Studies on capillary tube expansion device used in J-T refrigerators operating with nitrogen-hydrocarbon mixtures

Capillary tube expansion devices are used extensively in small closed cycle J-T refrigerators operating with refrigerant mixtures due to its low cost and the absence of any moving parts. It is possible for J-T refrigerators operating with mixtures that the velocity of refrigerant mixture at capillary tube outlet reaches a value where it equals the speed of sound at certain conditions. The variation of the speed of sound of nitrogen-hydrocarbon mixtures used in J-T refrigerators has been studied in two phase (vapour-liquid) and three-phase (Vapour-liquid-liquid) region as a function of temperature and pressure in this work. Also the conditions under which choking occurs in practical J-T refrigerators is investigated.     

圆柱型翅片管换热器变工况传热性能模拟与分析

基于分排参数模型,本文建立了圆柱型翅片管换热器的性能仿真计算模型,对换热器的传热性能进行计算,并进行实验验证。结果表明:换热量的平均相对误差最大,为6.31%;出风干球温度的平均相对误差最小,为0.61%。计算所得各性能参数与实验值吻合良好。根据仿真模型,对不同制冷工况下的换热器进行计算,研究了循环风量、水质量流量、进风干球温度以及进水温度的变化对换热性能的影响。分析换热器的变工况特性可预测其非设计工况下的换热性能,并为换热器的运行工况调节提供依据。     

混合工质在脉管制冷机中的可能应用

提出了采用合适的混合工质代替纯质氦以提高脉管制冷机在８０Ｋ温区制冷量的新构思。概述了国外在制冷循环，天然气液化及Ｊ－Ｔ节流制冷中应用混合制冷剂从而提高了系统热力学效率的研究成果，及国内对混合物低温制冷物质的研究进展情况，进一步论证了混合工质应用于脉管制冷机的可行性。     

Pressure drop characteristics of cryogenic mixed refrigerant at macro and micro channel heat exchangers

Mixed Refrigerant-Joule Thomson (MR-JT) refrigerators are widely used in various kinds of cryogenic systems these days. The temperature glide effect is one of the major features of using mixed refrigerants since a recuperative heat exchanger in a MR-JT refrigerator is utilized for mostly two-phase flow. Although a pressure drop estimation for a multi-phase and multi-component fluid in the cryogenic temperature range is necessarily required in MR-JT refrigerator heat exchanger designs, it has been rarely discussed so far. In this paper, macro heat exchangers and micro heat exchangers are compared in order to investigate the pressure drop characteristics in the experimental MR-JT refrigerator operation. The tube in tube heat exchanger (TTHE) is a well-known macro-channel heat exchanger in MR-JT refrigeration. Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHEs) have been developed as a compact heat exchanger with micro size channels. Several two-phase pressure drop correlations are examined to discuss the experimental pressure measurement results. The result of this paper shows that cryogenic mixed refrigerant pressure drop can be estimated with conventional two-phase pressure drop correlations if an appropriate flow pattern is identified.     

Optimal design of the pulse tube refrigerator with slit-type heat exchangers

A single-stage inline pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) with tapered slit-type heat exchangers utilized as the aftercooler and the cold end heat exchanger has been designed, fabricated and investigated. Simple energy conservation equation is applied for the design of the tapered slit-type heat exchangers with which the PTR is optimized. The air-cooled aftercoolers with different slit configurations have been compared in this paper with regard to its cooling capacity. The optimized PTRs driven by a single-piston linear compressor achieve the lowest temperature of 53.1 K and 53.5 K, and the cooling capacity of 3.0 W at 60 K and 3.5 W at 60 K, respectively. The result shows that the tapered slit-type heat exchangers can replace the mesh-type heat exchanger, but the geometric configuration of slits and the compressible volume should be carefully considered for optimum performance of the cooler.     

微型压缩机驱动的微型混合工质J-T制冷器实验研究

为研究微型混合工质节流制冷器的降温性能,搭建了微型压缩机驱动微型混合工质节流制冷器的制冷系统,并得到了初步实验研究结果。采用Aspen微型压缩机驱动微型J-T节流制冷器,应用混合制冷剂实现深度制冷。微型J-T节流制冷器采用微小通径的不锈钢毛细管制作,其通道特征尺寸为0.3mm。初步实验表明,微型J-T节流制冷器达到了180K温区。由于采用微型压缩机驱动,系统结构紧凑,可在便携生物储存设备、低温医疗以及电子器件冷却等领域应用。     

基于R410A的板式换热器两相仿真计算模型

建立了R410A的板式换热器两相仿真计算模型,基于实验数据对模型进行了误差分析和比较,总结了影响两相换热的影响因素.通过关联式修正,冷凝换热模型平均误差可以达到5%以下;蒸发换热在Yan and Lin模型基础上修正的形式与已有文献相比拟合精度提高10%,平均误差为6.5%,离散度减小.压降方面,基于Yan and Lin和Shah-Focke模型的修正压降关联式,实验数据验证该式平均误差2.5%,最大误差8%.     

无接触热阻全铝换热器空调系统制冷性能研究

本文用新型无接触热阻全铝换热器对传统家用空调换热器进行了替代设计,利用空气焓值法对使用新型换热器和管片式换热器的家用窗式空调器进行对比试验,优化并测试了毛细管规格和制冷剂充灌量对新型换热器空调系统制冷性能的影响。研究结果表明：新型无接触热阻全铝换热器在换热面积减小37.53%时,制冷量反而提高3.59%,能效比EER提高7%。新型换热器有更强的换热能力,是目前家用空调换热器的理想替代产品。     

R32涡旋压缩机两相喷射制冷系统的设计与控制

R32涡旋压缩机存在排气温度过高的问题,利用两相制冷剂喷射可降低排气温度同时提升性能。基于经济器系统,提出了R32涡旋压缩机的两相喷射制冷系统,利用模拟仿真对其设计和控制方法进行了研究。从压缩机的角度,分析了喷射口等效直径对两相喷射压缩机性能的影响,并指出了两相喷射时喷射压力和喷射干度的优化方向。通过对两相喷射系统的模拟分析,在系统层面上对中间换热器的换热能力进行了优化配置和对中间喷射压力进行了优化控制,并提出根据排气温度来确定最优中间压力的方法,即将排气温度控制为135℃对应的中间压力为最优中间压力。经过优化后的两相喷射系统,不仅解决了排气温度过高的问题,而且能够提升制冷量7.1%~11.4%,提升COP 2.6%~6.2%。     

Performance enhancement of a diffusion-absorption refrigerator

An effort was undertaken to improve the current cycle performance of the diffusion-absorption refrigerator (DAR). The thermodynamic basis for the design changes is to reuse waste heat from the rectifier to heat the weak absorbent from the absorber. A new generator with heat exchanger (GWHX) was designed and fabricated. The test results of the DAR with GWHX are compared with baseline tests. The new generator design demonstrated a significant improvement in the cooling COP of as much as 50% compared to the baseline tests while the cooling capacity was unchanged.     

改进冷端换热器的大功率脉冲管制冷机

依据热力学非对称理论对脉冲管制冷机冷端的热力学过程进行分析,采用输出功率3 kW的压缩机在80 K时得到了35 W的制冷量,并提出了改进方案;搭建了单级低频大功率脉冲管制冷机的实验台,采用新型的填料烧结型换热器作为脉冲管的冷头.实验表明改进冷端换热器是提高脉冲管制冷机制冷效率的关键技术.     

脉管制冷机冷端换热器的改进

为了进一步提高脉管制冷机在液氮温区（７７Ｋ）的制冷量,本文对脉管冷端换热器进行了改进,同时还对脉管冷端气流的平均温度进行了测量。实验结果表明,常规脉管制冷机冷端换热器中的换热面积是不足的,脉管制冷机冷端换热器的传热损失较大,在设计计算中不应忽视。采用高目数的换热器填料有利于降低脉管冷端壁面与冷端气体之间的温差,从而提高冷端换热器效率,进而提高液氮温区脉管制冷机效率。     

室温磁制冷机的实验性能研究

介绍了利用1.5 T永磁体提供磁场、选取氦气作为换热流体、采用主动式磁回热器的室温磁制冷机的实验性能研究情况.应用现有实验装置,通过调节气体压力与循环频率,最大达到了30.93 K的高低温端温差,在高低温端温差为10.97 K达到了25.20 W制冷量.研究结果表明室温磁制冷机的制冷能力显著,并且为室温磁制冷机的设计以及进一步的发展提供了有益的参考.     

5mm管径铜管换热器应用的冷凝性能研究

近年来,随着小管径换热器研究的深入和推广,目前各空调厂家已逐步应用推广。小管径换热器特点在于提高换热性能和节约产品材料成本。同时国内销售的空调器已由R22定频转向R410A变频空调器,小管径换热器随R410A冷媒的替代其强化传热影响更加显著,具备良好的应用前景。综合5mm管径换热器在空调系统中应用的性能数据比较,其冷凝性能优于大管径换热器,满足制冷量和能效的条件下,尤其空调制热量的提高非常显著。     

Simulation model for complex refrigeration systems based on two-phase fluid network – Part I: Model development

Some complex refrigeration and heat pump systems with several condensers and evaporators have been developed for different kinds of application. Traditional simulation models were developed for systems in certain operating modes and they failed in modeling the complex refrigeration systems with uncertainties of heat exchangers function and refrigerant flowing direction. In order to predict the performance of complex refrigeration systems, a simulation model is presented based on the two-phase fluid network. The model is consisted of distributed-parameter model of heat exchangers and connecting tubes, map-based model of inverter compressor and electronic expansion valve (EEV). Based on the characteristic of refrigeration system and fluid network, the three conservation equations, i.e. energy, momentum and mass equations, are solved iteratively. This model can deal with the uncertainty of refrigerant flow direction by separating the solving process of the components and the fluid network model, and therefore can simulate different kinds of complex refrigeration systems in different operating modes and conditions. The model is validated by the experimental data of an inverter air conditioner in heating/cooling operating modes and it shows the error of the model is mainly determined by the error of submodels of components in calculating heat transfer and pressure loss. The model is applied for performance analysis of three kinds of complex refrigeration systems in the accompanying article [Shi W.X., Shao, S.Q., Li, X.T., Yan, Q.S., 2008. Simulation model for complex heat pump systems based on two-phase fluid network: part II – model applications, International Journal of Refrigeration 31 (3), 500–509.].     

采用R410A为制冷剂的小型风冷式冷水机组设计

以R410A为制冷剂设计的一套小型家用风冷冷水机组。标准工况下,该机组的设计制冷量和制热量分别为16.5kW和18.0kW。在系统热力计算的基础上,介绍了以R410A为制冷剂的小型家用风冷冷水机组设备选型过程,选用了制冷量和制热量分别为16.89kW和19kW的全封闭涡旋式压缩机、实际总管长144m和实际传热面积70.24m2的翅片管式换热器作风侧换热器,板间距为0.0032m、单片传热面积为0.12m2的板式换热器作水侧换热器,毛细管作节流装置等。     

除湿换热器串联换热器强化除湿降温性能实验研究

除湿换热器可以同时处理显热与潜热负荷,但由于吸附热的影响,存在热湿负荷处理不同步及显热负荷处理能力不足的问题。本文提出了在除湿换热器后面串联一个显热换热器对空气进行二次处理,搭建了实验台对除湿换热器串联换热器情况下除湿降温过程的动态性能进行测试,并且在实验中分析了水温、进风温度、湿度、速度等主要参数对除湿量、降温量、制冷功率、COP的影响。结果表明:增加显热换热器可以大幅度增加处理空气的平均降温温差,在除湿初期阶段效果尤为明显,同时系统的制冷量也明显提高。此外,分析各参数对实验结果的影响可知,冷水温度与热水温度升高都可以有效提高系统制冷量与COP,空气的温湿度升高会提升系统性能,空气流速变慢对系统平均除湿量与有效除湿时间有明显的提升。     

Effect of periodic reverse flow on the heat transfer performance of microchannel evaporators

Periodic flow reversal are commonly present in microchannel heat exchangers, but have been studied in air conditioning systems only recently. This paper presents the effect of periodic reverse flow on the heat transfer performance of a heat exchanger. Two heat exchangers with identical geometries in the heat transfer areas are employed and an artificial upstream flow resistance is added for one of them. The heat exchanger without artificial flow resistance is subject to more severe boiling instabilities and consequently generates four times more reverse vapor flow than the other one. The comparison of capacities under identical operating conditions reveals that higher intensity of reverse flow helps to improve cooling capacity by up to 13.3%. Meanwhile, numerical simulations of bubble dynamics coupled with heat transfer are carried out for both heat exchangers. Results show that in the heat exchanger with more reverse flow, the refrigerant side heat transfer coefficients are enhanced, especially in the upstream part of a channel where the flow velocity is relatively low.     

Two-dimensional mathematical model of a reciprocating room-temperature Active Magnetic Regenerator

A time-dependent, two-dimensional mathematical model of a reciprocating Active Magnetic Regenerator (AMR) operating at room-temperature has been developed. The model geometry comprises a regenerator made of parallel plates separated by channels of a heat transfer fluid and a hot as well as a cold heat exchanger. The model simulates the different steps of the AMR refrigeration cycle and evaluates the performance in terms of refrigeration capacity and temperature span between the two heat exchangers. The model was used to perform an analysis of an AMR with a regenerator made of gadolinium and water as the heat transfer fluid. The results show that the AMR is able to obtain a no-load temperature span of 10.9 K in a 1 T magnetic field with a corresponding work input of 93.0 kJ m⁻³ of gadolinium per cycle. The model shows significant temperature differences between the regenerator and the heat transfer fluid during the AMR cycle. This indicates that it is necessary to use two-dimensional models when a parallel-plate regenerator geometry is used.     

A heat exchanger model for mixtures and pure refrigerant cycle simulations

This paper describes a heat exchanger simulation developed for transient and steady state cycle simulations of mixtures and pure components. The simulation focuses on air to refrigerant condensers and evaporators found in residential heat pumps. The refrigerant differential momentum, continuity, species and energy equations are solved for these components and the steady state results are verified experimentally. Ten different heat transfer correlations for condensation and evaporation are evaluated to determine which best reproduces experimental data. Of those tested Jung and Radermacher's (1989, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer32 2435–2446) heat transfer correlation worked the best for evaporation while Dobson et al.'s (1994, ACRC Project 37) correlation worked the best for condensation. The experimentally determined capacity of four cross flow heat exchangers operating as condensers and evaporators with four different refrigerants is compared to the simulation results. The capacities predicted by the simulation agreed with the experimental results within ±8.0%. Furthermore, the simulation is used to quantify the effects of using a zeotropic mixture, R-407C, with cross, parallel and counter flow heat exchangers. As compared to a typical cross flow heat exchanger at typical heat pump operating conditions, the simulation predits that a pure parallel flow heat exchanger can decrease capacity by as much as 8.3% while a pure counter flow heat exchanger can increase performance by up to 4.4%.