硝酸铵的防潮与防结块

本文对硝铵炸药的主要成分——硝酸铵的结块与顶防,进行了国内外有关的专利和文献查阅综述。内容涉及硝酸铵的理化性质、结块的影响因素和结块机理、有关抗结块添加剂的选择。表面活性利由于其特殊的结构和性能,已被广泛应用于硝酸铵的防潮防结块,其最大优点是效果好,用量少,而对硝酸铵的其它性能无根本性的影响。表面活性剂应用于硝酸铵防潮防结块中越来越引起人们的注意。     

添加剂对硝酸铵晶体热稳定性和防结块的影响

文中叙述了利用DSC技术分析防结块添加剂对硝酸铵晶型转变的影响,探讨了添加剂对硝酸铵防结块作用的机理。     

最新水冷包膜机问世

水冷包膜机是一种适用于热态复合肥类产品防结块包膜处理机。通常因产品温度偏高，在包膜处理及贮存过程中防结块膜结构遭到破坏而影响其防结块效果。     

全连续生产线上膨化硝铵炸药防结块研究

文章分别研究了表面活性剂、油相材料和木粉水分对连续生产线上膨化硝铵炸药结块性影响。研究发现,表面活性剂、高熔点油相、低水分木粉可以降低炸药结块性,尤其以表面活性剂的防结块效果最佳;同时采用表面活性剂、高熔点油相和低水分木粉能有效解决夏季高湿环境下全连续生产线上膨化硝铵炸药结块问题,以保证产品爆炸和贮存性能稳定。     

浅析尿素产品质量影响因素及解决对策

影响尿素产品质量的因素很多,有工艺、设备、操作等方面。主要表现在尿素粒度小、粉尘多、易结块、游离氨高等。该文在以前论述的基础上,主要从造粒喷头的选择、尿素含水率、防结块剂使用等方面进行讨论。     

岩石炸药防结块通过技术鉴定

由武汉钢铁学院研究的岩石炸药防结块于一九八七年四月十六日在湖北郧县化工厂通过了技术鉴定。鉴定会由湖北省科委主持,有中科院武     

单管道烟气干燥木粉的爆燃及预防

1 引言木粉在硝铵炸药中主要作为可燃剂,同时也起到促使炸药松散、防结块、调节密度的作用。但木粉的水分和细度对炸药的爆炸     

高氯酸钾比氯酸钾安全的原因

本文从热化学方面和分子结构方面讨论了高氯酸钾比氯酸钾安全的原因,并阐述了在烟花药剂中不得使用氯酸钾作氧化剂的理由。     

添加剂对硝酸铵饱和溶液表面张力的影响

添加剂对硝酸铵(AN)防潮、防结块的作用与其饱和溶液的性质有着密切的关系。文中选用了一些表面活性剂和高分子化合物对添加剂单一组分和复合组分在AN饱和溶液中的表面张力进行了实验,结果证明含有添加剂的AN饱和溶液表面张力与添加剂的作用具有良好的一致性。     

用吹气法研究脱脂乳粉的结块特性

为了研究脱脂乳粉的结块特性,建立了一套测试粉体结块特性的吹气动力学实验装置,对脱脂乳粉和混合添加剂的脱脂乳粉的结块特性进行了实验研究,应用非晶态粉体玻璃化转变理论分析实验数据,确定脱脂乳粉结块的影响因素和结块特征。正交实验及方差分析结果表明,相对湿度和温度是影响脱脂乳粉的两个主要因素;得到了相对湿度、温度、时间,以及添加剂种类及用量对脱脂乳粉结块指数的影响规律。     

氯酸钾性能分析与安全管理对策

文章从防火防爆安全角度出发,对氯酸钾的理化性能、爆炸危险性、检测进行了概括总结,给出了一些相关的实验数据,对氯酸钾的安全管理有一定的参考价值.     

氯酸钾炸药爆炸性能研究

实验配制了7种典型氯酸钾炸药,进行了猛度测试,获得了相关实验数据.实验表明,氯酸钾与凡士林、铝粉配制的炸药具有较强的猛度,其猛度值与2#岩石炸药猛度值相当,相当于梯恩梯炸药的67%;75%氯酸钾、20%硫磺和5%铝粉配制成的炸药其猛度值相当于梯恩梯的47%.     

碘量法测定锌精矿中的砷

试样以硝酸、氯酸钾分解、硫酸冒烟,再以碘量法测定锌精矿中的砷含量。方法准确、简便,加标回收率为98．20％-101．6％,RSD〈2．0％,方法测定范围0．20～3．00％。     

Kinetics and mechanism of chloride based chlorine dioxide generation process from acidic sodium chlorate

The reaction between sodium chlorate and sodium chloride in presence of aqueous sulfuric acid is studied in a well stirred reactor at various temperatures and molar concentrations of chlorate, chloride and acid. The reaction rate is evaluated by analyzing the consumption of chlorate or chloride iodometrically or argentometrically. The rate law is established. Reaction has been found first and second order with respect to chlorate and chloride concentration, respectively. Reaction order is found about 13-14 with respect to molar concentration of sulfuric acid but it reduced to 2.4 when acidity function, h_, is substituted in place of molar concentration. The temperature dependence of the reaction is also investigated and pre-exponential Arrhenius parameter as well as activation energy are determined. It has been observed that ClO(2)/Cl(2) ratio is markedly affected by chlorate to chloride ratio. Reaction mechanism compatible with the reaction kinetics is proposed.     

Effects of activated sludge on the degradation of chlorate in soils under varying environmental conditions

Incubation experiments were conducted to examine the effects of activated sludge on degradation of chlorate in soils. The results show that application of activated sludge could significantly promote the decomposition of soil chlorate though the degradation rate of chlorate did not necessarily increase with increasing application rate of the sludge. The effectiveness of activated sludge on soil chlorate degradation was significantly affected by temperature, moisture content and pH. There is a tendency that the rate of chlorate decomposition increased with increasing temperature and moisture content until optimal values of temperature and moisture content were reached. This can be attributed to the enhanced activity of chlorate-reducing microorganisms in hot and more reducing soil conditions. Soil pH also had important controls on the decomposition of chlorate. The experimental results demonstrate that neutral pH more favoured the degradation of soil chlorate, compared to either acidic or alkaline pH. While soil organic matter content could affect chlorate decomposition, its impact on the effectiveness of activated sludge on chlorate degradation was minor. This study has implications for developing cost-effective techniques for remediating chlorate-contaminated soils, particularly in the longan-producing countries.     

Capacitive behavior of highly-oxidized graphite

Capacitive behavior of a highly-oxidized graphite is presented in this paper. The graphite oxide was synthesized using an oxidizing mixture of potassium chlorate and concentrated fuming nitric acid. As-oxidized graphite was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed with respect to the oxygen content and the species of oxygen-containing groups. Electrochemical measurements were performed in a two-electrode symmetric cell using KOH electrolyte. It was shown that prolonged oxidation causes an increase in the oxygen content while the interlayer distance remains constant. Specific capacitance increased with oxygen content in the electrode as a result of pseudo-capacitive effects, from 0.47 to 0.54 F/g for a scan rate of 20 mV/s and 0.67 to 1.15 F/g for a scan rate of 5 mV/s. Better cyclability was observed for the electrode with a higher oxygen amount.     

Synthesis and crystal structure of chlorate-enclathrated in aluminogermanate sodalite Na8[AlGeO4]6(ClO3)2

Encapsulation of chlorate in sodalite with aluminogermanate host framework has been obtained by one pot hydrothermal synthesis at 393 K. The crystal structure of Na₈[AlGeO₄]₆(ClO₃)₂; sodalite was refined from X-ray powder data in the space group P $\bar 4$ 3n: a = 9.169 Å, where Al-O-Ge angle is 137.6°. The ²⁷Al MAS NMR study confirmed alternate Ge and Al ordering of the sodalite framework, while ²³Na gave insight into the structure and dynamics of the cage fillings. Infrared spectrum confirmed the encapsulation of chlorate as well as the framework formation of aluminogermanate sodalite. SEM study showed the retention of cubical morphology of the aluminogermanate sodalite. Thermogravimetric analysis provided information on the extent of chlorate entrapment, stability within the sodalite cages and decomposition properties.     

Temperature dependence of the frequency of nuclear quadrupole resonance in the 60–300°K region

Conclusion As a result of the present work, we obtained a new theoretically substantiated temperature dependence of the NQR frequency which takes into account the thermal expansion of the thermometric substance. For the Cl³⁵ nuclei of potassium chlorate this dependencev=f(T) is approximated by the interpolation formula in the 60–300°K range. The practical realization of the temperature scale of this range is accomplished by means of a standard nuclear quadrupole thermometer, and the intermediate temperature values are determined by calculation by interpolation formula (12)–(13) with a standard deviation of ±0.005°.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 5, pp. 52–55, May, 1970.     

Identification of inorganic improvised explosive devices by analysis of postblast residues using portable capillary electrophoresis instrumentation and indirect photometric detection with a light-emitting diode

A commercial portable capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument has been used to separate inorganic anions and cations found in postblast residues from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) of the type used frequently in terrorism attacks. The purpose of this analysis was to identify the type of explosive used. The CE instrument was modified for use with an in-house miniaturized light-emitting diode (LED) detector to enable sensitive indirect photometric detection to be employed for the detection of 15 anions (acetate, benzoate, carbonate, chlorate, chloride, chlorite, cyanate, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, phosphate, sulfate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate) and 12 cations (ammonium, monomethylammonium, ethylammonium, potassium, sodium, barium, strontium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, zinc, lead) as the target analytes. These ions are known to be present in postblast residues from inorganic IEDs constructed from ammonium nitrate/fuel oil mixtures, black powder, and chlorate/perchlorate/sugar mixtures. For the analysis of cations, a blue LED (470 nm) was used in conjunction with the highly absorbing cationic dye, chrysoidine (absorption maximum at 453 nm). A nonaqueous background electrolyte comprising 10 mM chrysoidine in methanol was found to give greatly improved baseline stability in comparison to aqueous electrolytes due to the increased solubility of chrysoidine and its decreased adsorption onto the capillary wall. Glacial acetic acid (0.7% v/v) was added to ensure chrysoidine was protonated and to enhance separation selectivity by means of complexation with transition metal ions. The 12 target cations were separated in less than 9.5 min with detection limits of 0.11-2.30 mg/L (calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). The anions separation system utilized a UV LED (370 nm) in conjunction with an aqueous chromate electrolyte (absorption maximum at 371 nm) consisting of 10 mM chromium(VI) oxide and 10 mM sodium chromate, buffered with 40 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane at pH 8.05. All 15 target anions were baseline separated in less than 9 min with limits of detection ranging from 0.24 to 1.15 mg/L (calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). Use of the portable instrumentation in the field was demonstrated by analyzing postblast residues in a mobile laboratory immediately after detonation of the explosive devices. Profiling the ionic composition of the inorganic IEDs allowed identification of the chemicals used in their construction.