between a steel coupling beam and a reinforced concrete shear wall in a hybrid wall system

No specific guidelines are available for computing the shear strength of the connection between a steel coupling beam and a reinforced concrete shear wall in a hybrid wall system. There were carried out analytical and experimental studies on the connection between a steel coupling beam and a concrete shear wall in a hybrid wall system. The bearing stress at failure in the concrete below the embedded steel coupling beam section is related to the concrete compressive strength and the ratio of the width of the embedded steel coupling beam section to the thickness of the shear walls. Experiments were carried out to determine the factors influencing the shear strength of the connection between a steel coupling beam and a reinforced concrete shear wall. The test variables included the reinforcement details that confer a ductile behaviour in the connection between a steel coupling beam and a shear wall, i.e., the auxiliary stud bolts attached to the steel beam flanges and the transverse ties at the top and the bottom steel beam flanges. In addition, additional test were conducted to verify the strength equations of the connection between a steel coupling beam and a reinforced concrete shear wall. The proposed equations in this study were in good agreement with both our test results and other test data from the literature.     

Application of corrugated plates as the web of steel coupling beams

Nowadays, steel coupling beams are used as an efficient alternative to reinforced concrete (RC) coupling beams. Particularly in the coupled shear walls system, coupling beams are the main members for dissipating seismic energy. In this paper, for the first time the application of corrugated plates as the web of steel coupling beams (rather than flat web and its stiffeners) is studied as a proposition for improving seismic behavior of such beams. The study addresses the linear elastic buckling analysis and non-linear analysis of steel coupling beams with flat and corrugated webs using finite element technique for which ANSYS software is employed. 160 models have been studied, considering parameters such as shape of web plate (flat and three corrugated types, including trapezoidal, curved, and zigzag), web thickness, number of corrugations, and corrugation angle. The finite element results are validated through comparison with the experimental results of a common steel coupling beam, tested by other researchers. In addition to the advantages of eliminating web stiffeners, results of this study show that the application of corrugated web with the proposed geometric criteria makes it possible to achieve further rotation capacity in comparison with common steel coupling beams. Finally, a design approach for corrugated web of steel coupling beams, accompanied by a practical example, is presented.     

螺栓灌胶节点对螺栓钢板加固钢筋混凝土连梁抗震能力影响的试验

为了提高小跨高比既有连梁的抗震性能,提出了一种新型的螺栓钢板加固法和一种新型的钢板屈曲控制装置。按照1∶2比例制作3个钢筋混凝土连梁试件,通过低周往复荷载试验研究了螺栓灌胶节点对钢板加固钢筋混凝土连梁的影响。结果表明:未采用螺栓钢板法加固的连梁呈现出脆性剪切破坏;采用螺栓钢板法进行普通高强螺栓加固的连梁,其强度和延性并没有提高;采用螺栓钢板法进行螺栓灌胶节点加固的连梁,其强度、延性和耗能能力得到大幅度提高。     

钢-高强混凝土组合梁的试验研究

为了研究钢-高强混凝土组合梁在静载作用下的抗弯性能,本文完成了8根钢-高强混凝土组合梁在跨中两点对称荷载作用下的试验,对其受力性能进行了分析,并探讨了翼缘板混凝土强度、钢梁屈服强度和翼缘板宽度对组合梁正截面受弯承载力、延性的影响。结合试验结果和理论分析,对现行规范中组合梁正截面受弯承载力计算公式进行了补充修正,以拓宽计算公式中翼缘板混凝土强度的适用范围,为高强混凝土在钢-混凝土组合梁中的应用提供设计依据。     

Shear strengthening of RC beams with web-bonded continuous steel plates

This paper presents the results of an experimental program and a parametric study conducted on RC beams strengthened in shear with web-bonded continuous steel plates. An experimental investigation was conducted to assess the effectiveness of web-bonded continuous steel plates for shear strengthening of RC beams having internal stirrups. A two-dimensional nonlinear finite element model was developed to simulate the overall behavior of beams with epoxy bonded steel plates. In order to develop a design methodology for beams with web-bonded steel plates, a parametric study was conducted. Main parameters considered were concrete strength, plate thickness, plate depth-to-beam depth ratio, yield strength of steel plates, beam size and the internal shear reinforcement ratio. A formula to compute the shear strength of such beams was proposed by adding up the concrete contribution, shear reinforcement contribution and the contribution of steel plates. The validity of proposed formula was checked against the results from parametric study and the experiments. It was found that the proposed formula predicts the ultimate shear strength of RC beams with web-bonded continuous steel plates very well.     

Panel shear strength of steel coupling beam-wall connections in a hybrid wall system

One of the most common types of hybrid systems is represented by a hybrid coupled shear wall consisting of steel coupling beams and reinforced concrete shear walls, known as a hybrid wall system. This paper addressed the shear strength of connection between structural steel coupling beams and reinforced concrete shear walls. No specific guidelines are available for predicting the panel shear strength of steel coupling beam-wall connections in a hybrid coupled shear wall system. The panel shear strength of steel coupling beam-wall connections in a hybrid coupled shear wall system is examined through results of an experimental research programme where three 2/3-scale specimens were tested under cyclic loading. Panel shear strength reflects enhancement achieved through mobilization of the reinforced concrete panel using face bearing plates and/or horizontal ties in the panel region of steel coupling beam-wall connections. The results and discussion presented in this paper are compared with ASCE design guidelines for RCS composite joints, which form a similar structural system. Finally, this paper provides the background for design guidelines that include a design model to calculate the panel shear strength of steel coupling beam-wall connections.     

钢连梁预埋端板连接受力性能试验研究

提出了纯锚筋、角钢加抗剪板和锚筋加抗剪板3种用于钢连梁的预埋端板连接构造。其中纯锚筋连接是传统锚固形式,角钢加抗剪板和锚筋加抗剪板则是依据弯剪分离设计方法。通过拟静力试验进行对比,分别考察3种预埋端板连接在弯剪耦合作用下的破坏形式和滞回性能,分析了节点的受力特征和整体破坏发展过程。结果表明,3种预埋端板连接均能满足承载力的需求,其中纯锚筋试件的初始转动刚度最大,而且滞回曲线较为饱满,但竖向滑移较大;角钢加抗剪板试件和锚筋加抗剪板试件受力性能较为一致,但角钢加抗剪板试件中混凝土墙肢的破坏较大,难以修复;锚筋加抗剪板试件滞回曲线较为饱满,预埋端板转动和竖向滑移较小,对连梁传力较为有利,但外侧锚筋拉应力过于集中,一旦发生断裂,承载力下降较快。通过对比试验结果与现行设计公式的计算结果,验证了弯剪分离设计方法的可靠性。     

Nonlinear finite element analysis of concrete filled steel plate composite coupling beams: force and deformation mechanics

在外包钢板-混凝土组合连梁试验研究的基础上,对组合连梁试件和不同参数取值的补充模型进行了非线性有限元分析。有限元分析得到的滞回曲线与试验曲线吻合良好,能较好地模拟组合连梁的受力行为。通过应力分析,发现内填混凝土的工作机制类似于斜压杆,其压力沿着连梁对角线方向从一端的受压侧传递到另一端的受压侧。外包钢板承担的剪力比例和弯矩比例的范围分别为0.36~0.76和0.57~0.82;混凝土的剪力与轴压力之比和连梁的高跨比近似相等。连梁的侧向位移由节点区变形引起的梁端转角、连梁的弯曲变形与剪切变形产生;在常用的跨高比范围内,剪切变形产生的侧向位移在总位移中占有较大比例,且受跨高比的影响很大。     

钢骨混凝土梁抗剪性能试验研究

通过3根钢骨混凝土梁和1根普通钢筋混凝土梁在单点集中荷载作用下的抗剪性能试验,研究了桁架式钢骨混凝土梁的斜截面破坏形态和抗剪承载力。试验结果表明:与普通钢筋混凝土梁相比,钢骨梁的开裂荷载和抗剪承载力都有较大的提高;在相同钢骨形式下,随着剪跨比减小,钢骨梁的极限抗剪承载力增大;加入水平分布筋后,延缓了剪区斜裂缝的开展,提高了钢骨混凝土梁的极限抗剪承载力。     

装配式空心板剪力墙结构叠合连梁抗震性能试验研究

装配式空心板剪力墙结构的叠合连梁由预制U形混凝土模壳、模壳内后浇混凝土及水平后浇带组成。为研究其抗震性能,完成了3种跨高比、底部纵筋在墙肢内2种锚固方式并按“强剪弱弯”设计的5个连梁试件的拟静力试验,其中,跨高比为1.5和3.0的连梁试件各2个,跨高比为2.4的连梁试件1个,3个试件连梁底部纵筋锚固板锚固,2个试件连梁底部纵筋直线锚固。试验结果表明：预制U形模壳与后浇混凝土整体共同工作;达到峰值弯矩前,连梁纵筋屈服,箍筋未屈服,连梁与墙肢结合面开裂和滑移;加载结束时,连梁角部混凝土压坏、剥落;连梁为弯曲滑移破坏,但跨高比为1.5和2.4的连梁表面布满斜裂缝,跨高比为3.0的连梁的斜裂缝分布在两端约500mm高度范围内;连梁梁端弯矩-转角滞回曲线捏拢,耗能能力较差;连梁极限转角为1/40~1/28,具有很好的弹塑性变形能力;底部纵筋在墙肢内的锚固方式对连梁的抗震性能基本没有影响;连梁顶部纵筋受拉与底部纵筋受拉时的受弯承载力分别为按GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》中的正截面受弯承载力公式计算值的1.10~1.34倍和1.13~1.37倍,可采用GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计规范》的公式计算叠合连梁的受弯承载力。     

Strengthening of RC beams in shear using GFRP inclined strips – An experimental study

Though there have been a number of studies on shear strengthening of RC beams using externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer sheets, the behaviour of FRP strengthened beams in shear is not fully understood. This is partly due to various reinforcement configurations of sheets that can be used for shear strengthening and partly due to different failure modes a strengthened beam undergoes at ultimate state. Furthermore, the experimental data bank for shear strengthening of concrete beams using FRP remains relatively sparse due to which the design algorithms for computing the shear contribution of FRP are not yet clear. The objective of this study is to clarify the role of glass fiber reinforced polymer inclined strips epoxy bonded to the beam web for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. Included in the study are effectiveness in terms of width and spacing of inclined GFRP strips, spacing of internal steel stirrups, and longitudinal steel rebar section on shear capacity of the RC beam. The study also aims to understand the shear contribution of concrete, shear strength due to steel bars and steel stirrups and the additional shear capacity due to glass fiber reinforced polymer strips in a RC beam. And also to study the failure modes, shear strengthening effect on ultimate force and load deflection behaviour of RC beams bonded externally with GFRP inclined strips on the shear region of the beam.     

型钢高延性混凝土短梁抗剪性能试验研究

提出采用高延性纤维混凝土改善型钢高强混凝土短梁的抗剪性能和变形能力,设计了6个高延性纤维混凝土梁（其中4个为型钢高延性混凝土短梁,2个为高延性混凝土短梁）试件和作为对比的3个混凝土梁（其中1个为型钢混凝土短梁,2个为普通混凝土短梁）试件,通过静力试验研究不同剪跨比高延性混凝土梁的破坏形态、受剪承载力和变形能力。试验结果表明：采用高延性纤维混凝土,可显著提高短梁的受剪承载力和变形能力,实现延性剪切破坏模式;发生挤压破坏的型钢高延性混凝土短梁,受剪承载力高、延性好,破坏以后仍具有较好的完整性;与型钢混凝土短梁相比,发生剪切黏结破坏的型钢高延性混凝土短梁损伤程度较小,试件破坏以后仍具有较高的剩余承载力。建立了型钢高延性混凝土短梁的受剪承载力计算式,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

对组合钢梁-预制空心板中栓钉连接件的性能分析

在钢-混凝土组合梁中,剪切连接件的机械作用使得纵向剪力转移到钢翼缘/混凝土板的接合处。这种转移能力取决于剪切连接件的强度和混凝土板抵抗由剪力高度集中所导致的纵向开裂的能力。大多数对组合结构的分析都集中在传统的钢筋混凝土和金属面板结构,而对预制空心板中栓钉的剪切能力研究很少。本文对带栓钉的预制空心板组合梁结构提出标准的推力试验方法。一共进行7组测试性试验,试验结果显示新方法符合钢筋混凝土楼板规范要求。在确定这个新的标准方法后,对栓钉进行了72个足尺推力试验,确定了该类型连接件的性能,通过分析试验结果,还指出了各类参数对连接件强度和延性的作用。本文还提出了这种剪力连接件的设计公式。     

提高约束钢筋混凝土短梁抗震性能的设计方法研究

本文利用71根约束钢筋混凝土短梁在反复荷载下的试验研究结果，综合分析了剪跨比（跨高比）、梁端上部配筋特征、附加交叉腹筋、垂直与水平分布腹筋、钢纤维、以及剪压比诸参数对短梁的破坏形态、抗弯与抗剪承载力、延性、耗能的影响；同时对提高短梁抗震性能的设计方法进行了研究。最后提出了延性约束钢筋混凝土短梁的抗震设计方法建议。