认知网络中基于用户带宽需求的频谱接入策略

针对认知网络中的频谱接入问题,基于多类用户不同带宽需求提出了一种新的频谱接入策略,即基于用户带宽的动态信道接入策略(BRDSA)。首次提出考虑拥有不同带宽需求的主用户和次用户利用频谱聚合技术进行频谱接入,而频谱聚合技术能够提高次用户对离散频谱的利用率。根据相关网络模型,利用排队理论和马尔科夫模型对整个系统状态进行了分析。仿真结果表明这种动态频谱接入策略极大地提高了频谱利用率。     

感知不确定下卫星认知无线网络多频谱接入优化策略

针对卫星认知无线网络频谱感知不确定性较大导致传统频谱接入机制效率降低的问题,该文提出一种基于动态多频谱感知的信道接入优化策略。认知LEO卫星根据频谱检测概率与授权用户干扰门限之间的关系,实时调整不同频谱感知结果下的信道接入概率。在此基础上以系统吞吐量最大化为目标,设计了一种基于频谱检测概率和虚警概率联合优化的判决门限选取策略,并推导了最佳感知频谱数量。仿真结果表明,认知用户能够在不大于授权用户最大干扰门限的前提下,根据授权信道空闲状态动态选择最佳频谱感知策略,且在检测信号信噪比较低时以更加积极的方式接入授权频谱,降低了频谱感知不确定性对信道接入效率的影响,提高了认知系统吞吐量。     

基于频谱预留的认知无线接入研究

动态频谱接入是认知无线电技术的一个重要应用,它利用通信过程中出现的频谱空洞机会式地接入频谱,能极大地提高频谱的利用率。文章基于马尔可夫理论提出了一种改进的频谱预留接入方案,即按照业务需求对用户进行用户模型改进,并根据优先级不同进行接入策略改进。仿真结果显示该方案能有效保障高优先级用户的服务质量。     

认知 mesh 网络服务区分的动态频谱接入策略

动态频谱接入策略是实现认知无线电网络高效利用频谱的关键。与传统认知无线电网络不同,认知mesh网络中不同QoS需求的多类型业务共同接入,为适应这一特点,提出服务区分的动态频谱接入策略。策略依据业务的QoS需求确立优先级,针对不同优先级业务采取不同的信道接入方案,实时业务依据最优传输延迟期望选择接入信道集合,在减小传输延迟的同时降低数据传输过程授权用户出现的概率,普通业务选择最优理想传输成功概率的信道,降低信道切换概率。理论与实验结果表明,与传统的认知网络频谱接入策略相比,提出的策略能提供不同业务的服务区分,满足实时业务的低延迟需求,降低数据传输的中断率,同时在授权信道空闲率与网络负载较大时吞吐量性能较优。     

认知无线电网络子空间映射频谱共享

针对集中式多用户多天线认知无线电网络,分析了子空间映射能够为认知系统提供的通信机会以及理想信道条件下的空间子信道分配方案。在此基础上,提出了一种基于子空间映射的频谱共享策略。根据认知系统的感知结果,计算可以利用的空间子信道数,通过认知用户接入控制和子空间映射避免或抑制系统间干扰,从而在保证授权用户通信质量的前提下,为认知用户提供通信机会。仿真结果表明,与已有的子空间映射频谱共享方法相比,该策略不仅具有更高的认知系统可达和速率,而且能够为认知系统提供更多通信机会。     

多天线认知无线电网络自适应空间映射频谱共享

针对集中式多用户多天线认知无线电网络,提出一种基于自适应空间映射的频谱共享策略,根据授权用户接入的随机性所带来的频谱和空间资源占用情况的变化,认知系统将发射信号自适应地映射在认知基站与授权用户之间信道的子空间上,避免或抑制系统间干扰,从而在保证授权用户通信质量的前提下,为认知用户提供通信机会,并且在认知系统内部利用块对角化和奇异值分解方法分离不同认知用户的信号,消除系统内干扰。性能分析和仿真结果表明,与已有的频谱共享方法相比较,该策略不仅具有更高的认知系统可达和速率,并且对于由不同授权系统负载情况形成的不同场景具有更强的鲁棒性。     

基于认知无线电网络的接入策略仿真实现

针对CRN接入策略仿真的应用场景,采用事件调度法对CRN的接入策略进行仿真实现,该仿真方法以事件为基本单元,预定事件发生时间并按时间顺序执行每个事件,真实地模拟CRN接入策略中授权用户和CR用户的行为。该仿真方法同样适用于具有不同优先级的多个用户机会式共享的多信道通信系统接入策略的仿真实现。仿真结果表明,仿真实现与理论分析计算求出的数值结果误差在1%以内,该仿真实现方法是可行的。     

认知无线电网络中合作频谱感知机制的优化

为了提高检测效率和频谱利用率,该文对认知无线电中合作频谱感知的感知机制进行了优化。针对信道监测和信道搜索两个不同的感知场景,分别给出了检测周期、检测时间和搜索时间的选取和优化方法,并提出了新的信道搜索方式。研究分析和仿真结果可以看出,合作频谱感知和主动感知方式的引入可以提高检测性能和传输速率,对感知机制和策略的选取和优化有效地提高系统吞吐量,降低感知时延和开销,这样可以提高认知无线电网络的性能和灵敏性,在保证授权用户不被干扰的同时最大化空闲频谱的接入机会。     

认知无线网络中一种新的频谱共享方法

频谱共享是认知无线网络关键技术之一。为消除认知无线网络中频率选择性信道下授权主用户与认知用户间的相互干扰,本文提出了一种新的频谱共享方法。该方法充分利用了无线通信系统中由信道的频率选择性衰落导致的不同用户信道的不相关性,通过求解矩阵方程获得预处理矩阵的通解,并在主用户和认知用户发射端分别进行预处理。从而实现认知系统中主用户与认知用户之间的相互零干扰,并使每个用户都可有效地传输数据。理论推导及系统仿真均表明,新方法可以有效地消除授权主用户与认知用户之间的双向干扰,实现不同用户平等地共享无线频谱资源。新方法可以提高频谱的利用率,一定程度上缓解无线频谱资源在当前及未来无线通信领域日益紧缺的矛盾。而且新方法也同样适用于不同认知用户之间共享频谱。      

带有接入阈值和超时隙的认知无线网络频谱分配策略

为了提高认知用户的响应性能,并降低传输中断的概率,通过限制进入系统的认知用户数据包数量,并令授权用户以超时隙为单位优先使用信道,提出一种带有接入阈值和超时隙的集中式认知无线网络频谱分配策略。结合时隙序号及系统中认知用户数据包的数量建立2维离散时间Markov链模型,给出认知用户数据包的平均延迟、吞吐量及信道切换率等性能指标的表达式。建立系统收益函数,针对不同的超时隙大小给出接入阈值的优化设置方案,并利用优化结果,进行系统实验。实验结果显示:合理的接入阈值和超时隙大小可以有效提高认知用户的传输质量。     

Spectrum Capacity for Ad Hoc Networks Using Cognitive Radios: An Analytical Model

Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) is an important design aspect for the cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Most of the existing DSA schemes are to govern the secondary user traffic in a licensed spectrum without considering the transmissions also in the unlicensed bands. In this paper, we propose two DSA schemes (i.e., without and with buffer) for cognitive radios access in both licensed and unlicensed bands in a distributed CRN. A Markov chain analysis for each of the proposed DSA schemes is presented and forced termination probability, blocking probability and traffic throughput are derived. In addition, we discuss a number of errors in the Markov model and analysis of the blocking and forced termination probabilities in a CRN, given in Al-Mahdi et al. (IEEE Commun Lett 13(9):676–678, 2009). This paper shows the corresponding correct derivations and results, and simulation results are given to support our analyses.     

MaxDiv: an optimal randomized spectrum access with maximum diversity scheme for cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio network (CRN) is an emerging technology that can increase the utilization of spectrum underutilized by primary users (PUs). In the literature, most exiting investigations on CRNs have focused on how secondary users (SUs) can coexist harmlessly with the PUs. Despite the importance of such a coexistence issue, it is also crucial to investigate the coexistence of SUs because (i) the PUs usually rarely use the licensed spectrum and (ii) the advantages of CRN will significantly increase the number of SUs in the future. To address this challenging issue, we propose, in this paper, an optimal randomized spectrum access scheme, whose main ideas include the following: (i) an SU shares its sensing results with neighboring SUs and (ii) with the regional sensing results, an SU will access available channels with a non‐uniform probability distribution. We first formulate a multichannel optimal randomized multiple access (MC‐ORMA) problem that aims to maximize the throughput of the CRN; we then develop efficient distributed algorithms to solve the MC‐ORMA problem; we derive the closed‐form value of collision probability for each SU; and finally, we conduct extensive numerical experiments and compare our theoretical analysis with simulation results to demonstrate the advantages of our scheme. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cognitive radio CDMA networking with spectrum sensing

In this paper, the performance of cognitive radio (CR) code division multiple access (CDMA) systems is analyzed. More precisely, CR users belong to a cognitive radio network (CRN), which coexists with a primary radio network (PRN). Both CRN and PRN are CDMA‐based, with colocated base stations. Soft hand off and power control are considered in both the CRN and the PRN. Upon the development of an accurate simulator for a representative three‐cell cellular scenario, we evaluate the performance of the proposed CR system in terms of outage probability, blocking probability and average data rate of secondary users. Three different spectrum sensing techniques are. Two new schemes, based on interference limit, are proposed and compared with an existing adaptive spectrum sensing scheme. Spectrum activity measurements and spectrum sharing decisions have been considered for evaluating the performance of the three schemes. The paper proposes a new CR‐CDMA networking model and a simulation testbed for evaluating performances of secondary users and primary users in terms of outage, blocking, BER and average data rate in the presence of soft hand‐off and power control. For comparison purposes, the analysis in the absence of spectrum sensing is also investigated.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cognitive radio network with coordinated multipoint joint transmission

Cognitive radio (CR) is considered to be a promising technology for future wireless networks to make opportunistic utilization of the unused or underused licensed spectrum. Meanwhile, coordinated multipoint joint transmission (CoMP JT) is another promising technique to improve the performance of cellular networks. In this paper, we propose a CR system with CoMP JT technique. We develop an analytical model of the received signal‐to‐noise ratio at a CR to determine the energy detection threshold and the minimum number of required samples for energy detection–based spectrum sensing in a CR network (CRN) with CoMP JT technique. The performance of energy detection–based spectrum sensing under the developed analytical model is evaluated by simulation and found to be reliable. We formulate an optimization problem for a CRN with CoMP JT technique to configure the channel allocation and user scheduling for maximizing the minimum throughput of the users. The problem is found to be a complex mixed integer linear programming. We solve the problem using an optimization tool for several CRN instances by limiting the number of slots in frames. Further, we propose a heuristic‐based simple channel allocation and user scheduling algorithm to maximize the minimum throughput of the users in CRNs with CoMP JT technique. The proposed algorithm is evaluated via simulation and found to be very efficient.     

A novel spectrum handoff switching decision scheme for improved performance of secondary users in cognitive radio network

Spectrum handoff (SH) in the cognitive radio network (CRN) is considered as a key challenging area to enhance the performance of secondary users (SUs) in CRN. If the primary user is detected, the SU may pause and stay on the same channel or may perform SH to another idle channel. An accurate and precise handoff decision improves the overall throughput and quality of experience of end-users. In this paper, we introduce a new SH algorithm and continuous short-sensing strategy to improve the overall throughput of SUs. In addition, we have derived the minimum length of the target channel sequence based on network-specific parameters like desired call dropping probability. Further, an optimum channel search time is obtained to minimize the handoff delay. The simulation result shows that the proposed scheme improves the overall throughput of CRN, and the mean opinion score of different video applications increases by 10%, 4.6%, and 1% for rapid motion, gentle walk, and slight motion types of video applications. In the case of VoIP applications, the maximum simultaneous call is improved by 2 times in the case of G.711, 1.72 times in the case of G.729, and 1.66 times in the case of iLBC.     

Recent advances and future challenges of four key resources cooperation in cognitive radio network

Cognitive radio (CR) can improve spectrum utilization by spectrum sharing or cooperation between the primary user and secondary users.It is well known that energy,interference and relay are also three key resources in cognitive radio network (CRN).Energy cooperation or sharing between the primary user and secondary user will further promote energy efficiency.Energy harvesting from RF interference signal can turn bane (interference) into a boon (green energy).Secondary user relay data of the primary user can enhance QoS of the primary user,also get some opportunities for their own transmission.Thus,four resources cooperation (spectrum,energy,interference,relay) in CRN will improve simultaneously both spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency,and also increase throughput and QoS.The overviews for collaborative utilization problems of four key resources in CRN was given.Firstly,collaboration models of four key resources were analyzed.Then,recent research advances were summarized,including three kinds of resources collaborative utilization (both energy harvesting and relay transmission,both energy cooperation and energy harvesting) and four resources collaborative utilization (simultaneous relay transmission,energy harvesting and energy cooperation) in CRN.Further,some potential challenges of four key resources cooperation in CRN were discussed.Finally,some key future research directions was concluded.     

Optimal energy-efficiency capacity and sensing tradeoff for hybrid spectrum sharing in CRN

This paper investigates the tradeoff between energy-efficiency capacity and spectrum sensing under hybrid spectrum sharing model,where the spectrum sharing method is based on sensing results of seconda...     

主用户活跃性对新的认知无线电系统容量的影响

在机会频谱接入认知无线电系统中,认知用户只有在通过感知确定信道空闲时才可以接入授权信道,因此频谱感知对于系统性能影响非常重要。本文提出了基于新帧结构的四元频谱感知模型,考虑主用户活跃性对认知网络吞吐量的影响,采用可同时最大化感知和数据传输时间的新帧结构模型,不需要考虑感知和吞吐量的均衡。理论分析新模型下感知时间,主用户活跃性,目标检测概率,主用户接收信噪比对系统吞吐量的影响,并与传统模型进行对比。     

全双工协作多播业务在NOMA系统中的应用和性能

研究了多播业务在协作非正交多址接入（non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA）系统中的应用及其性能。在一个单播和多播混合业务的场景中,多播用户组中选择某个信道状态最好的用户作为中继进行解码转发单播用户的信号,并在中继用户支持全双工的模式下,分析和推导了单播用户的中断概率和平均可达速率的闭式表达式。蒙特卡洛仿真结果和理论推导高度一致,表明提出的协作多播应用可以极大改善单播用户的中断性能,且多播用户的容量性能在中继发射功率不是很高的情况下不会受到影响。