Abschätzung einer Anprallkraft für murenexponierte Massivbauwerke

Estimation of a debris flow impact force against protection structures made of structural concrete. Alpine regions are exposed to several gravitational hazard processes. Such processes are debris flows, landslides or avalanches. Human settlements are amongst other things protected by structures adjusted to a certain process. The preparation of methods of calculation for the estimation of a debris flow impact force against such protection structures made of structural concrete is the major content of this paper. The paper is strongly related to the Austrian code series ONR2480X currently under development.     

石笼拱柔性拦截坝新技术及其数值模拟

针对常见的泥石流拦挡结构被冲击破坏的问题,提出了柔性石笼拱拦截坝新技术。柔性石笼拱以石笼为主要材料,砌筑成拱形,上游面铺设废旧轮胎防冲垫层,拦截泥石流。利用ANSYS LS-DYNA软件,分析了柔性石笼拱结构对泥石流冲击的动力响应,并与刚性浆砌石结构进行对比。通过MIDAS GTS软件计算,分析了石笼拱拦蓄泥石流后孔隙水压力变化及静力稳定特性。数值计算结果表明,柔性石笼拱结构能合理地优化结构受力,变形自适应,减小巨石冲击荷载以及饱和泥石流的浆体压力对结构的不利影响。     

泥石流冲击力的野外测量

冲击作用是泥石流最为剧烈的一种破坏方式。泥石流的冲击力因此也成为泥石流工程防治和危险性分区中的重要参数。然而,由于其破坏力巨大,可靠的野外泥石流的冲击力数据比较少。2004年通过在云南蒋家沟建立的泥石流冲击力野外测试装置和新研制的力传感器以及数据采集系统,首次测得不同流深位置、长历时、波形完整的泥石流冲击力信号。原始信号经过低通滤波处理后,得到真实的泥石流冲击力数据。对数据的初步分析发现,在同等流速的条件下,连续流的冲击力要比阵性流的大得多。单就阵性流而言,泥石流的冲击力最大值也不是随流速而单调增加的,而应该跟它所携带的固体物质的大小有很密切的关系。最后,对不同位置的冲击力过程线的分析说明泥石流中中等粒径的石块多集中在龙头和流体表面,而大粒径的石块应该是在泥石流体中半悬浮运动。     

四川省某泥石流特征及危险度评价

从泥石流特征、发育条件及活动趋势等对某区泥石流灾害进行分析,并采用刘希林和唐川等学者于1996年提出的单沟泥石流危险度评价方法对该区泥石流的危险度作了定性定量评价。结果表明,危险度H为0.47,属中度危险。最后提出了相应的防治措施和建议。     

Définition d'une typologie des dépôts de laves torrentielles et identification de critères granulométriques et géotechniques concernant les zones sources

The paper discusses viscous and saturated flows which can propagate at high velocity in torrent channels, referred to here as debris flows. Specific morphological, textural and sedimentological criteria have been identified, on which to distinguish debris flows from other torrent deposits. From a study of numerous debris flows sampled in 11 torrential catchment environments in the French Alps, two types of debris flows have been determined: those with a granular matrix and those with a cohesive matrix. Their typology is based mainly on the fraction of soil smaller than 20?mm although several discriminating particle size criteria have also been considered on the fraction between 20 and 200?μm. The author has selected five criteria for study, that relative to the fractions <50?μm being the most convenient. Geotechnical tests have also been used as a complementary criterion for this typology. The values of the Atterberg limits and blue methylene tests are generally lower for the debris flows with a granular matrix (Fig.?8a and Table?5). In most situations, the plasticity index of debris flow deposits is low. Both the soils sampled in the source areas and those mobilised as debris flows generally have particle size distributions and geotechnical characteristics similar to those of debris flow deposits reported in the literature. The paper concludes that source materials with a granular matrix are more likely to result in debris flows (as defined here) while the source materials with a higher fine fraction are more likely to move as mud flows.     

2010年中国泥石流灾害发生状况及原因

简要介绍了泥石流的定义、分类、形成条件及规律等知识,针对2010年以来全国泥石流发生的状况,探讨了原因,诱发因素及危害,并针对性地阐述了险情预报方法及泥石流预防措施,以加强人们对泥石流灾害的认识和重视。     

山体滑坡泥石流的地震力算法与防治

近来山体滑坡泥石流地质灾害频繁,而且与地震和降雨密切相关.因此提出常规地震力计算的一个改进算法,即在考虑地震加速度惯性力的同时再补充一项地震波持续振动产生的超静渗透力,它将减轻土体的有效重,更加容易滑坡.对于风化带乱石土层山坡,以平行坡面的直线滑动面为例,分别推导了下雨浸水饱和与非饱和情况下的浅层滑坡计算公式.经过比较不同坡比,地震加速度和超静渗透力的计算结果,常规计算不考虑超静渗透力时,抗滑安全系数会有高达25%的误差;当山坡下雨浸水饱和时,安全系数再减半,更易滑坡,在降雨迳流下必然形成泥石流.提出了几项防治措施,并介绍防治成功的工程实例.     

Numerical assessment of the impeding effect of check dams in the Hongchun debris flow gully,Sichuan Province,China

To mitigate potential damage from debris flows, numerous check dams have been constructed in thousands of debris flow gullies all over the world. However, the efficiencies of these check dams are largely unknown because they are normally designed based on empirical methods. This paper presents an assessment of the impeding effect of check dams constructed in the Hongchun debris flow gully in Sichuan Province, China by using an improved finite difference model. Compared with other models, the improved model can consider both the impeding effect of check dams and bed entrainment. We analyzed the impeding effect of these check dams on different initial scales of debris flows. The results show that these check dams perform quite well in constraining bed entrainment downstream of the gully. The average velocity, peak discharge, and final scale of a debris flow in the gully can be substantially reduced by constructed check dams. The impeding effect is sufficient when the initial volume of the debris flow is less than 1.5 times that of the catastrophic debris flow event that occurred in this gully on 14 August 2010. This study improves our understanding of the influence of check dams on the dynamic and bed entrainment processes of debris flows. The model adopted in this study can be a robust tool to quantify the efficiencies of existing check dams and provide reasonable guidance in the design of check dams in debris flow gullies.

     

考虑分界面的黏性泥石流下游演进数学模型研究

基于分界面理论,以泥石流屈服深度对应的面为分界面,将黏性泥石流分为理想流体和Bingham流体,建立了模拟黏性泥石流演进过程的数学模型和相应计算方法。该模型基于泥石流的运动特征,注重不同层间泥石流流速的差异,并可合理反映泥石流运动速度对其演进形态的影响机制;同时,全面考虑了黏性泥石流在演进过程中所呈现的"舌状体"和"龙头"由上向下翻落现象,因此可更准确描述黏性泥石流在演进过程中的运动状态。采用3组模型试验结果对建立的数学模型与计算方法进行了验证,结果表明:模型计算得出的泥石流泛滥范围和最大堆积厚度与模型试验结果误差在±5%以内,验证了模型的合理性。     

Rainfall-triggered debris flows following the Wenchuan earthquake

On 24 September 2008, 72 debris flows were triggered by heavy rainfall in the central part of the area affected by the Wenchuan Earthquake. This paper describes the process of debris-flow initiation and transport in the study areas and presents field observations on the roles of rainfall, lithology and the presence of faults. It is likely that following the ground shaking, the critical amount of accumulated precipitation and the hourly rainfall intensity necessary to initiate debris flow was reduced compared with values before the earthquake. A case study in the Xishanpo gully is presented; the debris flow from which caused a thick accumulation in the already devastated city of Beichuan. It is concluded that the whole of the area shaken by the Wenchuan Earthquake is now more susceptible to debris flows, which may be initiated by localized heavy rainfall. Care must be taken to properly assess this new type of geo-hazard.     

Susceptibility assessment of debris flows using the analytic hierarchy process method——A case study in Subao river valley,China

Many debris flows have occurred in the areas surrounding the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake.Susceptibility assessment of debris flows in this area is especially important for disaster prevention and mitigation. This paper studies one of the worst hit areas, the Subao river valley, and the susceptibility assessment of debris flows is performed based on field surveys and remote sensing interpretation. By investigating the formation conditions of debris flows in the valley, the following assessment factors are selected: mixture density of landslides and rock avalanches, distance to the seismogenic fault, stratum lithology, ground roughness, and hillside angle. The weights of the assessment factors are determined by the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. Each of the assessment factors is further divided into five grades. Then, the assessment model is built using the multifactor superposition method to assess the debris flow susceptibility. Based on the assessment results, the Subao river valley is divided into three areas: high susceptibility areas, medium susceptibility areas, and low susceptibility areas. The high susceptibility areas are concentrated in the middle of the valley, accounting for 17.6% of the valley area.The medium susceptibility areas are in the middle and lower reaches, most of which are located on both sides of the high susceptibility areas and account for 45.3% of the valley area. The remainders are classified as low susceptibility areas. The results of the model are in accordance with the actual debris flow events that occurred after the earthquake in the valley, confirming that the proposed model is capable of assessing the debris flow susceptibility. The results can also provide guidance for reconstruction planning and debris flow prevention in the Subao river valley.     

无黏性土滑坡型泥石流形成机理的离心机模型试验研究

采用自主研发的可视化试验装置,参照某泥石流现场试验进行了离心机模型试验,研究典型滑坡型泥石流形成的宏细观机理。根据现场试验的颗粒级配和重力比,用粉砂和细砂按比例配制土样进行20g加速度下的离心机试验。利用高清数码成像设备和细观结构分析软件Geodip分别从宏观和细观角度分析了滑坡型泥石流的形成模式和水土作用机理。研究结果表明：离心机模型试验较好地重现了现场试验现象,滑坡型泥石流的形成模式为自坡脚逐渐向上分块坍塌的倒退式块体滑动。滑坡型泥石流形成的原因是坡体中细颗粒随孔隙水迁移,引起孔隙水压力升高并形成底部渗流,造成坡体发生抗剪强度破坏形成泥石流。     

宝兴县和平沟泥石流基本特征及成因机制分析

和平沟为一老泥石流沟,历史上多次爆发泥石流。该沟流域面积15.90 km2,主沟长7.4 km,主沟平均纵比降208‰,松散固体物源总量为87.36×104m3,近期可能参与近期泥石流活动量约7.9×104m3。在有利的自然地质环境条件和人为因素相互作用下形成泥石流灾害。     

Debris flow simulation 2D (DFS 2D): Numerical modelling of debris flows and calibration of friction parameters

Debris flows are rapid mass movements with a mixture of rock, soil and water. High-intensity rainfall events have triggered multiple debris flows around the globe, making it an important concern from the disaster management perspective. This study presents a numerical model called debris flow simulation 2D (DFS 2D) and applicability of the proposed model is investigated through the values of the model parameters used for the reproduction of an occurred debris flow at Yindongzi gully in China on 13 August 2010. The model can be used to simulate debris flows using three different rheologies and has a user-friendly interface for providing the inputs. Using DFS 2D, flow parameters can be estimated with respect to space and time. The values of the flow resistance parameters of model, dry-Coulomb and turbulent friction, were calibrated through the back analysis and the values obtained are 0.1 and 1000 m/s², respectively. Two new methods of calibration are proposed in this study, considering the cross-sectional area of flow and topographical changes induced by the debris flow. The proposed methods of calibration provide an effective solution to the cumulative errors induced by coarse-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) in numerical modelling of debris flows. The statistical indices such as Willmott's index of agreement, mean-absolute-error, and normalized-root-mean-square-error of the calibrated model are 0.5, 1.02 and 1.44, respectively. The comparison between simulated and observed values of topographic changes indicates that DFS 2D provides satisfactory results and can be used for dynamic modelling of debris flows.     

降雨型泥石流临界雨量定量分析

利用Logistic回归模型对当日雨量和前期有效降雨量进行回归分析,形成了一整套对降雨型泥石流临界雨量进行定量分析的方法,并在辽宁省岫岩县进行了试用。在收集灾害发生当日各雨量站点雨量数据的基础上,采用等值线法将点雨量转变成面雨量,从而获得灾害发生对应雨量,进而采用向前顺推的办法获得灾害未发生时所对应降雨量,并利用Logistic回归模型确定最佳雨量计算天数。然后,基于Logistic回归模型对灾害发生及未发生样本对应的当日雨量和前期有效降雨量进行回归分析,有效降雨量系数分别采用了经验值(0.84)和利用岫岩雨量、水文数据计算得到的实际数值(0.61)。分析结果表明,该方法具有较好的分类效果,可对于泥石流灾害做到了定量化预测,利用两种有效降雨量系数计算得到的结果都具有较好的预报效果。     

某水电站库区泥石流易发性及危险性评价

对某水电站坝址区7条泥石流沟进行了泥石流易发程度判别,并进一步采用危险性指数和危险度2种方法对7条泥石流沟危险性进行了判别。分析得出:骆驼沟、水卡子沟、呷拉沟和巴旺沟的泥石流易发程度为轻度易发,邛山沟、木尔罗沟和燕耳岩沟的泥石流易发程度均为易发,其中以木尔罗沟为最易发,基于危险性指数评价得到的危险性与基于危险度评价得到的泥石流危险性等级略有不同,按危险度评判,骆驼沟和邛山沟泥石流危险性高,木尔罗沟、水卡子沟和燕耳岩沟泥石流危险性中等;呷拉沟和巴旺沟泥石流危险性低。     

土工离心机模拟泥石流问题的相似性考虑

尺度效应是阻碍对泥石流复杂动力学过程理解的最主要因素。土工离心机通过提供一个等效的高倍重力加速度场,能够在模型中还原岩土工程原型的应力状态,为泥石流物理模拟的尺度效应难题提供了一个经济可行的解决方案。在总结前人提出的两相流（泥石流）无量纲参数的基础上,建立了应用于土工离心机模拟泥石流的分层次相似性试验设计体系,可以确保模型和原型中泥石流运动学与动力学参数绝对值和相对值的一致,从而可以系统性地还原泥石流原型问题的物理过程。同时,针对对模拟结果产生较大影响的科里奥利效应和1g自然重力加速度,建议试验设计阶段选择有效旋转半径更大的离心机并适当降低旋转角速度。研究结果对泥石流和碎屑流的小尺度、大尺度物理模拟以及离心机模拟具有理论和技术层面的参考意义。     

Investigation and consideration on landslide zoning of multiple slope failures and debris flows of 2014 disaster in Hiroshima,Japan

This study was intended to examine the mechanism of multiple slope failures and debris flows that occurred in the outskirts of Hiroshima on 20th August 2014. A field survey of the mountain stream where large-scale damage was incurred was carried out and the characteristics of debris flows which made serious damages were investigated. There were five findings of this study. (1) The initiation of debris flows was not limited to thin and planar shallow failures, but also showed V or U shapes, where the eroded sediments seemed to be pushed out by artesian water, and the eroded depth exceeded several meters at many locations. (2) There were areas with high permeability, such as faults, fracture zones, and joints in Mt. Abusan. It is inferred that the constantly present groundwater in these areas became artesian water because of a large amount of rainfall in upstream locations. This quickly destabilized the slopes on a large scale. (3) There were at least three estimated debris flows at the mountain stream above Midorigaoka prefectural apartments in Yagi 3-Chome, where the worst damage occurred. The mountain stream near Abu-no-Sato housing complex also had multiple debris flows. Here, the secondary debris flow changed its flow path because of the presence of sediments from an earlier debris flow. (4) The actual volumes of flowed mass were much larger than that predicted at 11 of the 18 mountain streams in Midori-i and Yagi districts. The volume of the mass of five of these mountain streams was more than twice the estimated volume. It is necessary to modify the method of calculating the volume of unstable sediments in the mountain stream. (5) It was found that the devastating damage of buildings and human lives took place in the areas well beyond the special restricted zones. The present method to designate the special restricted zone must be revised considering such problems as the underestimation of the volume of unstable sediments, the assumptions of a single debris flow and on the direction of debris flow, and the effect of the difference on rock and soil types.     

Debris flow in the upper Isarco valley, Italy – 14 August 1998

The stretch of the Isarco valley between the localities of Fortezza and Mules (South Tyrol, Italy) is an area prone to debris flows due to the particular combination of climate, morphology and geological conditions. On 14 August 1998 the steep side streams located on the lateral slopes of the valley were swollen due to heavy rainfall and water issuing from joints in the rock mass. This resulted in debris flows which caused damage and resulted in the death of five people on a highway passing through the valley. This rainfall event is compared with previous similar occasions. The paper also assesses empirical formulae developed to estimate the total sediment volume that may be mobilised in a torrent catchment during an extreme rainstorm. Electronic Publication     

基于水系三维模型及分形理论对泥石流活动强度的研究

 泥石流的水系结构能够直观地反映出泥石流本身的发育状态和活动程度,为定量描述泥石流水系结构从而对泥石流的活动强度进行分析,基于GIS系统提取出泥石流水系的三维化数据,根据分形理论自编Matlab程序测定出金沙江流域泥石流三维水系模型的盒维数值,确定水系结构的量化指标,并结合松散物源量、泥沙补给段长度比等指标对研究区内的泥石流进行分析,得出泥石流的活动强度与各影响因素之间深层次规律。随着泥石流活动强度的增长,其影响因素也会跟着增加。而且,在活动强度为15和21处时,活动强度和影响因素的关系曲线均出现拐点。对泥石流活动强度的界定提出新的判据。通过上述方法对金沙江流域的泥石流进行研究,结果发现,矮坝沟的活动强度最大,这一结论与实际相符,验证该方法的科学性和合理性,为泥石流灾害的评估提供新的手段和依据。