超临界流体中的传热：传热机理分类

因为较小的温度变化就能引起物理性质的明显改变，没有现存的工程关系式和模型能精确地预测超临界流体中的传热。本文力求将现存关系式适用的工况进行分类并更好地理解这些局部传热机理。第一个目标是本文关注的焦点。FLUENT被用来计算各种热流密度和质量流速工况下的壁面温度，其结果用来与实验数据相比较。因为模型是为宽范围流动工况而设计的，所以，应进行某些假设。模拟表明，在高质量流速工况下吻合较好，这时浮力效应可以被忽略。但是，FLUENT在预测高热流密度和低质量流速混合工况中见到的局部低传热速率时遇到困难。一个新的依赖于热流密度和质量流速通用参数被发展来区分在何种工况下这个FLUENT标准模型是适用的，这个全局Fmude数能被用作预测在何种工况下浮力效应占主导地位和更低的传热速率会发生的参数。     

大空间内底部弧形加热段自然对流传热特性研究

为准确预测安全壳上封头的自然对流换热特性以保证堆芯余热安全排出，设计了采用底部弧形加热段的矩形封腔自然对流装置，研究导热率对底部弧形加热段和封腔内流体温度分布的影响，并基于开源软件OpenFOAM，采用数值模拟方法对比分析2种湍流模型和3种湍流热通量模型的适用性。结果表明，流体沿弧形面的流动受边界层和绕流脱体强化现象的影响，局部自然对流换热强度从顶部向两端先减小后增大；材料热导率对弧形面的温度分布影响比较大，但对于加热段外的流体温度分布影响极小；经过对AFM模型进行修正，得到了更适用于实验条件的模型参数值，修正后的模型对流体速度场的模拟更为准确且在更高功率工况下也得到验证。本研究可为后续方案设计的有效性评价提供参考。      

非能动余热交换器瞬态换热特性数值模拟及敏感性分析

以美国非能动型先进压水堆AP600的非能动余热交换器简化试验模型为FLUENT的数值计算模型,采用标准k-ε湍流模型和自然对流Boussinesq模型,对非能动余热交换器和内置换料水箱的自然对流换热特性进行数值模拟。模拟结果与试验结果基本一致,较好地再现了各瞬态工况下非能动余热交换器换热过程中温度、速度分布与加热时间的变化特性。敏感性分析表明,导流板结构及进口形式对自然对流影响很小,升高水箱初始温度或增加换热管数量均能加强换热效果。     

有内热源的液池与管内流体的耦合传热

对均匀内热源溶液池内的自然对流及冷却盘管内强制对流的耦合传热过程进行了分析,建立了相应的三维物理数学模型,并采用有限容积法进行了数值求解.针对不同容积热源强度以及不同管内流速下溶池内自然对流与冷却管内流体的耦合传热过程进行了数值计算.计算得到的管内外流体对流换热系数以及溶液池与管内流体的总传热系数与理论值以及实验测试结果吻合较好,表明了本文所建立数学模型的正确性.研究结果揭示了溶液池内容积热源强度及管内流速对总传热系数有显著的影响.     

先进核电厂自然对流RELAP5计算能力验证

第三代核电厂是国际上最新型的核电厂,设计上均加强非能动冷却机制的应用。非能动自然对流冷却技术在AP1000核电厂非能动堆芯冷却系统、非能动安全壳冷却系统以及ESBWR反应堆中均有应用。本文结合热工水力分析程序RELAP5/MOD3.3,建立自然对流回路模型,利用流体力学推导自然对流计算,同时分别比较验证轻水、氦气以及水的两相流等多种流体的RELAP5自然对流计算能力。结果分析显示自然对流能力随冷热源高度差以及流体冷热温差的增大而增大;通过与解析结果的比较发现,RELAP5能很好地模拟自然对流现象。在环路流体为单相水和两相水时,RELAP5模拟结果与解析结果基本一致,两种表征参数误差均能控制在5%左右;当环路流体为氦气时,RELAP5模拟误差稍大。     

自然循环换热器壳侧传热及流动的数值模拟

为分析换热器的求解模型和内部结构的不同对传热和流动特性的影响,用等效自然循环换热器的模型进行多种变换。用Fluent软件对等效模型进行非稳态数值模拟,研究其传热和流动特性。通过比较分析不同模型的温度场和流场的变化,对该换热器的传热过程和自然对流情况有较深刻的认识。结果表明：自然循环换热器的传热管内外温差较大,且流动较复杂,选用湍流模型计算更为合理;传热管位置的不对称性,引起左右两侧传热和流动的不对称性,使得流体相互影响,增强了自然对流作用;传热管的形状由直管变为C型弯管,结构的复杂性在一定程度上增强了流体温度分布和流动的不规则性,使得湍流强度增加,致使换热效果得到改善。     

二维瞬态熔融池传热特性分析程序开发与验证

针对高瑞利数熔融池自然对流传热特性实验(COPRA),建立了熔融池自然对流传热模型,并基于SIMPLE算法开发了二维瞬态熔融池传热特性分析程序。熔融池模型采用近壁修正的低雷诺数(Re)k-ε湍流模型模拟全区域的自然对流,同时考虑了熔融物硬壳凝固熔化的相变传热过程,以及硬壳与下封头壁面的导热温度场计算。采用瞬态分析程序针对COPRA实验工况进行模拟,计算得到的熔融池温度、圆弧壁面热流密度和硬壳厚度结果与COPRA实验数据符合得较好,验证了本文模型和二维瞬态熔融池传热特性分析程序的可靠性。     

低流速自然循环过冷沸腾汽泡脱离点实验研究

针对低流速环形通道中自然循环过冷沸腾汽泡脱离点特性进行了实验研究,运用Saha-Zuber模型、Bowring模型、Forster模型和Levy模型测算汽泡脱离点的位置,与实验值进行比较,发现由于流速较低,上述模型不适用于计算本实验条件下的汽泡脱离点。以Levy模型为基础,修正了浮力项的影响系数,修正后的模型与实验结果符合良好。     

沸腾传热数值模拟方法及多管耦合应用特性研究

针对直流蒸汽发生器（OTSG）中全流型沸腾传热及一、二次侧耦合换热等复杂物理现象,计算流体动力学（CFD）数值分析普遍面临计算难度大、计算效率低及不确定性大等问题。基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与临界热流密度（CHF）壁面沸腾模型,建立了管内全流型流动沸腾传热数值分析模型,并验证了模型的有效性。基于所验证的模型,开展了数值模型在多管耦合传热下的应用特性研究,明确了该数值模拟方法在多管耦合下的可靠性,并对温度与相分布计算结果对相间作用力模型的敏感性进行了数值分析。研究结果表明：基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与CHF壁面沸腾模型,能够较准确地预测管内水介质由过冷到过热的全流型流动沸腾传热过程,计算的“干涸”点位置及壁面峰值温度与实验值符合较好,最大误差小于10%;基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与CHF壁面沸腾模型的数值方法对多管耦合工况有较好的适用性,计算的二次侧温度与实验结果吻合良好;两相间曳力对壁面温度及空泡份额的计算结果有较明显的影响,但非曳力对壁面温度的影响较小,因此对于大规模工程应用计算,可在分析中不考虑部分相间非曳力的影响。本文研究结果可为OSTG的三维精细化数值分析的模型选择提供有益参考。     

竖直圆管内超临界流体混合对流传热特性理论分析

理论推导了变密度引起的浮升力效应和流动加速效应对超临界流体混合对流传热特性的影响。结果表明,浮升力效应和流动加速效应通过改变壁面边界层外缘的切应力影响湍流对传热传质的贡献,进而改变超临界流体混合对流传热特性。浮升力效应通常在加热区域入口及上游区域表现明显,而流动加速效应在主流区流体温度达到拟临界温度时更显著。与实验研究结果对比发现,新建立的浮升力因子和流动加速因子可较好地预测竖直圆管内超临界流体混合对流条件下拟临界区域的局部传热特性。     

Code Validation for Magnetohydrodynamic Buoyant Flow at High Hartmann Number

In liquid metal fusion blanket, the non-uniform volumetric heat deposited by the fusion neutrons leads to the non-uniform density distribution of liquid metal. With the force of gravity, buoyant flows would happen. In the fusion blanket where the magnetic field is up to 4T or even higher and the Hartmann number is ~10⁴, these effects caused by the buoyancy will significantly influence the flow and heat transfer characteristics. In this paper, a module for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) buoyant flow at high Hartmann number was added to the code MTC. A current density conservative scheme was used to ensure the conservation of current, and the Boussinesq model was used to simulate the buoyancy force. This code was validated by two benchmarks, and the results showed that it can give an accurate simulation for MHD buoyant flows. Main characteristics of buoyancy effects of MHD flows were investigated, and the suppression of buoyant convection by strong magnetic field was studied to understand how the direction of magnetic field and electric conductivity of wall affects the suppression.     

Thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects on non-Darcy mixed convective heat and mass transfer past a porous wedge with variable viscosity in the presence of suction or injection

The effects of variable viscosity, thermophoresis and non-Darcy mixed convection flow with heat and mass transfer over a porous wedge are presented here, taking into account the homogeneous chemical reaction of first order. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary as an inverse linear function of temperature. Favorable comparison with previously published work is performed. The governing fundamental equations are approximated by a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and are solved numerically by using the Runge Kutta Gill and shooting methods. The steady-state velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are shown graphically. It is observed that due to the presence of first-order chemical reaction the concentration decreases with increasing values of the chemical reaction parameter. The results also showed that the particle deposition rates were strongly influenced by thermophoresis and buoyancy force, particularly for opposing flow and hot surfaces. Numerical results for the skin-friction coefficient, wall heat and mass transfer are obtained and reported graphically for various parametric conditions to show interesting aspects of the solution.     

Numerical Analysis of Buoyancy and Marangoni Convection in Melted Zone of Metals under High Power Laser Irradiation

Buoyancy and Marangoni convection in melted zone generated by the melting and resolidification process of stainless steel under high power CO₂ laser irradiation was analyzed numerically. Governing equations with vorticity and stream function were solved for the flow field in the melted zone. Latent heat of fusion for melting and resolidification was treated with temperature recovery method. Development of the melted zone with time and the effect of the convection on heat transport process were discussed. Temperature in melted zone became more uniform and the depth of melted zone became thinner in depth and wider radially, as the convection was taken into account, in comparison with the cases in which it was neglected. Marangoni convection generated a high velocity convection with some small value of the temperature coefficient of surface tension. Comparison of the analytical results with the experimental results for several seconds irradiation under atmospheric condition showed that, the velocity of the surface of melted zone was almost in agreement with the results assuming the buoyancy convection, and the net evaporation coefficient was estimated to be much smaller in the experiment under atmospheric condition than that under vacuum condition.     

A study of non-Boussinesq integral boundary layer analysis for an MTR research reactor

In the present work, a non-Boussinesq (variable physical properties) integral boundary layer analysis is accomplished. The model analyzes laminar free convection between nuclear fuel plates having large fuel plate length to gap between plate ratio. The coolant channels are undergoing to a uniform, symmetric, heat flux and varying fluid properties. In the present study the flow is assumed to be fully developed. This is a good assumption for channels with large fuel plate length to gap between plate ratios. To describe the velocity and temperature distributions of the coolant the non-Boussinesq approximation is introduced into the integral boundary layer equations of flow between parallel plates. The fuel plate temperature is related to the adjacent coolant fluid temperature by a principle in conduction heat transfer. Fluids considered here are air and water. The obtained results show that the present heat transfer problem encountered in nuclear research reactor such Tehran nuclear research reactor (TRR) is characterized by high temperature ratios and thereby rendering the commonly applied Boussinesq approximation invalid. As a result, the use of the Boussinesq approximation (constant fluid properties) for high temperature ratios is not suggested.     

基于SCALE的熔盐堆添料与后处理系统分析程序开发及验证

在线添料及在线去除中子毒物是熔盐堆区别于其他固体燃料反应堆的主要特征之一，能够实现较高的燃耗深度和燃料利用率。然而，现有的反应堆物理计算分析软件SCALE不能直接模拟熔盐堆的燃耗计算。因此，本文耦合SCALE中的截面处理模块、临界计算模块以及燃耗计算模块，开发了一套适用于多流体熔盐堆的添料与后处理系统分析程序MSR-RRS，实现熔盐堆的在线添料、裂变产物在线处理或离线批次处理等模拟功能。基于MSR-RRS对现有的单流熔盐增殖堆和双流熔盐快堆的燃耗性能进行了验证。结果表明，MSR-RRS计算结果与基准模型结果符合较好。MSR-RRS适用于多种堆型、多种燃料循环运行模式。     

A numerical study of flow in the Thermal-Hydraulic Out-of-Reactor Safety facility expansion tank

A new, fast-running, two-dimensional computer code was developed to model the flow and temperature patterns in the expansion tank of the Thermal-Hydraulic Out-of-Reactor Safety (THORS) facility. The THORS facility, located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), is an engineering-scale sodium loop used for thermal-hydraulic testing of simulated Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) subassemblies. In the computer model, the fluid is considered Boussinesq and a simple turbulence model is provided so that a wide range of inlet conditions can be studied. A vorticity-stream function formulation is used on a uniform finite difference grid. The model also includes the thermal response of the tank wall. The results of simulated experiments for natural circulation and forced flow conditions are compared. Inflow boundary conditions were adjusted to simulate boiling in the THORS test section upstream of the expansion tank during some runs made with the code. Streamline and isotherm plots of the results are presented. All cases studied reached thermally stratified conditions in the tank, and regions of buoyancy and convection-dominated flow are observed.     

10 mm垂直单管通道内超临界水传热弱化现象的实验与数值分析

超临界压力下的流体因拟临界点附近物性的剧烈变化,形成了非常奇特的传热现象。因流体密度突变,在低流量下会引起强烈的浮升力作用,对超临界流体的流动和传热均有极大影响。本工作通过实验获得10 mm单管内传热弱化现象的实验数据,并采用改进的低雷诺数湍流模型,使用数值方法模拟该传热弱化现象。计算结果表明,不同于以往传统的模型会高估壁面温度,改进的低雷诺数湍流模型能较好预测实验结果。数值模拟结果还揭示了浮升力对湍流剪切应力和速度分布的影响,进而引起传热弱化和传热恢复。     

管道倾斜角度对超临界CO2管内换热特性的影响

在恒热流加热工况下,对超临界CO₂在不同倾角的微细圆管内混合对流换热进行了数值模拟。采用FLUENT软件分析了不同倾角时管内截面温度、轴向速度、二次流、上母线传热系数、周向壁面温度和Nu_w的变化规律,并引入相对二次流动能定量表示二次流强度。研究发现：倾斜管内顶部流体温度高于底部,周向Nu_w在底部高于顶部,速度分布不是中心对称且其峰值出现在管中心轴线下侧;浮升力引发的二次流先增大后减小,且在靠近入口处达到峰值;倾斜管内上母线温度高于下母线,上母线传热系数在拟临界温度附近达到峰值。通过水平管中浮升力判据,得到了浮升力对对流换热的影响规律。     

Integral boundary layer heat transfer modeling for Tehran Research Reactor

In the present work the validity of applying the Boussinesq approximation in the analysis of natural convection heat transfer along nuclear fuel plates with large coolant channel aspect ratios is evaluated. The Boussinesq approximation is introduced into the integral boundary layer equations governing the system to describe the velocity and temperature distributions of the coolant in the cooling channels. The fuel plate temperature is related to the adjacent coolant fluid temperature by a fundamental law in conduction heat transfer. Air and water are considered as fluids. The coolant flow is assumed to be fully developed which is a convenient assumption for coolant channels having large aspect ratios. Obtained results indicate that the Boussinesq approximation is merely applicable over a limited range of coolant channel outlet fluid temperatures. The use of this approximation produces conservative estimation of the critical plate power for air flow and non-conservative estimation of the critical plate power for water flow.     

Two-dimensional simulations of natural convection/radiation heat transfer for BWR assembly within isothermal enclosure

Abstract

The current scoping study identifies the significant heat transfer effects for a 7 × 7 boiling water reactor (BWR) assembly within an isothermal basket opening inside a transport cask. A two-dimensional finite volume mesh is constructed that models the assembly components and cover gas. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations calculate the buoyancy induced gas motion, conduction and radiation within the components. Simulations use different basket surface temperatures, fuel heat generation rates and cladding surface emissivities, for both nitrogen and helium cover gases at atmospheric pressure. An analytical conduction/radiation model is developed for the thermal resistance between the channel and basket. Results using buoyancy induced gas motion compared to stagnant gas simulations show that natural convection is significant only at low basket temperatures, with nitrogen gas. Helium and high basket temperature simulations exhibit no significant temperature reduction from natural convection. Simulations with varying cladding emissivity ? show that a 10% increase in ? causes a 7˙2% decrease in the interior temperature difference for nitrogen and a 5˙3% decrease for helium.