Basic trends in automating checking work

Conclusions It is proposed to divide measuring instruments, from the point of view of automating their checking, into three basic groups, for each of which there is a typical technical solution. For each group there is also a characteristic degree of effectiveness due to the introduction of automation.The greatest effectiveness can be expected from the automated checking of measuring instruments without scales, since the information from them can be applied directly to other instruments and there is no need for intermediate members such as readout and computing devices.Complete automation of the checking of indicating instruments is desirable at the present time only for instruments of high accuracy classes (0.5 and higher), and when it is necessary to check 10 or more scale marks and to record the indications. As with SST, it is desirable first to introduce such automation in factories producing instruments.For instruments of lower accuracy classes it is desirable to limit the automation of checking to the introduction of SST.The Editorial Staff invites readers to respond to this article.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 59–61, March, 1968.     

New standard instruments for measuring low- and high-frequency alternating voltages

Block diagrams, technical characteristics and features of the use of new instruments, designed to be used as 1st and 2nd grade working standards for checking alternating voltage measuring instruments in the signal frequency and voltage ranges of 5 Hz–1500 MHz and 10 mV–150 V, are described.     

Additions to the rules for checking meters of thermal energy and hot water

The necessary additions to the rules for checking instruments for measuring thermal energy and hot water are considered. The impossibility in principle of interchanging them, based on the results of checking, is emphasized. The requirements imposed on thermal power meters and their units when delivered for checking and on the accompanying documentation are formulated. The rules for checking and selecting matched pairs of thermal converters of resistance and the rules for adjusting and selecting matched pairs of electromagnetic flow meters are presented. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 45–48, August, 1999.     

Analysis of the results of checking gauges and instruments

Conclusions Rational values of the permissible errors can be established only by analyzing the probable checking scrap. The latter is determined by technical and economic considerations which include: a) the permissibility of a certain small percentage of unsatisfactory instruments remaining in circulation, b) the permissibility of condemning a certain percentage of serviceable instruments, c) the cost of a checking method which reduces to the required small dimensions or eliminates scrap.No general relation between the permissible errors in the tested and reference measures or instruments is possible.A rational and reliable selection of permissible errors and methods of checking is only possible when sufficient data is available on the error distribution laws in the manufactured measures and instruments. The provision of such data should be one of the primary objects in testing standard instruments.Everything stated above refers to large scale testing of mass produced measures and measuring instruments when the aggregate of both the tested and reference measures and measuring instruments is sufficiently large. Above methods of calculations, however, are applicable to small groups of reference measures and instruments. In that case, however, it is necessary to use the discrete distribution of probable error densities which corresponds to the given number of instruments and their errors. Such a case could occur in evaluating checking results in any laboratory with a small number of reference measures or instruments. Such an evaluation is, of course, only possible if the errors of the available measures are determined with sufficient accuracy by more accurate methods than those normally used in checking these measures.     

Features of the Construction of a Checking Scheme for Instruments for Measuring DC Voltage and Electromotive Force

The features of the transfer of the dimensions of the volt from a new-generation primary standard to working measuring instruments in the new State checking scheme for instruments for measuring dc voltage and electromotive force are considered. __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 48–49, August, 2005.     

A universal angle-measuring instrument

The working principle and design are described for a universal autocollimation angle meter, which is intended for checking various geodetic instruments (geodetic levels, theodolites), and also other instruments with small measurement ranges (levels and autocollimators). The basic mechanical characteristics are given. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 10–12, September, 2006.     

Investigating the accuracy of evolventometers

Conclusions The measurement results indicate that for checking measuring wheels which are used as standards for grade 5 and 6 wheels (according to GOST 6512-58), as well as for checking involute cams, it is necessary to produce new evolventometers whose kinematic chain must be simple, for instance, as in the Fellow disc instruments. It is also necessary to develop a more reliable method of setting the measuring tip for a given radius of the basic circumference, avoiding the method of setting it by touch.Such instruments are urgently required by the Committee's metrological institutions and plants which are manufacturing high precision wheels, as well as for checking involution cams designed for checking evolventometers.     

Certification Test Methods and Provisions for Optical Analytical Instruments

Certification methods for standard specimens and for evaluating the parameters of different groups of optical analytical instruments according to their photometric, spectral, and analytical characteristics are considered. Results are provided for studying certification test methods and calibration provisions for atomic-absorption spectrometers, flame photometers, fluorimeters, refractometers, and also provisions for checking photometric instruments and dispersed medium analyzers.Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 63–68, March, 2005.     

Calculation of the mismatch error when checking instruments for measuring radio interference

The various methods of checking instruments for measuring radio interference are analyzed. Formulas are derived for calculating the mismatch error Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 7, pp. 63–65, July, 1999.     

纳米级大尺度超精密线位移测量方法的研究

在研究纳米级超精密机床的检测过程中，针对机床的加工要求，提出了纳米级大尺度超精密线位移误差的检测采用宏微线位移测量方法，并应用于超精密机床的检测。检测结果表明，该方法可以利用现有精密测量仪器满足检测超精密机床的要求。     

Optimization of the operating parameters of the measurement channels of a virtual instrument from the reading of the heat energy consumed

An approach to the metrological checking of virtual instruments, which are intelligent measuring systems, is considered. A mathematical model of the formation of the dynamic errors in the measuring channels of the system is proposed and the parameters of these channels are optimized. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No.10, pp. 46–48, October, 2007.     

Equipment for Checking High-Voltage Measuring Transformers

A method of checking measuring voltage transformers, based on the use of a combined high-voltage capacitive voltage divider and a current comparator as standard measuring instruments is considered. The method is used in the UPTN-35 equipment and enables it to be independently checked during use. __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika No. 8, pp. 52–55, August, 2005.     

An investigation of the metrological characteristics of a virtual instrument for measuring the operating efficiency of hydroelectric equipment

A virtual instrument has been designed to measure the operating efficiency of hydroelectric equipment. A mathematical model of the dynamic systematic error of a measurement is obtained, which is used to optimize the mode of operation of the instrument. A test bench is developed for checking similar virtual instruments. Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 43–46, October, 2008.     

Application of wood-grained plastics for making large measuring instruments

Summary The study of the above instruments and their testing under production conditions have shown the possibility and advisability of manufacturing universal and special instruments of a lighter type by using for their frames wood-grained plastics (WGP) for the purpose of checking with greater accuracy dimensions in the range of 500–3,000 mm.     

Simplified computation of a sinusoidal ferroresonant stabilizer

Conclusions The above sinusoidal stabilizer is suitable for almost any devices used in checking and repairing electrical measuring instruments. The use of such a stabilizer frees the operator from the inconvenience of maintaining a given operating condition.     

An Estimate of the Error of the Result of a Measurement When Checking Instruments for Measuring the Ratio of Microwave Powers by Direct Measurements

The possibility of checking instruments for measuring power ratios at microwave frequencies directly at the operating frequency using a measure of the ratio of powers at one value is considered. The requirements imposed on the measure are indicated and an estimate is made of the error of the result of measurements using this checking procedure.     

Automatic check of the divisions of line-graduated gauges up to 1 m long

Conclusions The value of the measurement error obtained experimentally agrees with the calculated error. Investigations of the FÉK-1000 confirmed the correctness of the selected measurement method and showed that this comparator is suitable for checking standard line-graduated gauges of the first rank and those of class 0, 1, and 2.The use of the FÉK-1000 comparator for checking line-graduated gauges reduces the measurement error almost threefold and increases the productivity of checking fivefold in comparison with comparators based on the visual measurement method.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 24–26, November, 1970.     

Basic method for checking long,grade 1 straightedges

Conclusions Either method can be used for checking Grade 1 reference straightedges. However, the autocollimation method has several advantages as compared with the micro-levelling method, since it is more accurate (see caption to Fig.2), it is more efficient since, measurements with a micro-level require considerable time for setting the air bubble in the correct position, neither does the method require the placing of the tested object in the horizontal position, which extends the field of its application; the processing of measurement results in the autocollimation method is simpler and more speedy. Hence, in choosing the basic method for testing Grade 1 straightedges the autocollimation method should be preferred, providing an autocollimator calibrated in seconds is used. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 17–18, November, 1961     

On the quality evaluation of methods for checking measurement instruments

Summary On the basis of the state of contemporary statistical mathematics, it is possible to formulate and scientifically substantiate objective criteria for the reliability of methods of checking measuring instruments.     

Standardizing measurement error with periodic static characteristic correction

Error regulation is considered for means of measurement with periodically corrected static characteristics used as components of data-acquisition systems. Basic principles are considered for metrological support to such measuring instruments during checking.Translated from Izmeritelnaya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 8–10, September, 2004.