镍基高温合金应变疲劳断裂机制研究

应用透射和扫描电镜对镍基高温合金应变疲劳形变结构,损伤过程、裂纹的形成和扩展进行了观察和分析。结果表明:镍基高温合金应变疲劳的形变结构具有平面滑移特性,裂纹沿交叉滑移带形核和扩展。在应变循环下位错仍多以超位错组态运动并切过γ′相。由于反复切割的结果,形成驻留滑移带,通常裂纹在驻留滑移带形核,这就是为什么镍基高温合金具有较低应变疲劳寿命的原因。     

ZrC粒子对低碳微合金钢的强化作用

真空条件下,在低碳微合金钢中添加微米级ZrC颗粒,使其成为钢在热轧时奥氏体的形变核心及其形变诱导铁素体的再结晶核心以细化晶粒,获得了屈服强度为518 MPa的低碳微合金高强度钢,对钢中第二相粒子包括碳化物析出相及外加ZrC颗粒对钢的强化作用进行了讨论。采用化学相分析及X射线小角散射法研究了钢中析出相的成分、数量及粒度分布,同时用扫描电镜和透射电镜对钢中第二相粒子的形态和微观结构进行了观察,发现尺寸小于18 nm的MC析出相含量较少,未发现小于10 nm的析出相。研究结果表明:细晶强化是试验钢的主要强化方式,位错强化次之,而沉淀强化和固溶强化较小,外加ZrC颗粒在细晶强化和位错强化中产生重要作用。     

硬质合金中WC的微观结构及其形变断裂机制

用透射电子显微镜对YG8、YG11、YG12和H_(12)S_2等几种硬质合金中WC的微观结构和形变断裂过程进行了观察、电子衍射和衍衬分析。结果表明,合金中WC晶粒内部有着非常丰富的微观结构,例如,高密度的位错纠缠、堆垛层错、界面位错、超位错、小角度晶界,以及由位错交互作用形成的位错网络等。本文着重探讨了,当合金承受应力,产生应变和断裂时,WC晶内微观结构变化规律,这为合金穿晶断裂提供了实验依据,并试图从晶体学的角度给予解释。     

回火索氏体钢轨钢循环应变行为与位错结构关系的研究

本文用增量步进试验方法，研究了具有不同组织参数的回火索氏体共析钢轨钢的循环应力－应变行为。并通过透射电镜对位错结构的分析，探讨了回火索氏体循环软化机制。试验及分析结果表明，在本试验条件下，回火索氏体组织均发生循环软化。循环应变过程中组织中位错间的交互作用形成位错胞。回火索氏体强烈的循环软化主要是由于位错组态再分布，产生胞状亚结构，使内应力降低所致。     

马氏体体积分数对热轧双相钢形变位错结构和断裂的影响

  利用SEM、TEM研究了同一成分的热轧双相钢的马氏体体积分数对形变位错结构和断口组织特征的影响。结果表明,马氏体体积分数为20%～30%时,体积分数增加对双相钢形变位错结构的演变影响较小。且马氏体在变形的后期中将出现伴生的高位错密度区和低位错密度区。断裂时当马氏体体积分数增加到30%,颈缩提前,且微孔有向微裂纹转变的趋势。因此,马氏体体积分数为20%的双相钢的成形性能优于马氏体体积分数为30%的双相钢。     

Fe-Mn-Si-Al系和Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢加工硬化行为

研究了在不同应变量下Fe-Mn-Si-Al系和Fe-Mn-C系孪晶诱导塑性(TWIP)钢的力学性能以及微观组织,分析了TWIP效应在两种不同系列TWIP钢中发挥的作用,阐明了TWIP钢的强化机制.两种系列的TWIP钢都具有高加工硬化能力,但层错能较低的Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢加工硬化能力更强.两种系列的TWIP钢加工硬化表现为多加工硬化指数行为,这是由多种强化机理在不同阶段起主导作用的结果.微观组织形态与加工硬化强度之间存在着较强的关联性.位错的增殖和形变孪晶的产生对两个系列TWIP钢硬化曲线形态有着明显的影响.在高应变阶段,Fe-Mn-C系TWIP钢大量的第一位向形变孪晶T1和第二位向形变孪晶T2,以及附着在孪晶界旁的高密度位错区域是造成其具有高加工硬化能力的原因,而Fe-Mn-Si-Al系TWIP钢细密的第一位向形变条纹和孪晶片层间的位错是其高加工硬化原因,且其微观组织更为均匀细致.      

Ti3Al基合金α2相高温形变位错的电镜观察

研究了Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo（at％）合金中DO19结构的α_2相在400～700℃拉伸形变的位错结构。采用透射电子显微镜的双束衍射技术和g·b=0不可见判据分析了位错类型和滑移系。试验结果表明:400～700℃拉伸形变主要是a型位错在棱柱面、基面的滑移,400℃形变时还有少量c a/2型位对在棱柱面滑移,c a/2型位错的密度随形变温度提高而减少,700℃拉伸没有c a/2型位错对,开动的是a型位错对在棱锥面滑移。     

双相钢780DP的动态拉伸性能

本文对双相钢780DP进行了不同应变率的动态拉伸试验,对试样的断口形貌和显微组织进行了检测和分析。结果显示,780DP钢的强度随着应变率的提高而增加,并且具有明显的应变速率敏感性,在高应变率的条件下,780DP钢强度提高的主要原因是形变硬化和位错运动机制的改变,同时具有形变微区的绝热升温效应。     

高Nb-TiAl合金的高温循环变形机制

在750℃下对近片层Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.1Y合金进行了静拉伸和循环变形,观察和分析变形后试样的微观组织.合金在750℃时的循环应力-应变曲线位于静拉伸应力-应变曲线之上,显示出明显的循环硬化特征;在循环变形过程中呈现先硬化后稳定.透射电镜观察显示,在750℃下循环变形和拉伸的合金试样中均发现有大量的位错钉扎、塞积及缠结存在,而形变孪晶仅在循环变形后的合金试样中存在.合金在750℃下的循环变形中孪生起重要作用.      

Cu-Ag-Cr合金的强化机制及定量探讨

采用中频熔炼-铸造-热轧-固溶-冷轧-时效处理工艺制备了Cu-Ag-Cr合金。通过拉伸力学性能测试、硬度测试和透射电子显微镜观察,研究了微量Cr和Ag对固溶-预冷变形-时效合金组织和性能的影响,探讨了Cu-Ag-Cr合金的主要强化机制,并用理论计算来预测Cr对合金屈服强度的增量。结果表明:微量Ag在Cu-0.1Ag-0.5Cr合金中主要以固溶形式存在,微量Cr在时效态Cu-0.1Ag-0.5Cr合金中主要以单质Cr粒子形式存在,Cr粒子的尺寸约为几个到十几个纳米,呈现共格畸变产生的豆瓣状析出相衬度,与基体共格,冷轧后时效态组织中有部分保留的位错亚结构。细小弥散分布的析出相质点能够强烈地钉扎位错,对形变组织中的亚结构具有稳定作用,阻碍位错运动和亚晶界的合并,从而使合金中仍能保持较高的位错密度,延缓回复过程和再结晶形核的开始。Cu-0.1Ag-0.5Cr合金的强化机制是Ag的固溶强化、预冷变形引入的亚结构强化和Cr粒子的析出强化。理论计算的屈服强度增量,与实验测试的Cu-Ag-Cr合金屈服强度增量很接近,计算值与实测值相差5.5%。Cr的析出强化量可以由计算近似得到。     

On the Relationship Between Cyclic Deformation Behavior and Slip Mode in 316LN Stainless Steel with Varying Nitrogen Content

The relationship between cyclic deformation, slip-mode and dislocation structures is investigated in 316LN stainless steel (with 0.07–0.22 wt% Nitrogen) subjected to low cycle fatigue at temperatures in the range 300–873 K and at a 0.6 % strain amplitude. Irrespective of the nitrogen content, cyclic softening/saturation occupied a large fraction of fatigue life at temperatures <773 K. The end-of-life dislocation structures (e.g. dislocation cells, planar slip-bands) characterizing the cyclic softening/saturation belong to wavy/mixed/planar slip-modes of deformation. On the other hand at temperatures ≥773 K, similar dislocation structures are noticed to be associated with significant cyclic strengthening with limited softening. The differences in the above deformation behavior is found to be controlled not by the nature of slip-mode but by the consequences of dynamic strain aging occurrence (e.g. significant cyclic strengthening and pronounced serrations) which are noticed to vary in the temperature range 573–873 K. Maximum fatigue life is observed at 0.11–0.14 wt% N that induced mixed mode of deformation.     

Fe-19Cr-0.2Ni-5Mn-0.2Si在循环加载下的马氏体相变规律及其影响

 相变诱导塑性(TRIP)双相不锈钢具有优良的强度和塑性,且兼顾经济性,因此工业应用潜力很大。而厘清TRIP型双相不锈钢在循环加载下产生的马氏体相变对其循环力学性能的影响规律,是促进其进一步开发及工业化应用的基础。以TRIP型双相不锈钢Fe-19Cr-0.2 Ni-5Mn-0.2Si为研究对象,开展循环性能及相变特征研究。应用INSTRON试验机,分别进行拉伸试验和应变幅为0.6%的对称循环加载试验,测定试验钢的拉伸力学性能及循环软硬化性能。在循环加载过程中,应用铁素体测量仪测量不同循环周次下的马氏体转变量,分析马氏体相变特征。利用透射电镜,观测典型循环周次下的微观结构,分析马氏体相变和位错结构演化规律。进而,研究马氏体相变和位错结构演化对循环软硬化性能的作用机制。结果表明,试验钢在拉伸条件下,表现出明显的TRIP效应;循环初期马氏体转变速率较快,之后转变速率逐渐降低并且逐渐趋于零;循环软硬化特征可分为3个阶段,初始循环硬化、循环软化和二次循环硬化阶段;初始循环硬化由两相中位错的增殖引起的硬化效应起主导作用;随后的循环软化,由铁素体中低能位错结构所引起的软化效应起主导作用;在二次循环硬化阶段,相变马氏体对材料的硬化起主导作用。总的来说,马氏体相变对试验钢循环加载初期的循环软硬化性能影响较小,但对循环后期的性能影响较大。     

The cyclic deformation and fatigue behaviour of the low carbon steel SAE 1045 in the temperature regime of dynamic strain ageing

The cyclic deformation behaviour of normalized SAE 1045 steel (german steel grade Ck 45) has been investigated over a range of temperatures between 20 and 375°C. Special attention has been paid to the effects of dynamic strain ageing, which are most pronounced around 300°C. Different types of deformation tests (tension tests, incremental step tests, and constant amplitude cyclic deformation tests under stress control with a stress amplitude of 400 MPa as well as under plastic strain control with a plastic strain amplitude of 0.5%) were carried out to observe the influence of temperature on the macroscopic mechanical behaviour. These tests were followed by TEM studies on microstructural features. In the temperature range of maximum dynamic strain ageing, the material was found to show maximum strength in unidirectional as well as in cyclic deformation tests. While the fatigue life is maximum at the temperature of maximum dynamic strain ageing in stress-controlled tests, it is minimum in plastic strain controlled tests. At the temperature of maximum dynamic strain ageing around 300°C, the dislocations are arranged in dense dislocation tangles and parallel dislocation walls, whereas at room and at higher temperatures (375°C) mainly dislocation cell structures are observed.     

Fatigue deformation-induced response in a superduplex stainless steel

The cyclic deformation behavior of SAF 2507 superduplex stainless steel (SDSS) was studied under constant plastic-strain amplitudes. The cyclic hardening/softening curves show initial hardening, followed by softening and, finally, saturation behavior. Two regimes can be differentiated in the cyclic stress-strain curve (CSSC) of SDSS. The transition point at which the cyclic strain-hardening rate changes is identified to be ɛ _p/2=7 × 10⁻³. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results on dislocation structures suggested that there is a close relationship between the CSSC, hardening/softening curves, and the dislocation substructure evolution. In the low-plastic-strain-amplitude regime of the CSSC, the dislocation activity in the austenite grains is found to be higher than that in the ferrite grains. At higher plastic strain amplitudes, low-energy dislocation structures are found in the ferrite grains, while clusters and bundles of dislocations can be observed in the austenite grains. Strain localization due to formation of these structures resulted in a decrease in the cyclic strain-hardening rate within the high-plastic-strain-amplitude regime. Dislocation substructure evolution is also used to explain the shape of the hardening/softening curve.     

Fatigue behavior of a precipitation hardening Ni−Al−Cu medium carbon steel

The fatigue behavior of an Fe-0.3 wt pet C-4 wt pet Ni-1 wt pet Al-1 wt pet Cu precipitation hardening steel was investigated in three different heat treated conditions which give similar tensile strengths but different microstructures. One heat treatment produced a lightly tempered lath martensite having fine carbides and a high dislocation density. The other two heat treatments produced highly tempered martensite with coarse carbides, fine intermetallic precipitates and a relatively low dislocation density. The steel in the lightly tempered condition showed marked softening on strain cycling while the highly tempered conditions resulted in both hardening and softening. The lightly tempered structure had better low cycle fatigue resistance but the two highly tempered structures had better high cycle resistance. The dislocation substructure in the lightly tempered steel rearranges itself and accommodates plastic strain during cyclic deformation while the substructure in the highly tempered structures containing fine precipitates resists rearrangement. This difference is suggested as the reason for the differences in behavior. The three conditions show little variation in their resistance to fatigue crack propagation. However, the highly tempered, precipitate containing structures were much more resistant to fatigue crack initiation in notched specimens.     

Forecasting Low-Cycle Fatigue Performance of Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels: Difficulty and Attempt

We find the existing empirical relations based on monotonic tensile properties and/or hardness cannot satisfactorily predict the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) performance of materials, especially for twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels. Given this, we first identified the different deformation mechanisms under monotonic and cyclic deformation after a comprehensive study of stress–strain behaviors and microstructure evolutions for Fe-Mn-C alloys during tension and LCF, respectively. It is found that the good tensile properties of TWIP steel mainly originate from the large activation of multiple twinning systems, which may be attributed to the grain rotation during tensile deformation; while its LCF performance depends more on the dislocation slip mode, in addition to its strength and plasticity. Based on this, we further investigate the essential relations between microscopic damage mechanism (dislocation–dislocation interaction) and cyclic stress response, and propose a hysteresis loop model based on dislocation annihilation theory, trying to quickly assess the LCF resistance of Fe-Mn-C steels as well as other engineering materials. It is suggested that the hysteresis loop and its evolution can provide significant information on cyclic deformation behavior, e.g., (point) defect multiplication and vacancy aggregation, which may help estimate the LCF properties.     

Fatigue behavior of a precipitation hardening Ni-Al-Cu medium carbon steel

The fatigue behavior of an Fe-0.3 wt pct C-4 wt pct Ni-1 wt pct Al-1 wt pct Cu precipitation hardening steel was investigated in three different heat treated conditions which give similar tensile strengths but different microstructures. One heat treatment produced a lightly tempered lath martensite having fine carbides and a high dislocation density. The other two heat treatments produced highly tempered martensite with coarse carbides, fine intermetallic precipitates and a relatively low dislocation density. The steel in the lightly tempered condition showed marked softening on strain cycling while the highly tempered conditions resulted in both hardening and softening. The lightly tempered structure had better low cycle fatigue resistance but the two highly tempered structures had better high cycle resistance. The dislocation substructure in the lightly tempered steel rearranges itself and accommodates plastic strain during cyclic deformation while the substructure in the highly tempered structures containing fine precipitates resists rearrangement. This difference is suggested as the reason for the differences in behavior. The three conditions show little variation in their resistance to fatigue crack propagation. However, the highly tempered, precipitate containing structures were much more resistant to fatigue crack initiation in notched specimens. Former Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Walter P. Murphy Professor of Materials Science and Engineering     

Inelastic deformation and dislocation structure of a nickel alloy: Effects of deformation and thermal histories

The inelastic deformation behavior of a nickel-base alloy, B1900 + Hf, has been examined under nonisothermal conditions by performing step temperature tensile tests and thermomechanical cyclic tests. In both cases, the temperature ranges of interest are 538 °C to 760 °C, where the peak strength of γ′occurs, and 760 °C to 982 °C, where static thermal recovery is important. The dislocation structures of the deformed specimens are characterized using transmission electron microscopy and correlated with the macroscopic inelastic behavior. The present results for nonisothermal loading are compared with previous isothermal data to assess the effects of deformation and thermal histories on high-temperature, inelastic deformation behavior and dislocation structures. Relations of dislocation structures and the unified constitutive theories for representing all aspects of inelastic deformation, including plasticity under monotonic and cyclic loading, creep, and stress relaxation, are then discussed.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Rolled Fe-Mn-C-Si TWIP Steel

 Mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of the hot-rolled Fe-Mn-C-Si TWIP steel were investigated and the deformation mechanism was analyzed. The results showed that the tensile strength and elongation were about 1050 MPa and 60%, respectively. The hot-rolled steel had high specific energy absorption and impact toughness between -120 ℃ and 20 ℃. Some inhomogeneous dislocation zones were observed in the undeformed steel. Lots of deformation twins and twin-dislocation interactions were observed in the deformed steel. TWIP effect was the major deformation mechanism for the excellent mechanical properties.     

Cyclic deformation of pearlitic eutectoid rail steel

Cyclic deformation behavior in pearlitic eutectoid steel strongly depends on the interlamellar spacing with cyclic softening in fine pearlite, cyclic hardening in coarse pearlite, and both cyclic softening and hardening depending on the strain amplitude in medium pearlite. Dislocations in cyclically softened specimens were uniformly distributed, while dislocation cells were observed with cyclic hardening. The cell size decreased with increasing strain amplitude. Using the cell size to interlamellar spacing ratios, conditions for cell formation were quantified. Based on dislocation structure observations, mechanisms for cyclic softening and hardening were proposed. Both monotonic and cyclic yield stresses follow Hall-Petch type relations when plotted against interlamellar spacing. Surface fatigue microcrack initiation usually occurred in the ferrite matrix associated with extrusions and intrusions. Most microcracks were almost parallel to the cementite lamellae and oriented between 30 and 90 deg with respect to the tensile axis. Little influence of MnS inclusions on microcrack initiation was noticed.