感应钎焊温度对立方氮化硼砂轮磨削性能的影响

利用超高频感应钎焊在不同钎焊温度条件下制备立方氮化硼(CBN)砂轮,采用扫描电子电镜（SEM）和能量分散谱仪（EDS）对磨粒表面新生化合物进行观察与分析,并通过与电镀CBN砂轮进行比较,对感应钎焊CBN砂轮的磨削性能进行评价。结果表明：CBN磨粒界面新生化合物主要组成元素有N、B、Ti三种,活性元素Ti发生扩散并与N和B发生化合反应;当感应钎焊温度为940℃时,磨粒表面生成物致密覆盖在表面,且所制备的CBN钎焊砂轮的磨削力和磨削比能较小。在相同磨削用量下,对电镀CBN砂轮和感应钎焊CBN砂轮的磨损形式进行对比分析发现,电镀CBN砂轮的磨损形式为黏附磨损,钎焊CBN砂轮的磨损形式为破碎磨损。     

新型小直径端面CBN砂轮开发及其磨削性能研究

基于电镀小直径端面CBN砂轮磨削沟槽的试验结果,为减小沟槽底面与侧面过渡圆弧半径,开发了一种新型小直径端面CBN砂轮,在试验研究其磨削性能的基础上提出了改善措施,取得了良好的磨削效果。新型端面CBN砂轮加工沟槽的过渡圆弧半径达到0.2mm以下,比电镀CBN砂轮减小60%以上。新型端面CBN砂轮磨削过程中,由于有效CBN磨粒发生的后面磨损及其破碎,使磨粒切削刃凸出高度降低,而砂轮表面所有CBN磨粒均先后依次成为有效磨粒,因此提高单个CBN磨粒的耐磨性和韧性,减小破碎,是提高新型CBN砂轮寿命的有效措施。选用多晶强韧的CBN磨粒(通用电器GE550型产品)使砂轮寿命提高到了原来的6.75倍。     

钛合金Ti6Al4V高速磨削试验研究

为实现难加工材料钛合金的高效磨削,进一步发挥高速磨削的潜力,开展了钛合金Ti6Al4V高速磨削工艺试验研究,对磨削过程的磨削力、磨削比能以及磨削温度随单颗磨粒最大切屑厚度agmax的变化特征进行了分析。研究结果表明：不同砂轮线速度vs条件下,磨削力、磨削比能及磨削温度三者随单颗磨粒最大切屑厚度agmax变化的特征曲线略有不同,具体表现为,单颗磨粒最大切屑厚度agmax一定条件下,磨削力及磨削比能随着磨削速度的提高呈减小趋势,磨削温度则呈上升趋势,同时钎焊CBN砂轮的磨削力、磨削比能低于陶瓷结合剂及电镀CBN砂轮的磨削力、磨削比能,因此,利用钎焊CBN砂轮磨料有序排布的优势,选择合理的单颗磨粒最大切屑厚度,可在提高砂轮线速度的同时提高进给速度,从而提高磨削效率,实现钛合金的高速高效磨削。     

轴向超声辅助单颗CBN磨粒切削运动分析及切削力试验研究

为了研究CBN磨粒砂轮在轴向超声振动条件下的磨削特性,通过轴向超声振动辅助条件下单颗CBN磨粒切削试件的试验,以磨削力为研究对象,研究了轴向超声振动辅助条件下单颗CBN磨粒切削力,从微观角度进行磨粒的运动分析。研究表明:轴向超声辅助条件下的切削力,无论是单颗磨粒所受的法向力F_n还是切向力F_t的值均小于普通条件下的切削力。轴向超声振动辅助条件下单颗CBN磨粒切削运动轨迹是由刀具围绕工件的旋转运动和刀具的高频振动复合而成,其轨迹整体符合正弦曲线轨迹。通过正交试验得出,在一定条件下,轴向超声辅助下的切削力随磨粒切削速度、磨削深度的增大而增大,普通加工中随磨粒大小的增大而增大,超声加工时随磨粒增大有先增后减的趋势。此次试验研究对后期整个CBN砂轮在超声辅助条件下磨削的研究以及CBN砂轮的制备方面都有一定的意义和价值。     

快速点磨削侧边接触层模型及CBN砂轮磨损特性

根据点磨削原理和技术特征,讨论薄层CBN砂轮侧边实际接触区在材料去除过程中的作用,建立快速点磨削侧边接触区几何模型,对侧边接触区工件等效直径、几何与动态接触弧长、单颗磨粒切削深度、平均切屑断面积等接触层参数进行数学建模与解析。结合快速点磨削加工试验研究结果,分析侧边接触层参数对快速点磨削过程的影响机理及薄层CBN点磨削砂轮的磨损特征及规律。结果表明,点磨削过程中材料的去除主要是在侧边接触区内完成,薄层CBN点磨削砂轮的最大磨损速率发生在砂轮侧边最大直径处。     

单层电镀CBN砂轮磨削区分界线位置的实验研究

针对如何确定单层电镀CBN(立方氮化硼)砂轮磨削区分界线位置,改善窄深槽侧面表明质量这一问题,应用单层电镀CBN砂轮对45#钢工件进行高速深切缓进给磨削实验。在不同砂轮线速度、窄深槽磨削深度和工件进给速度下,对单层电镀CBN砂轮磨削区分界线位置的变化规律进行研究。研究表明:单层电镀CBN砂轮磨削区分界线到砂轮顶部的距离随砂轮线速度的增大而逐渐增大,随窄深槽磨削深度的增加而逐渐减小,随工件进给速度的增大先减小后增大。     

电镀CBN砂轮磨削表面粗糙度研究

为改善电镀CBN砂轮的磨削性能,利用叶序理论对磨粒排布进行设计。探讨叶序参数对磨粒间距及排布的影响,并建立相关表面粗糙度数学模型,模拟仿真叶序参数对于表面粗糙度的影响趋势。仿真结果表明,采用合理的叶序排布参数能获得较其它排布方式较小的表面粗糙度值,这为砂轮表面磨粒的有序化排布设计提供了理论依据。     

电镀CBN砂轮精密修整对磨削性能的影响

采用传统接触方式测量电镀CBN砂轮径向跳动时,测量仪触头易嵌入砂轮粗糙表面,致使检测数据严重失真,不能真实反映砂轮径向跳动值大小。利用非接触式激光位移传感器,在线采集电镀砂轮外圆表面信息,并经数据处理,得出砂轮的跳动值。磨削试验结果表明:对于电镀CBN砂轮,为了保证良好的表面,砂轮初始径向跳动值不能超过磨粒直径的30%,否则修整后砂轮表面磨粒过于钝化,无法进行正常磨削。     

杯形CBN砂轮端面磨削的自锐过程分析及磨削效果改善

以曲线沟槽的磨削加工为目的 ,本文对金属结合剂杯形小直径 CBN砂轮端面磨削沟槽底面时的砂轮自锐 (Self- dressing)过程进行了研究。金属结合剂杯形小直径 CBN砂轮的自锐行为表现为磨粒磨损后的破碎产生新切削刃 ,磨钝磨粒的脱落和砂轮结合剂被磨屑去除产生新磨粒 ,保持了砂轮工作面上磨粒密度的相对稳定 ,维持了砂轮的锋锐性。通过提高砂轮硬度以期减缓磨粒脱落 ,增加单个磨粒的服务期限 ,试验结果表明已加工表面粗糙度 Rz小于 3.5 μm,砂轮磨损减小了 40 % ,磨削过程稳定 ,取得了良好的磨削效果     

单颗粒磨削合金钢20CrMo磨削力仿真

根据单颗CBN磨粒的实际几何特征和磨削特点,CBN磨粒被简化成切头方锥形,分别建立了单颗CBN磨粒微切削合金钢20CrMo的力学模型和相应的有限元仿真模型,从微观角度分析了单颗CBN磨粒的切削成屑机理和磨削力。研究结果表明:磨粒的推挤使工件材料发生塑性变形,沿磨粒的前方及两侧隆起,并最终于磨粒的前方流出而形成磨屑,但是当磨粒前角比较小时很难形成连续的磨屑;研究了磨粒速度、切削深度及前角变化对法向及切向磨削力的影响规律。     

Sensor elements made of conductive silicone rubber for passively compliant gripper

Grinding is regarded as a special multiple edge cutting process, in which the abrasive grains remove the workpiece material at the microlevel. The grain–workpiece interaction, which resembles the microcutting process, directly modifies the workpiece surface and dominates all the output measures of grinding process. Recently, a virtual single-layer cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel model is developed by simulating each wheel fabrication step, which makes the estimation of the single grain material removal mode possible in grinding. Therefore, the study of the grain–workpiece interaction through microcutting behavior on the abrasive grains becomes necessary for the quantitative investigation of grinding processes. In this paper, the influence of the grain orientation on the microcutting performance of CBN grains is studied through finite element method (FEM) simulation based on response surface methodology (RSM). The FEM simulation helps in both qualitative and quantitative understanding of microcutting process. And the RSM analysis is proved to be an effective tool for factorial analysis in this paper. The results indicate that the single grain microcutting force is sensitive to the grain wear condition and orientation status, and there exists preferable orientation condition for microcutting with abrasive grains to achieve minimum cutting force.     

Wear behavior and mechanism of single-layer brazed CBN abrasive wheels during creep-feed grinding cast nickel-based superalloy

Wear behavior and mechanism of single-layer brazed CBN abrasive wheels during creep-feed grinding nickel-based superalloy K424 was investigated. Grinding force and temperature acting on the abrasive wheels were measured. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to detect grain protrusion and wheel wear morphology. The normal distribution of the protrusion height of the brazed CBN grains on the wheel surface was determined. The results show that, though the grinding zone temperature is merely about 180°C during creep-feed grinding nickel-based superalloy, the grinding heat still has an important effect on the grain wear owing to the high temperature of the individual grain up to 500–600°C. Wear patterns of brazed wheels are composed of mild wear (attritious wear and grain micro-fracture) and severe wear (grain macro-fracture, erosion of the bonding layer). Strong joining of brazed CBN grains and Ag–Cu–Ti bonding layer improves significantly the resistance to grain pullout.     

Abrasive wear of a single CBN grain in ultrasonic-assisted high-speed grinding

Research into the single grain cutting mechanism is important for understanding complex grinding mechanisms. Based on the characteristics of ultrasonic vibration, the motion equation of the grain is established, and the generated trajectory is theoretically analyzed. By adopting the method of combining high-speed grinding technology with ultrasonic vibration, abrasive wear forms of single cubic boron nitride (CBN) grains under common and ultrasonic conditions are studied. Further studies are conducted on the influence of the grain itself and the main grinding parameters on abrasive wear. Research shows that the main forms of abrasive wear during ultrasonic-assisted grinding are shearing wear and removing wear. However, common grinding leads to micro-crushing wear and a small amount of abrasion wear; the different forms of wear correspond to different grinding force signals. The greater the initial grain protrusion height, the greater is the abrasion of the protrusion; for the same grain protrusion height, the abrasive wear due to ultrasonic-assisted grinding is larger than that due to common grinding. As the grinding depth increases, the abrasive wear of both processing modes increases; however, in the case of ultrasonic machining, the abrasive wear increases slowly and is larger than that under common grinding. This study provides a certain decision basis for real-time monitoring of the ultrasonic-assisted high-speed grinding process. Additionally, it provides guidance and reference for the manufacture and selection of the grinding wheel and for the selection of reasonable processing parameters.     

Development and performance of monolayer brazed CBN grinding tools

CBN grinding tools have been broadly utilized in machining difficult-to-cut materials in recent years. Grains of the conventional grinding tools, however, are held in the tool matrix just through the mechanical incrustation effect induced by the electroplated or sintered metal, which results in the stochastic grain distribution and limited grain protrusion, in addition to the easy grain pullout and premature tool failure by the strong impact forces generated during machining. These properties and shortcomings of the electroplated or sintered tools have restricted the potential of CBN superabrasive grains. Therefore, a new technology has been developed and introduced in this paper to fabricate successfully monolayer CBN grinding tools, in which the highly protruding grains could be planted in the required uniform pattern through the brazing effect among CBN grains, filler alloy and tool substrate at elevated temperature. Finally, comparative grinding tests performed with the conventional electroplated and newly-developed brazed CBN tools have indicated that highly increased efficiency and prolonged tool lives, as well as low fabrication and use cost could be achieved by applying the brazed CBN grinding tools.     

A precision grinding method for screw rotors using CBN grinding wheel

Aiming at the high precision machining of screw rotors, a new grinding method for screw rotors using cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel is presented in this paper. Small electroplated CBN grinding wheel is firstly used to grind screw rotors. The mathematical model for the axial profiles of CBN grinding wheel is developed based on gear engagement theory. Taking the backlash of screw rotors and the coating thickness of CBN layer into consideration, the modification of the base body of the wheel shape is introduced into the design of the CBN grinding wheel. Wire cut electrical discharge machining low speed (WEDM-LS) was used to machine the base body of the CBN grinding wheel. The formed turning tools of the base body of CBN grinding wheel using WEDM-LS and the wheel shapes of CBN grinding wheel using the formed turning tool were performed. The CBN grinding wheels for the screw rotors were made to verify the validity and effectiveness of the presented method. The electroplated CBN grinding wheels were used to machine the screw rotors, and the machining experiments were performed. The data obtained in the experiments reach the fifth class of Chinese Standard GB10095-88.     

超微粒金刚石和富勒烯研具创建超平滑表面的研究

制备了超微粒金刚石和富勒烯研磨工具,并分别进行了硅片研磨试验,详细分析了两种材料的研磨特性如表面粗糙度的稳定性、磨料粒度对研磨效果的影响以及研磨材料的显微结构等。试验结果表明,使用0~1/8μm粒度的金刚石研具获得的表面粗糙度值大于使用0~1/4μm粒度金刚石研具的表面粗糙度值,这是因为磨粒被粘结剂覆盖所致。研究结果表明,采用富勒烯研具研磨硅片可获得Ra5nm的超平滑镜面。     

叶序排布磨粒对砂轮的磨削温度场效应

在砂轮磨削过程中,磨削热影响工件表面完整性,而磨粒排布是影响磨削温度场的重要因素之一。针对磨粒叶序排布的砂轮,采用有限元法对磨削温度场进行了计算模拟分析,获得了叶序系数对工件磨削温度场的影响规律。研究结果表明,随着叶序排布系数的增大,被磨工件的表面温度和温度梯度减低。     

电镀金刚石砂轮高效精密修整及熔融石英磨削试验研究

大尺寸光学玻璃元件主要采用细磨粒金刚石砂轮进行精密/超精密磨削加工,但存在砂轮修整频繁、工件表面面形精度难以保证、加工效率低等缺点。采用大磨粒金刚石砂轮进行加工则具有磨削比大、工件面形精度高等优点,然而高效精密的修整是其实现精密磨削的关键技术。采用Cr12钢对电镀金刚石砂轮(磨粒粒径151 μm)进行粗修整,借助修整区域聚集的热量加快金刚石的磨损,可使砂轮的回转误差快速降至10 μm以内。结合在线电解修锐技术,采用杯形金刚石修整滚轮对粗修整后的电镀砂轮进行精修整,砂轮的回转误差可达6 μm以内,轴向梯度误差由6 μm降至2.5 μm。通过对修整前后的金刚石砂轮表面磨损形貌成像及其拉曼光谱曲线分析了修整的机理。对应于不同的砂轮修整阶段进行熔融石英光学玻璃磨削试验,结果表明,砂轮回转误差较大时,工件材料表面以脆性断裂去除为主;随着砂轮回转误差和轴向梯度误差的减小,工件表面材料以塑性去除为主,磨削表面粗糙度为Ra19.6 nm,亚表层损伤深度低至2 μm。可见,经过精密修整的大磨粒电镀金刚石砂轮可以实现对光学玻璃的精密磨削。