X射线参考辐射装置固有过滤层厚度的测量

固有过滤层厚度是X射线参考辐射装置的重要性能参数之一,需要进行定量测量。本研究以新版本ISO 4037-1标准规范为依据,以N系列辐射质（N-20~N-350）的X射线参考辐射装置为例,通过PTW30013电离室测量不同尺寸次级光阑下的辐射野,建立符合要求的实验环境。结果表明,采用半值层法测量得到该参考辐射装置的固有过滤层厚度为0.122 mm Al;通过增加铝过滤片厚度得出N-40~N-350辐射质下4 mm Al等效固有过滤层厚度;利用单质铝金属和铍金属在不同能量下质能衰减系数的转化关系,得出N-20~N-30辐射质下1 mm铍的等效固有过滤层厚度。本研究结果可为X射线参考辐射装置固有过滤的测量提供一定的参考。     

Surface contamination of the charge－coupled device

An experimental method to study the influence of surface contamination of a thinned.backside illuminated charge-coupled device(CCD) upon its quantum efficiency in soft X-ray region is suggested.A transmission grating spectrometer(TGS),in which the transmission grating is coupled to a thinned.backside illuminated charge coupled device,is used to measure the continuum X-ray emission from the end of cylindrical target irradiated by laser.In the meausred spectra,only the carbon K absorption edge at wavelength of 4.4nm due to condensation of the vacuum oil on the CCD surface is clearly seen.The surface contamination is considered as an effective “carbon filter” and the filter absorption to correct the quantum efficiency of the CCD camera is taken into account.The effective thickness of the carbon filter is determined by comparing the jump height of the measured spectra at 4.4nm with those of the carbon absorption coefficient curves obtained from various carbon thickness.The accuracy of this method is tested by comparing the X-ray spectrum measured by the TGS with that obtained by a soft X-ray spectrometer.     

冷中子差分成像模拟研究

冷中子照相利用穿透样品的中子和荧光屏~6Li反应产生的α带电粒子与荧光材料发光,从而在探测器上记录光强度的分布.本文简单介绍了冷中子照相的特点,给出了铍与钛金属宏观总截面随能量的变化,设计特定的样品采用MCNP模拟不同能量下的中子图像,中子图像显现Bragg吸收限上下两幅图像的对比度差异,采用差分成像对两幅中子图像进行处理,凸现了冷中子照相的优点.     

Low-dose exposure energy-resolved X-ray computed tomography using a contrast agent with a high-energy K-edge

X-ray computed tomography (CT) with iodine contrast agent is widely employed to locate cancers. However, this method has shortcomings such as high-radiation dose exposure, iodine side effects, and a beam hardening effect. We have been working on the energy-resolved CT measurement method using a novel X-ray detection system, the “transXend” detector, which measures X-rays as electric currents and gives the energy distribution of incident X-rays after analysis. In the present study, we propose a method for low-dose exposure CT that involves the combination of the energy-resolved CT method, which is free from the beam hardening effect, and a harmless contrast agent with high-energy K-edge absorption, such as gold nanoparticles expected as a future contrast agent. Comparisons of radiation dose exposures as functions of aluminum filter thickness at the exit aperture of an X-ray tube and the K-edge energies of contrast agents are described.     

X-ray CCD相机在杆箍缩二极管X射线焦斑诊断中的应用

针孔成像法是诊断杆箍缩二极管X射线焦斑的常用方法。本文建立基于增感屏、光锥耦合、CCD相机的X-ray CCD相机系统,取代针孔成像法中基于闪烁体、物镜、CCD相机的图像获取系统,提高了诊断系统的紧凑性。对所建立的X-ray CCD相机系统的空间分辨能力进行了测试,系统的空间分辨能力受增感屏限制,使用铅制分辨卡测得系统的空间分辨率为5lp/mm,使用刀口法测得调制传递函数为0.5时的频率为1.5lp/mm。测试结果表明,在针孔成像倍率为0.5时,可满足1.5 mm左右的X射线焦斑诊断的需要。并开展了杆箍缩二极管侧面焦斑诊断实验,获得了侧面焦斑图像,且进行了图像复原处理。     

衍射增强成像的若干基础问题研究Ⅰ.衍射增强成像的衬度与X射线能量的关系

为了探讨X射线衍射增强成像的衬度与X射线能量的关系,利用北京同步辐射光源4W1A光束线引出的硬X射线对大块正常和癌变的乳腺组织进行成像研究.在摇摆曲线顶部位置获得的图像(峰位图像)和表观吸收图像的衬度随X射线能量的变化关系是相似的,说明峰位图像和表观吸收图像包含的主要衬度相似,即吸收衬度,而折射图像的衬度随X射线能量的增大总体上呈现下降趋势.综合来看,对于乳腺类的软组织来说,DEI成像在低能量端有很好的衬度,反映了衍射增强成像更适合于主要由轻元素组成的物体的成像.     

Investigation of optimal scanning protocol for X-ray computed tomography polymer gel dosimetry

X-ray computed tomography is one of the potential tool used to evaluate the polymer gel dosimeters in three dimensions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors which affect the image noise for X-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry. A cylindrical water filled phantom was imaged with single slice Siemens Somatom Emotion CT scanner. The imaging parameters like tube voltage, tube current, slice scan time, slice thickness and reconstruction algorithm were varied independently to study the dependence of noise on each other. Reductions of noise with number of images to be averaged and spatial uniformity of the image were also investigated. Normoxic polymer gel PAGAT was manufactured and irradiated using Siemens Primus linear accelerator. The radiation induced change in CT number was evaluated using X-ray CT scanner. From this study it is clear that image noise is reduced with increase in tube voltage, tube current, slice scan time, slice thickness and also reduced with increasing the number of images averaged. However to reduce the tube load and total scan time, it was concluded that tube voltage of 130 kV, tube current of 200 mA, scan time of 1.5 s, slice thickness of 3 mm for high dose gradient and 5 mm for low dose gradient were optimal scanning protocols for this scanner. Optimum number of images to be averaged was concluded to be 25 for X-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry. Choice of reconstruction algorithm was also critical. From the study it is also clear that CT number increase with imaging tube voltage and shows the energy dependency of polymer gel dosimeter. Hence for evaluation of polymer gel dosimeters with X-ray CT scanner needs the optimization of scanning protocols to reduce the image noise.     

衍射增强成像技术在粘虫结构形态学研究中的初步应用

本文利用衍射增强峰位成像技术研究全变态类蛹期粘虫的发育,得到了清晰的粘虫蛹的内部结构的相衬图像,清楚地观察到蛹发育的整个过程以及粘虫从幼虫到成虫部分器官、组织内细微结构的形成与演变,成像分辨率可达到5μm.     

In-line X-ray phase-contrast imaging of murine liver microvasculature ex vivo

Imaging blood vessels is of importance for determining the vascular distribution of organs and tumors.Phase-contrast X-ray imaging can reveal the vessels in much more detail than conventional X-ray absorption method.Visualizing murine liver microvasculature ex vivo with phase-contrast X-ray imaging was performed at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.Barium sulfate and physiological saline were used as contrast agents for the blood vessels.Blood vessels of <Φ20μm could be detected by replacing resident blood with physiological saline or barium sulfate.An entire branch of the portal vein (from the main axial portal vein to the ninth generation of branching) could be captured in a single phase-contrast image.It is demonstrated that selective angiography based on phase contrast X-ray imaging,with a physiological material of low Z elements (such as saline) being the contrast agent,is a viable imaging strategy.Further efforts will be focused on using the technique to image tumor angiogenesis.     

数字化线阵CCD扫描X射线成像系统

介绍了一种数字化线阵CCD扫描X射线成像系统的原理性样机,其主要特点是用窄束X射线成像,从系统结构上抑制了散射对成像的影响,在满足图像质量的情况下降低了成像所需的X射线剂量.介绍了系统设计的理论基础,讨论了系统的软、硬件组成,并测量了系统的成像性能.     

Some characteristics of X-ray imaging for energy region of over 100 keV using plastic scintillation fiber array

In this work, characteristics of using PSFs （plastic scintillation fibers） coupled with CCD （charge-coupled devices ） to build area detectors for high energy X-ray imaging are studied with a Monte Carlo simulation, which cover an energy range of a few hundred keV to about 20 MeV. It was found that the efficiency of PSF in detecting X-ray with energy above a few hundred keV is low. We can use large incident flux to increase the output signal to noise ratio （SNR）. The performance can also be improved by coating PSF with X-ray absorption layers and the MTF of the system is presented. By optimizing the absorption layer thickness, the crosstalk of the area detector built with PSF decreases.     

X射线吸收光谱技术中的滤光片研制

在同步辐射X射线吸收光谱(XAS)实验中,X射线滤光片用于吸收样品的康普顿散射和弹性散射,改善荧光信号的质量。我们将ZnO颗粒分散在聚氨酯溶液里,通过恰当的喷涂工艺,获得ZnO滤片。X射线衍射(XRD),X射线荧光(XRF)及X射线吸收光谱(XAS)实验结果表明：在滤片制备过程中,ZnO结构保持不变。进一步地,ZnO滤片用于测量Ga2O3的GaK边XAS谱,显示出好的信噪比。采用同样的方法还制备了其它X射线滤光片,表明这种X射线滤光片制备技术的可行性和实用性。     

X射线光栅相衬成像中保留源光栅的探测器校正方法

本文提出了一种X射线光栅相衬成像探测器校正方法，该方法无需移除靠近光源的源光栅，而是将其与光源作为一个整体参与增益校正。在基于几何投影的光栅相衬成像系统上，开展了利用传统的探测器校正与本文提出的探测器校正方法的对比实验，两种方法获得了一致的结果。实验结果表明，本文方法大幅简化了实验操作流程，提高了系统的稳定性，对于实现X射线相衬成像的临床应用有一定的推进意义。     

吸收法在强激光与固体靶所致脉冲X射线能谱测量中的研究进展北大核心CSCD

脉冲X射线能谱测量,对于强激光装置中的物理诊断以及辐射防护具有重要意义。脉冲X射线具有脉冲时间短、注量大、能谱范围宽等特点,常规脉冲测量技术往往受到探测器死时间、堆积效应的限制而无法适用。目前多个国家都建立了强激光装置的研究平台,并开展X射线能谱测量相关研究。本文首先介绍了基于吸收法原理且适用于中低能脉冲X射线的测量方法:Ross Pair法和衰减法。然后针对这两种方法从5个方面(探测器结构、滤片材料、探测介质选择、散射控制以及解谱方法)综述了脉冲X射线吸收谱仪的研究进展,并分析了各自的适用性。目前激光装置中脉冲X射线能谱的测量还面临着能量分辨率不理想、结果不确定度无法量化和被动式能谱测量操作不便等问题。随着激光装置的不断升级,脉冲X射线注量以及打靶频次将不断增加,对探测器的耐辐照性能以及响应速度提出了更高的要求。     

Infrared film thickness measurement: comparison with cold neutron imaging

Near InfraRed FILM thickness PROfile (NIR-FILMPRO) is an optical technique for non-intrusive measurement of water film thickness. The technique is based on absorption of NIR light. A passband filter centered at 1612 nm was selected to measure isothermal gravity-driven films flowing on a vertical wall with sand blasted surface. Non-intrusive 2D mapping of the film thickness was acquired at 200 fps, with an image size of 320×256 pixels and a spatial resolution of 0.677 mm. Theoretical developments were brought to consider multiple reflections of light in the liquid film providing a more accurate model to compute the film thickness. Further improvements were made regarding the calibration procedure and the image processing. The measurements were compared against cold neutron imaging, an established technique which provides images of the time averaged thickness. An excellent correspondence between the two methods was found. The root mean square of the deviation between the two techniques taken over a region covered by a wavy film was found to be 2.3% of the measurement with film thicknesses fluctuating between approximately 100 and 500 µm. The spatial comparison with cold neutron imaging complements the previous comparisons and validates the application of the technique.     

Apparent Linear Attenuation Coefficients in Phase Contrast X-Ray Tomography

In the inline phase contrast X-ray tomography the reconstructed apparent linear attenuation coefficient values may be greatly larger than sample’s linear attenuation coefficients or even be negative. In this work we present a general formula to quantitatively relate the apparent linear attenuation coefficient values in cone-beam phase contrast tomography to sample’s linear attenuation coefficients and refractive indices. This formula overcomes the gross inaccuracy of the existing formula in the literature in analyzing high-resolution phase contrast tomography, and it will be useful for correctly interpreting and quantifying the apparent linear attenuation coefficients in cone-beam X-ray phase contrast tomography.     

超小金纳米团簇作为CT对比剂的研究

采用X-射线断层扫描（Compmed tomography,CT）技术测量肿瘤部位、肝、脾、肾、膀胱的CT值和不同时间点的二维、三维影像来评价谷胱甘肽（Glutathione,GSH）保护的超小金纳米团簇作为对比剂的可能性,并验证它的高效肿瘤摄取和清除作用。CT结果表明,肿瘤部位的加强对比作用随时间的增加而增加,加强的影像直至6h仍未减弱,因此,证明了肿瘤细胞的高效摄取,这有利于将其应用于肿瘤靶影像中。膀胱起始的高CT值表明,GSH保护的金纳米团簇能渗透肾组织,通过膀胱排泄。肾的加强对比表明其有可能应用于探测肾的病变和损伤。     

滤光片对透射式微型X光管谱线影响的MC数值模拟分析

现场X射线荧光分析(EDXRF)中,使用滤光片可以有效的降低或消除由原级谱在样品中散射背景,特征谱对待测元素的干扰。论文采用MCNP5程序模拟了加不同厚度Al、Cu、Ag、Kapton滤光片前后的原级谱分布。依据模拟结果,原级X射线谱的谱分布与滤光片的材质和厚度有关。能量低于5ke V的射线对分析是无用的。在能量5~10 ke V的能量谱段,选择Al滤光片较为合适;在能量10~25ke V谱段范围,Ag滤光片相对于另外三种滤光片较为合适。从而为现场X荧光分析仪的研制提供技术支撑。     

采用电离室测定重离子束的Bragg峰位

从探索定点定位诱变要求出发，提出了重离子束Ｂｒａｇｇ峰可作为一个有用手段，阐述了测量重离子束Ｂｒａｇｇ峰的原理和实验装置，采用一对电离室测定初始能量为５０ＭｅＶ／ｕ左右＾１４Ｎ＾７＋离子束在物质密度归一到小麦材料后的Ｂｒａｇｇ峰位。最终得到峰位深度约为４．８５ｎｍ，离子束的最大射程为５．５ｍｍ左右。     

Neutronic analysis of silicon carbide cladding accident-tolerant fuel assemblies in pressurized water reactors

In pursuit of a fully coherent X-ray free-electron laser(FEL), highly reflective Bragg crystals are used and will be used as a highly selective spectral filter in hard X-ray self-seeding FELs and X-ray FEL oscillators(XFELO), respectively. However, currently, when simulating self-seeding and XFELO, the three-dimensional effect of Bragg diffraction is not fully considered. In this paper, we derive a comprehensive solution for the response function of the crystal in Bragg diffraction. A three-dimensional X-ray crystal Bragg diffraction code, named BRIGHT, is introduced, which can be combined with other FEL-related codes, e.g., GENESIS and OPC. Performance and feasibility are assessed using two numerical examples,namely a self-seeding experiment for the linac coherent light source and XFELO options for Shanghai high repetition rate XFEL. The results indicate that BRIGHT provides a new and useful tool for three-dimensional modeling of FEL.