用户驱动的流媒体动态分段缓存调度策略

在设计分布式流媒体代理缓存结构时,需要注意的两个主要方面是如何节省网络带宽和提高缓存命中率.基于此,提出了一种动态分段的流媒体代理缓存策略(SDD),该策略结合用户访问的趋势,并考虑不同网络用户的带宽和各媒体之间的差异,真正实现了流媒体对象的动态分段缓存.分析表明该缓存策略能普遍地适用于不同网络的大多数用户,不仅能够提高用户的请求命中率,同时还能提高缓存的利用率.     

基于背包理论的流媒体缓存算法

为了使缓存总体效益最大化,基于字节命中率,利用0-1背包对代理缓存建立模型,给出流媒体缓存替换算法。实验结果表明,与传统流媒体缓存算法相比,该算法能减少占用带宽,提升缓存写入效率,具有较高的字节命中率。     

交互式流媒体代理缓存

基于代理的流媒体应用中通常假设用户总是从媒体内容的起始部分请求播放.然而,在交互式场景下用户的焦点可能是媒体内容的任意部分.针对交互式流媒体应用,提出了一种基于分段的流行度敏锐(popularitywise)缓存算法,适用于缓存任意媒体内容流行度分布下的热点部分.仿真结果表明,现有的分段缓存算法的性能随着用户交互强度的增加而显著下降,而流行度敏锐算法在不同的用户请求模式和交互强度下都可以提供较低的用户响应时延和链路占用带宽.     

一种基于流行度和分段适应性的流媒体缓存算法

为提高流媒体代理服务器的缓存效率,提出一种基于流行度和分段适应性的流媒体缓存策略。该策略在主流分段缓存替换算法的基础上充分考虑了用户的访问特性,采取基于片段流行度的分段缓存管理策略,将媒体对象内部两点流行度的因素纳入缓存替换策略,改善了流媒体缓存管理的效率、提高了缓存的命中率。利用实际用户访问数据,将该算法与等长分段的缓存算法和指数分段的缓存算法进行了比较,仿真结果证明该算法可以在获得与这些算法相近的请求延迟率的条件下,取得最高的字节命中率。     

紧耦合的流媒体缓存代理协作机制研究

位于因特网骨干网和同一接入网之间的流媒体缓存代理服务器相互协作，可以提高缓存命中率，保持负载平衡。该文提出了一种共享缓存空间的紧耦合的多代理服务器协作机制，给出了多代理协作的缓存替换策略和负载平衡算法。通过NS2模拟验证，该机制可以使系统保持更好的性能。     

基于流行度预测的流媒体代理缓存替换算法

针对流行度随时间变化的特性，利用回归分析技术给出了一种流媒体文件的流行度预测算法，并在增加少量存储空间及计算时间消耗的情况下，将该预测算法应用于流媒体代理缓存服务器的缓存替换算法之中，模拟实验表明，该方法能减少缓存的替换次数，提高缓存命中率，性能较优。     

P2P流媒体系统中基于关联规则的缓存替换策略

随着互联网的日益发展，人们对流媒体的需求不断提高，对视频服务器提出了更高的要求。P2P视频点播系统中传统的缓存替换策略无法获得很好的用户体验。针对此问题，本文对传统的缓存算法FIFO进行改进，提出基于关联规则的FIFO替换算法(FIFO-AR)。为了进一步提升缓存替换算法的性能，提出一种新的基于关联规则的缓存替换算法（CRA-AR）。根据用户的播放记录和视频段的流行度，并结合关联规则，从而得到待缓存的视频段。实验结果表明,FIFO-AR和CRA-AR相比于传统的缓存替换算法，具有较高的命中率和较少的响应时间。     

流媒体代理缓存的研究与实现

研究了流媒体代理缓存的特点和影响流媒体代理缓存效果的因素,分析了衡量流媒体代理性能的指标,设计了流媒体代理缓存管理文件的结构,最后给出了用户请求处理过程。     

基于补丁算法的流媒体代理缓存的研究与实现

对流媒体代理缓存和流调度技术进行了分析与研究，结合代理缓存和补丁算法的优点，设计与实现了一种基于补丁算法的流媒体代理缓存的高效方法。分析和实验研究表明，该方法能进一步减少对骨干网络带宽资源和原始服务器的磁盘I/O资源的占用，提高用户访问请求的响应速度。     

静态与动态结合的流媒体缓存替换算法研究

为了在基于对等网的流媒体点播系统中高效地利用节点缓存区来提高流媒体服务质量,提出了一种静态与动态结合的缓存替换算法.采用将节点缓存区分为3个区的方法,综合考虑了数据块备份量的均衡性和节点跳播操作的命中率,使得节目数据块在各对等节点间缓存得到全局优化,从而有效提高播放质量.仿真实验结果表明了该算法在启动延迟和服务器负载等方面的优越性.     

Loopback: exploiting collaborative caches for large-scale streaming

In this paper, we propose a Loopback approach in a two-level streaming architecture to exploit collaborative client/proxy buffers for improving the quality and efficiency of large-scale streaming applications. At the upper level we use a content delivery network (CDN) to deliver video from a central server to proxy servers. At the lower level a proxy server delivers video with the help of collaborative client caches. In particular, a proxy server and its clients in a local domain cache different portions of a video and form delivery loops. In each loop, a single video stream originates at the proxy, passes through a number of clients, and finally is passed back to the proxy. As a result, with limited bandwidth and storage space contributed by collaborative clients, we are able to significantly reduce the required network bandwidth, I/O bandwidth, and cache space of a proxy. Furthermore, we develop a local repair scheme to address the client failure issue for enhancing service quality and eliminating most required repairing load at the central server. For popular videos, our local repair scheme is able to handle most of single-client failures without service disruption and retransmissions from the central server. Our analysis and simulations have shown the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Metadata-driven optimal transcoding in a multimedia proxy

An adaptive multimedia proxy is presented which provides (1) caching, (2) filtering, and (3) media gateway functionalities. The proxy can perform media adaptation on its own, either relying on layered coding or using transcoding mainly in the decompressed domain. A cost model is presented which incorporates user requirements, terminal capabilities, and video variations in one formula. Based on this model, the proxy acts as a general broker of different user requirements and of different video variations. This is a first step towards What You Need is What You Get (WYNIWYG) video services, which deliver videos to users in exactly the quality they need and are willing to pay for. The MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 standards enable this in an interoperable way. A detailed evaluation based on a series of simulation runs is provided.     

基于代理缓存的视频传输综述

通过高速网络传输视频已被广泛关注,但视频的存储量较大,为防止网络拥塞,应采取一系列有效的策略来解决视频传输问题。文章介绍了基于代理缓存技术的视频传输策略：代理前缀缓存、基于段的代理缓存、视频切分技术和中介等。从不同侧面解决视频传输过程中的拥塞问题,以保证良好的视频传输。     

Efficient segment-based video transcoding proxy for mobile multimedia services

To support various bandwidth requirements for mobile multimedia services for future heterogeneous mobile environments, such as portable notebooks, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and 3G cellular phones, a transcoding video proxy is usually necessary to provide mobile clients with adapted video streams by not only transcoding videos to meet different needs on demand, but also caching them for later use. Traditional proxy technology is not applicable to a video proxy because it is less cost-effective to cache the complete videos to fit all kinds of clients in the proxy. Since transcoded video objects have inheritance dependency between different bit-rate versions, we can use this property to amortize the retransmission overhead from transcoding other objects cached in the proxy. In this paper, we propose the object relation graph (ORG) to manage the static relationships between video versions and an efficient replacement algorithm to dynamically manage video segments cached in the proxy. Specifically, we formulate a transcoding time constrained profit function to evaluate the profit from caching each version of an object. The profit function considers not only the sum of the costs of caching individual versions of an object, but also the transcoding relationship among these versions. In addition, an effective data structure, cached object relation tree (CORT), is designed to facilitate the management of multiple versions of different objects cached in the transcoding proxy. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms companion schemes in terms of the byte-hit ratios and the startup latency.     

Reducing bandwidth requirement for delivering video over wide area networks with proxy server

Due to the high bandwidth requirement and rate variability of compressed video, delivering video across wide area networks (WANs) is a challenging issue. Proxy servers have been used to reduce network congestion and improve client access time on the Internet by caching passing data. We investigate ways to store or stage partial video in proxy servers to reduce the network bandwidth requirement over WAN. A client needs to access a portion of the video from a proxy server over a local area network (LAN) and the rest from a central server across a WAN. Therefore, client buffer requirement and video synchronization are to be considered. We study the tradeoffs between client buffer, storage requirement on the proxy server, and bandwidth requirement over WAN. Given a video delivery rate for the WAN, we propose several frame staging selection algorithms to determine the video frames to be stored in the proxy server. A scheme called chunk algorithm, which partitions a video into different segments (chunks of frames) with alternating chunks stored in the proxy server, is shown to offer the best tradeoff. We also investigate an efficient way to utilize client buffer when the combination of video streams from WAN and LAN is considered.     

层次编码视频传输中代理缓存技术的研究

分析了在Internet上进行实时视频流传输的不足,提出了将层次编码技术与代理缓存技术相结合的方法,对基于层次编码的缓存预取方法和替换方法进行了研究。根据视频流数据的特点,对缓存的命中率和访问频度进行了改进。     

Frame Selection for Dynamic Caching Adjustment in Video Proxy Servers

By caching video data, a video proxy server close to the clients can be used to assist video delivery and alleviate the load of video servers. We assume a video can be partially cached and a certain number of video frames are stored in the proxy server. In our setting, the proxy server is allowed to cache the passing data from the video server. A video provides several options (levels) in terms of bandwidth requirement over the server-proxy path. For each video, the proxy server decides to cache a smaller amount of data at a lower level or to accumulate more data to reach a higher level. The proxy server can dynamically adjust the cached video data by choosing an appropriate level based on the network condition or the popularity of the video. We propose a frame selection scheme, Dynamic Chunk Algorithm, to determine which frames are to be cached in the proxy server for the dynamic caching adjustment scenario. The algorithm guarantees the rate constraint over the server-proxy path to be satisfied for each level. This approach also maintains the set of cached frames at a higher level as a superset of the cached frames at a lower level. Hence, it enforces the proxy server to simply cache more data without dropping frames when it intends to reduce network bandwidth consumption for a video and vice versa.     

一种Internet上流媒体代理高速缓存的框架

文章采用代理高速缓存技术解决Internet上流媒体传输时瓶颈带宽对传输质量的影响，分析了现有Web缓存技术用于音频、视频等连续媒体对象的不足，提出了一种新的流媒体代理高速缓存的框架，讨论了框架中各模块实现的关键技术。     

A multikey secure multimedia proxy using asymmetric reversible parametric sequences: theory, design, and implementation

Because of limited server and network capacities for streaming applications, multimedia proxies are commonly used to cache multimedia objects such that, by accessing nearby proxies, clients can enjoy a smaller start-up latency and receive a better quality-of-service (QoS) guarantee-for example, reduced packet loss and delay jitters for their requests. However, the use of multimedia proxies increases the risk that multimedia data are exposed to unauthorized access by intruders. In this paper, we present a framework for implementing a secure multimedia proxy system for audio and video streaming applications. The framework employs a notion of asymmetric reversible parametric sequence (ARPS) to provide the following security properties: i) data confidentiality during transmission, ii) end-to-end data confidentiality, iii) data confidentiality against proxy intruders, and iv) data confidentiality against member collusion. Our framework is grounded on a multikey RSA technique such that system resilience against attacks is provably strong given standard computability assumptions. One important feature of our proposed scheme is that clients only need to perform a single decryption operation to recover the original data even though the data packets may have been encrypted by multiple proxies along the delivery path. We also propose the use of a set of encryption configuration parameters (ECP) to trade off proxy encryption throughput against the presentation quality of audio/video obtained by unauthorized parties. Implementation results show that we can simultaneously achieve high encryption throughput and extremely low video quality (in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio and visual quality of decoded video frames) for unauthorized access.     

监控网络系统体系结构与路由算法研究

本文在视频监控系统体系结构的基础上讨论了视频监控系统的扩充和互连方法。提出了数字监控系统中自治系统、视频桥和远程视频代理的概念。并以此为基础,给出了对等体系结构下智能监控系统动态视频路由算法的设计与实现方法。