树枝状大分子的合成与应用

本文介绍了树枝状大分子的结构特点、合成方法,并阐述了树枝状大分子在众多领域中的应用价值及今后研究方向的展望。     

树枝状-星型聚合物的合成研究进展

介绍了树枝状-星型聚合物的合成方法,重点综述了以树枝状大分子引发剂合成树枝状-星型聚合物的研究进展,对树枝状-星型聚合物的性质和应用等进行了讨论.     

新型端胺基聚酰胺-胺树枝状大分子合成研究

研究了以丙烯酸甲酯、己二胺、对苯二酚为原料,采用发散法合成新型端胺基聚酰胺-胺树枝状大分子时,反应条件——温度、反应时间、催化剂对合成产物的结构的影响。利用该树枝状大分子的活性点分布均匀的特点,通过设计和控制树枝状大分子模板剂来控制纳米粒子材料的形状。     

树枝状高分子研究应用进展

树枝状大分子是近年来出现的一类新型合成高分子,具有高度支化、结构规整、单分散等特性。这些特点使其在许多领域有潜在的重要应用价值,成为相关领域的研究热点。本文介绍了树枝状大分子在催化剂、生物医药、表面活性剂、液晶领域的研究及应用探索进行了综述,最后对树枝状分子的未来的发展进行了展望。     

树枝状十八酯的合成与降粘性能研究

采用发散合成法将丙烯酸十八酯接枝到树枝状大分子的骨架上,合成了一种新型的树枝状大分子,采用元素分析和IR对其结构进行表征,同时研究了其在稠油降粘领域的应用.结果表明,树枝状十八酯对稠油的降粘率随着其质量分数的增加先增大后减小,在质量分数为0.6%、作用时间为60 min时,降粘效果最佳,降粘率为38.4%.     

树枝状大分子聚酰胺胺对布洛芬的增溶性能研究

采用发散合成法,合成了系列以乙二胺为核的树枝状大分子聚酰胺 胺(PAMAM)和三羟基氨基甲烷改性的聚酰胺 胺,用紫外 可见分光光度计测定了树枝状大分子对布洛芬的增溶能力。结果表明:两类树枝状大分子对布洛芬的增溶量均高于传统的表面活性剂SDS,而且增溶能力均随代数的增加而增加;在引入羟基后,PAMAM增溶能力明显提高,作为一种新型的药物输送剂,显示了良好的应用前景。     

以树枝状大分子为模板制备纳米粒子研究进展

介绍了树枝状大分子的结构及其特点,全面综述了以树枝状大分子为模板制备金属钠米粒子的研究进展,并介绍了树枝状大分子在氧化物纳米粒子、硫化物和卤化物纳米粒子制备中的应用研究。讨论了分子代数、金属离子与树枝状大分子的摩尔比等因素对纳米粒子尺寸的影响规律。     

树枝状大分子改性聚乙二醇-7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱聚合物的制备

目的制备树枝状大分子改性聚乙二醇(PEG)-7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱(SN-38)聚合物,并对聚合物的制备条件、包封率、载药量、粒径表征进行了考察。方法采用新的"酸酐法"合成了树枝状改性大分子PEG,以树枝状改性大分子PEG为载体材料,SN-38为药物,结果采用超声波作用时间在4 h,载体与SN-38质量比为1∶4时,所制备的树枝状大分子改性聚乙二醇-SN-38聚合物有较高包封率、载药量。从粒径分布图可知,聚合物颗粒分布在30 nm和150 nm左右相对集中。结论优选的处方工艺稳定可靠,具有很大的应用前景。     

树枝状大分子在药物领域的应用研究进展

树枝状大分子是一类高规整度、具有纳米尺度、三维结构的树枝状大分子,其结构和分子尺寸大小具有良好的可控性。树枝状大分子的大小呈线性增长,而外层功能化基团呈级数增长。因此树枝状大分子的功能化备受人们的关注。而其作为药物载体已成为当今研究热点之一。作者仅就树枝状大分子在药物领域中的应用研究进展作简要综述。     

烯烃基碳硅氧烷树枝状大分子单体及其应用

概述了烯烃基碳硅氧烷树枝状大分子单体的结构,介绍了层级为1和层级为2的烯烃基碳硅氧烷大分子单体的合成方法及结构表征,以及烯烃基碳硅氧烷树枝状大分子单体在有机聚合物改性及化妆品领域的应用,如:与有机单体溶液共聚制备有机硅改性共聚物、与丙烯酸酯单体乳液共聚制备有机硅改性丙烯酸酯乳液、与长链烷基丙烯酸酯共聚制备化妆品成膜剂、与甘油或木糖醇共改性制备亲水性有机硅交联共聚物等。     

Perylenediimide-cored dendrimers and their bioimaging and gene delivery applications

In the past few years, perylenediimide-cored (PDI-cored) dendrimers have been successfully prepared and applied in various fields. In this review, we focus on the structural design and synthesis strategies of PDI-cored dendrimers that involve convergent and divergent synthesis approaches. When building the outer shell of PDI-cored dendrimers, first hydrophobic and then hydrophilic macromolecules are introduced. The advantages of water-soluble PDI-cored dendrimers include strong red fluorescence, excellent photostability, low cytotoxicity, high quantum yield, and versatile surface modification. The biological application of water-soluble PDI-cored dendrimers is broad, including fluorescence live-cell imaging, fluorescent labeling, and gene delivery, owing to the rapid development of these materials in the past decade. The challenges and outlooks in this field will also be discussed.     

简述功能树状聚合物的合成与应用

树状聚合物是一种极具发展前景的功能性材料,由于其特殊的空间结构,可广泛应用于药物载体、生物传感器、有机发光二极管、太阳能电池、催化剂等多个领域。目前主要的合成树状聚合物的方法大致分为三种:分枝歧化法、收敛法、点击化学。文章结合一些典型的树状聚合物对这些合成方法做了分析,并例举了部分树状聚合物的性能及应用。     

Ferrocenyl-terminated Dendrimers: Design for Applications in Molecular Electronics, Molecular Recognition and Catalysis

This micro-review shows how a simple but powerful organometallic C–H activation could be made very useful for the construction of a large variety of stars, dendritic cores, dendrons and dendrimers of variable sizes including giant dendrimers and gold-nanoparticle-cored dendrimers. The synthesis of ferrocenyl-terminated dendrimers was then achieved by reactions of chlorocarbonylferrocene with polyamino dendrimers, ferrocenylsilylation of polyolefin dendrons and dendrimers and “click” reactions of ferrocenyl acetylene with azido-terminated dendrimers. The functions of these metallodendrimers include molecular electronics (molecular batteries), molecular redox recognition and sensing and catalysis using dendritic stabilization of nanoparticle catalysts.     

树枝状高分子的研究进展

介绍了树枝状高分子的发展现状、结构特点和合成方法,主要包括发散合成法和收敛合成法,并比较了两种合成方法的优缺点。总结了树枝状高分子的表面功能化方法,分析了表面功能化的树枝状高分子具备的特殊性质如表面活性、增溶作用和破乳化能力等。     

Nanomaterials based on phosphorus dendrimers

Dendrimers constitute an increasingly important field of research in chemistry for more than 15 years. After pioneering works concerning synthesis, the interest in dendrimers is now mainly driven by their properties and applications. This Account will emphasize the properties of a special class of dendrimers, that is, phosphorus-containing dendritic macromolecules, as tools for the elaboration of nanomaterials. Indeed, these dendrimers can be considered themselves as materials, or they can be used as an intrinsic constituent of a material or as a modifier of the surface of a material. In this latter case, a fundamental work about surfaces covalently modified by dendrimers recently opened the way to the elaboration of DNA chips.     

Poly Ethoxy Ethyl Glycinamide (PEE‐G) Dendrimers: Dendrimers Specifically Designed for Pharmaceutical Applications

Poly ethoxy ethyl glycinamide (PEE‐G) dendrimers have been specifically designed and synthesized with the aim of providing a readily available dendrimer scaffold that can be used to make products that can meet the stringent requirements of pharmaceutical applications. The synthesis has been refined to produce dendrimers that are of high HPLC purity. The suitability of PEE‐G dendrimers for their designed use has been verified by subsequent measurements to demonstrate that they are of high stability, high aqueous solubility, low cytotoxicity, low immunogenicity and with low in vivo toxicity in an escalating‐dose rat study. PEE‐G dendrimers therefore provide a useful scaffold for researchers wanting to develop dendrimer‐based drug candidates.     

Dendritic Polymers – Interdisciplinary Research and Emerging Applications from Unique Structural Properties

Dendritic polymers, i.e., dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers, attract increasing attention due to their unique structures and properties. The step‐wise methodologies for the synthesis of dendrimers allow the tailoring of physical and chemical properties and thus provide a powerful tool to design dendrimers for a wide variety of applications. The complex syntheses of dendrimers often result in expensive products with limited use for large‐scale industrial applications, an area where hyperbranched polymers appear to be promising alternatives. The large body of interdisciplinary research on dendritic polymers is a guarantor for emerging applications. However, the understanding of essential fundamentals such as the phase behavior of dendritic polymer solutions is still in its infancy. Therefore, this review intends to cover the syntheses, properties, and emerging applications of dendritic polymers as well as to discuss the impact of polymer branching on the phase behavior of dendritic polymer solutions within a comprehensive thermodynamic context.     

Controlling Cellular Uptake and Toxicity of Polyphenylene Dendrimers by Chemical Functionalization

Polyphenylene dendrimers (PPDs) represent a unique class of macromolecules based on their monodisperse and shape‐persistent nature. These characteristics have enabled the synthesis of a new genre of “patched” surface dendrimers, where their exterior can be functionalized with a variety of polar and nonpolar substituents to yield lipophilic binding sites in a site‐specific way. Although such materials are capable of complexing biologically relevant molecules, show high cellular uptake in various cell lines, and low to no toxicity, there is minimal understanding of the driving forces to these characteristics. We investigated whether it is the specific chemical functionalities, relative quantities of each moiety, or the “patched” surface patterning on the dendrimers that more significantly influences their behavior in biological media.     

Novel Poly(EThyleneAmidoAmine) (PETAA) dendrimers produced through a unique and highly efficient synthesis

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have unique attributes that have led to their use in a wide variety of biomedical applications. However, the complex synthesis of this polymer leads to variations in the structure and consistency of the final product, and makes scale-up of manufacturing difficult. This has limited the clinical translation of PAMAM-based materials. Here we describe a rapid and highly efficient two-step method for the synthesis of novel Poly(EThyleneAmidoAmine) (PETAA) dendrimers that have many of the favorable characteristics of PAMAM dendrimers. Generation 0 (G0) to 5 (G5) PETAA dendrimers were synthesized using a 3-(bis(2-(2,2,2,-trifluoroacetamido)ethyl)amino)propanoic acid AB₂ (compound 1) building block via a divergent approach. An ethylenediamine core was coupled with the AB₂ building block via O-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) in the presence of diisopropylethyl amine to give a G0 trifluoroacetamide surface dendrimer. The G0 amine surface dendrimer was then obtained by treating the G0 trifluoroacetamide surface dendrimer with potassium carbonate. Repetitions of these two coupling/deprotection reactions were then used to build the dendrimer by coupling the surface amino groups to the carboxyl moiety of the AB₂ building block, followed by the deprotection step with potassium carbonate. The resulting PETAA dendrimers have the same number of surface primary amino groups, the same number of chemical bonds between the dendrimer core and the surface, and the same number of tertiary amino groups throughout the structures as similar generations of PAMAM dendrimers. In contrast, the structure of the PETAA dendrimers is more complete and more uniform than PAMAM dendrimers, especially at higher generations. This unique synthetic process for PETAA dendrimers also offers the potential for large-scale production, therefore providing inherently more uniform and complete structures for exacting biomedical applications.     

Synthesis and application of polyoxyethylene‐grafted cationic polyamidoamine dendrimers as retention aids

Novel derivatives of fifth‐generation polyamidoamine, comprising polyoxyethylene macromonomer and acrylolyoxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride units, were synthesized. The polyoxyethylene‐grafted cationic polyamidoamine dendrimers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, 1 H‐NMR, 13 C‐NMR, and elemental analysis. The synthesis recipes and properties of the dendrimers were studied. The retention efficiency of the dendrimers was determined and discussed. Highly effective retention aids were obtained in retention experiments with broadleaf wood pulp fibers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007