基于L型阵列的方位估计及互耦自校正算法研究

 针对L型阵,提出了一种互耦自校正算法（SAL: self-calibration algorithm for L-shaped array）。该算法利用L型阵列特殊的互耦特性,实现了对信源信息（DOA）和阵列互耦系数的解耦合,从而无需任何校正源就可以实现两类参数的估计。与基于循环迭代最小化技术的传统自校正算法相比,该算法先通过搜索谱峰估计信源信息（DOA）,再估计互耦系数,从而避免了多维搜索带来的庞大运算量和迭代中的全局收敛性问题。仿真结果表明本文提出的自校正算法具有精度高、计算量小的特点。     

Performance of adaptive array antenna with arbitrary geometry in the presence of mutual coupling

The effect of the mutual coupling between the array elements on the performance of the adaptive array antennas (AAA) is investigated when the actual received voltages which include the mutual coupling are directly used to estimate the weight vector based on the adaptive algorithm. The output signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR), the convergence of the adaptive algorithm and the synthesized pattern are evaluated to study the effect due to the existence of the mutual coupling. It is found that the mutual coupling affects the antenna adaptive gain, but does not affect the adaptive processing. It is also found that the mutual coupling does not always degrade the iterative convergence of the adaptive algorithm. It is proved that any invertible matrix for compensating the mutual coupling cannot improve the output SINR. It is also indicated that the radiation pattern can be correctly synthesized in the presence of the mutual coupling by introducing the universal steering vector (USV) whose element corresponds to the array element pattern.     

基于GSC结构的波束形成器的互耦校正

广义旁瓣对消器(GSC)是线性约束最小方差波束形成器的等效结构。但由于实际互耦误差的影响,GSC的支路会出现期望信号泄漏,导致此波束形成器不能正常工作。文中基于一种新定义的互感矩阵,对阵元之间的互耦进行精确的量化和分析,提出了一种GSC波束形成器的互耦补偿方法。该方法通过修改GSC的参数,解决了期望信号相消的问题。仿真试验表明,该方法能精确的校正阵列天线阵元间的互耦效应,使GSC波束形成器对互耦误差具有稳健性。     

互耦条件下均匀线阵DOA盲估计

阵元间存在互耦时,经典的波达角(DOA)估计算法性能急剧下降甚至失效。针对互耦条件下均匀线阵DOA估计问题,该文提出一种基于盲源分离的DOA盲估计算法。首先,利用源信号的统计特性,由盲源分离方法估计广义阵列流形矩阵;然后,利用均匀线阵互耦矩阵带状、Toeplitz矩阵的特点,将DOA估计问题转化为多个可分离非线性最小二乘问题,由多个1维频域搜索得到DOA的估计。该算法无需高维搜索或多维迭代,对互耦自由度要求更低,互耦自由度未知时仍旧适用,稳健度高。数值仿真验证了该文算法的有效性。     

一种可用于卫星导航抗干扰天线的降耦方法

针对基于功率倒置算法的空时自适应抗干扰技术中天线阵元间互耦误差严重恶化算法性能这一问题,分析比较了目前常见的应对解决方案,并提出一种新的可用于抗干扰卫星导航终端的天线阵列降耦方法。该方法通过在卫星导航抗干扰天线阵列中加载电磁谐振吸波器,降低天线阵元间互耦。实验数据表明,利用该方法可以使阵元间互耦降低10 dB,使抗干扰接收机最大抑制干信比提升5 dB。     

DOA error estimation in 3D cylindrical dipole array geometries including the mutual coupling effect

The direction of arrival (DOA) error in dipole 3D arrays is estimated through Monte-Carlo simulations using the standard MUSIC algorithm. Novel 3D geometries are implemented which demonstrate better precision given the same lateral area. The mutual coupling effect is included by changing the search vector in the MUSIC DOA algorithm for the novel 3D geometries. A simple straight forward method is used which does not need complex electromagnetic computations. Simulations show that the proposed method can successfully account for the mutual coupling effects in two dimensional direction finding (both azimuth and elevation angle) with novel 3D array geometries. Reduced DOA estimation error is observed in the novel geometries which can be used as a method of mitigation for the mutual coupling effect.     

2-D DOA Estimation in the Presence of Mutual Coupling

We present a 2-D direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm in the presence of unknown mutual coupling for the uniform rectangular array (URA) based on the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm. By setting the sensors on the boundary of the URA as auxiliary sensors, it can accurately estimate the DOAs without any calibration sources or iterative operations. We prove that the effect of mutual coupling can be eliminated by the inherent mechanism of the proposed method. Twice search technique is used to reduce the computation of the 2-D spectrum search. Moreover, we provide a method to estimate the mutual coupling coefficients after getting the DOA estimates. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

A Novel Online Mutual Coupling Compensation Algorithm for Uniform and Linear Arrays

In this paper, a novel online mutual coupling compensation algorithm especially tailored to uniform and linear arrays is presented. It is conceived to simultaneously compensate for mutual coupling and estimate the direction-of-arrivals (DOAs) of signals impinging on the array since the estimated calibration matrix can be embedded within any classical super-resolution direction-finding method. An alternating minimization procedure based on closed-form solutions is performed to estimate the mutual coupling matrix in the field of complex symmetric Toeplitz matrices. Unlike many existing array calibration methods, it requires neither the presence of calibration sources nor previous calibration information as initialization. Computer simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed technique and prove that the nice statistical properties of classical super-resolution DOA estimation algorithms can be restored despite the presence of mutual coupling     

一种新的互耦条件下宽带信号DOA估计算法

基于一致聚焦和Khatri-Rao子空间的思想,提出了一种新的互耦条件下宽带信号DOA 估计算法。首先,通过在阵列两端设置辅助阵元来补偿各个频率处的互耦效应;接着,对补偿后的协方差矩阵进行一致聚焦操作,并重排成一个高维矩阵;最后,通过搜索Khatri鄄Rao 子空间谱估计出宽带信号的DOA。算法适用于互耦未知的场合,对宽带信号频率谱是否平坦没有要求,且在互耦自由度较小时能够分辨多于阵元数的宽带信号。计算机仿真结果证明了算法的有效性。     

DOA estimation and self-calibration algorithm for uniform circular array

Based on the banded circulate and symmetric Toeplitz model for the mutual coupling of a uniform circular array, a decoupling direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and self-calibration algorithm is proposed. The new algorithm provides an accurate DOA estimation without the knowledge of mutual coupling. In addition, the mutual coupling coefficients for array self-calibration can be achieved simultaneously. Instead of multidimensional nonlinear search or iterative computation, the algorithm only uses a one-dimensional search and can reduce the computation burden. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.     

多径环境下阵列波达方向估计及互耦校正

在阵列信号处理的研究中,多径环境会降低接收机的定位精度,传统的多重信号分类算法的性能会大大降低,空间平滑算法能有效地进行解相干。当阵列天线存在互耦效应时,传统的空间平滑算法的测向性能会大大下降。针对多径环境下的均匀线阵,利用互耦矩阵的复对称带状的结构特点,结合空间平滑算法,提出了一种可以进行互耦校正的波达方向估计算法。该算法通过求解线性约束下的二次规划问题,利用谱峰搜索得到入射信号的DOA。数值仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

COMPENSATION FOR THE MUTUAL COUPLING EFFECT FOR THE ESPRIT ALGORITHM IN SINGLE SNAPSHOT ARRAY PROCESSING

An effective method is introduced to compensate the effects of mutual coupling for the Estimation of Signal Parameter via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) direction finding algorithm in application of signal snapshot array processing.Changing the covariance matrix into a Teoplitz matrix can achieve high resolution in the Direction Of Arrive (DOA) estimation.How the mutual coupling affects the array antennas has been discussed and a new definition of mutual im- pedance has been used to characterize the mutual coupling effects between the array elements.Based on the new mutual impedance matrix,a practical method is presented to eliminate the effects of mutual coupling for ESPRIT in the single snapshot data processing.The simulation results show that, this new method not only properly reduces the effects of mutual coupling,but also maintains its steady performance even for weak signals.     

一种互耦和相干源条件下的DOA估计方法

空间平滑算法是一种常用的解相干处理方法,而阵元间互耦的存在会导致空间平滑算法失效,从而无法准确估计相干源DOA。针对这个问题,文中提出了一种新的DOA估计方法。该方法基于信号子空间和噪声子空间的正交性原理,利用入射信号源中的独立信号源可以有效估计出互耦矩阵,再通过估计的互耦矩阵对接收数据协方差矩阵进行互耦补偿,克服了互耦对空间平滑算法的影响,从而保证了相干源DOA能准确估计。计算机仿真实验表明了该方法的有效性。     

Non-sensitive adaptive beamforming against mutual coupling

The standard Capon beamformer (SCB) is known to suffer from severe performance degradation when there is a mismatch between the presumed signal steering vector and the actual one. There may be several reasons leading to this result such as mutual coupling between array elements. The problem of adaptive beamforming in the presence of mutual coupling is studied based on a uniform linear array (ULA). By setting a group of auxiliary elements on each side of the ULA, the authors prove that the proposed method can inherently compensate the effect caused by the mutual coupling and greatly decrease the sensitivity of the SCB against mutual coupling. This technique can also be applied to most of the existing robust beamforming methods to further improve their performances. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of this technique.     

On the Resiliency of MUSIC Direction Finding Against Antenna Sensor Coupling

Many classical direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms suffer from sensitivity to sensor coupling. By applying a group of auxiliary sensors in a uniform linear array (ULA), we prove the resiliency of the MUSIC direction finding algorithm against array sensor coupling. We show that the performance of MUSIC algorithm under antenna array with unknown coupling can be very close to the case with known coupling. We can also estimate the mutual coupling coefficients before refining the DOA estimates by utilizing an extended sensor array. Moreover, our analysis on the effect of mutual coupling in direction finding illustrates the existence of some blind angles which should be avoided when the array is designed. Our simulation results corroborate our analysis.     

Correlation and capacity of MIMO systems and mutual coupling, radiation efficiency, and diversity gain of their antennas: simulations and measurements in a reverberation chamber

MIMO systems are characterized by their maximum available capacity, which is reduced if there is correlation between the signals on different channels. The correlation is primarily caused by mutual coupling between the elements of the antenna arrays on both the receiving and transmitting sides. Similarly, diversity antennas can be characterized by a diversity gain that also is affected by mutual coupling between the antennas. We explain how such MIMO and diversity antennas with mutual coupling can be analyzed by classical embedded element patterns that can be computed by standard computer codes. In the MIMO example under investigation, the mutual coupling reduces both correlation, which increases the capacity, and radiation efficiency, which decreases it, and the combined effect is a net capacity reduction. We also explain how the radiation efficiency, diversity gain, correlation, and channel capacity can be measured in a reverberation chamber. The measurements show good agreement with simulations.     

Efficient and accurate evaluation of external mutual couplingbetween compound broad wall slots

The efficient and accurate evaluation of external mutual coupling between compound broad-wall slots cut in rectangular waveguides is addressed. The special case of longitudinal slots is also considered. Errors introduced by approximations used in some mutual coupling expressions are investigated and numerical results are presented for a range of waveguide and slot parameters. It is shown that for most applications, mutual coupling expressions can be determined in terms of single numerical integrals     

Multiport network approach for modeling the mutual coupling effectsin microstrip patch antennas and arrays

A method is described for representing the mutual coupling between edges of a microstrip patch (or the edges of two different patches in an array) in form of a mutual admittance matrix. Coefficients of the mutual admittance matrix are evaluated by modelling the edge fields by equivalent magnetic current line sources. The formulation is an extension of the multiport network modeling of microstrip patches and the segmentation method of analysis. Results are found to be in good agreement with the measured data on mutual coupling available in the literature. Relative contributions of various edges of rectangular patches to the mutual coupling are discussed     

A mutual coupling study of linear and circular polarized microstrip antennas for diversity wireless systems

In this paper, an analysis of mutual coupling is presented to examine the benefits of orthogonal polarizations and patterns for adjacent microstrip antennas. The mutual coupling between two linear polarized antennas orientated in parallel polarizations (E and H plane) is reduced using low dielectric constant materials. The mutual coupling can be reduced an additional 20-35dB at the same inter-element spacing when adjacent elements are orientated in orthogonal polarizations, O plane. Similarly, the mutual coupling between two circular polarized antennas orientated in the parallel polarization is reduced using low dielectric constant materials. However, the reduction in mutual coupling between two circular polarized antenna elements orientated in the O plane is only an additional 1-6 dB. The mutual coupling between a linear polarized sum beam (1/2/spl lambda/) and difference beam (1/spl lambda/) antenna is reduced 20-35 dB below the case when using identical antennas only in the H- and O-planes. Compact two- and four-element multielement antennas with inter-element spacings less than 0.15/spl lambda/ are fabricated and the S parameters and radiation patterns are measured.     

互耦条件下基于4阶累积量的双基地MIMO雷达角度估计

发射和接收阵列的互耦效应将使得双基地多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达的角度估计算法性能下降。针对阵列互耦效应和高斯色噪声并存情况,该文提出一种基于4阶累积量组合矩阵构造的收发角度估计方法。该方法首先根据收发互耦矩阵的Kronecker乘积特点,并结合互耦矩阵带状、对称的Toeplitz变换性质,充分利用所有的接收数据,构造出多组发射和接收4阶累积量矩阵,通过组合收发累积量矩阵进一步构造出4阶块累积量矩阵,并利用矩阵的奇异值分解,提取出发射和接收旋转不变因子。理论和仿真结果表明:在强互耦效应情况下,所提算法能够有效估计出高斯色噪声背景下目标的收发角度,并实现自动配对。在强互耦情况下,所提算法的估计性能优于其他算法。