小尺寸火焰传热阻碍规律的实验研究

应用小尺寸火蔓延实验装置(FPA),在不同的外加辐射强度和燃烧环境氧体积分数条件下,对两种常见聚合物PMMA和POM的燃烧特性和传热阻碍的测量方法进行了实验研究.研究发现,两种燃料的无量纲燃烧质量损失速率与无量纲外加辐射热流之间存在确定的通用线性关系,即"燃烧质量损失速率基线";火焰传热阻碍系数分别高达0.4和0.3,它随燃烧环境氧体积分数增加而增大,但不随外加辐射强度变化.研究为发展火蔓延理论模型和燃料可燃性测试方法提供了重要的参考依据.     

两次喷射模式下部分预混燃烧火焰发展模式的光学诊断研究

基于一台光学发动机,在1 200r/min的转速下以正庚烷为燃料,应用高速摄像的方法研究了两次喷射模式下部分预混燃烧(partially premixed combustion,PPC)中的火焰发展模式,分析了两次喷射控制燃烧反应速率的机理。研究发现,在上止点之前单次喷射时,燃烧为典型的PPC燃烧,火焰发展模式被多点自燃主导。上止点之前两次喷射,火焰同样被多点自燃主导。相比于单次喷射,两次喷射没有改变火焰发展模式,对放热规律的影响较小。推迟第二次喷射的喷射时刻,可以增加扩散燃烧比例,降低放热率峰值,但是燃烧图像中碳烟信号明显增强。两次喷射都位于上止点之后时,火焰发展模式以火焰传播为主,放热率峰值降低,燃烧图像没有明显的碳烟信号。两次喷射可以改变火焰发展模式,有效地控制燃烧反应速率的同时保持较低的碳烟排放。     

乙醇基纳米流体燃料液滴着火燃烧研究

采用挂滴法研究了在高温条件下纳米铝粉质量分数及粒径对乙醇基纳米流体燃料液滴着火特性及燃烧过程的影响.研究结果表明,与乙醇燃料相比,添加50,nm铝粉质量分数为0.5%,和2.5%,的乙醇基纳米流体燃料液滴的着火延迟时间分别降低了0.315,s和0.525,s,着火温度分别降低了12.712,℃和42.214,℃.增大纳米铝粉粒径至100,nm,当添加的铝粉质量分数为2.5%,时,其液滴着火延迟时间比乙醇降低了0.42,s,两种粒径的纳米流体燃料着火温度相近.乙醇及乙醇基纳米流体燃料液滴燃烧火焰分为3个阶段:着火燃烧阶段、火焰熄灭阶段和二次燃烧阶段.随纳米铝粉含量增加,在二次燃烧阶段纳米流体燃料液滴火焰亮点增多,火焰燃烧剧烈,其中含50,nm铝粉的纳米流体燃料比含100,nm铝粉的纳米流体燃料燃烧剧烈.     

发动机燃用煤层气燃料燃烧和排放性能试验研究

在一台单缸火花点火发动机上开展了燃用不同组分配比的煤层气燃料燃烧和排放特性的试验研究,分析了发动机燃用不同组分的煤层气在不同负荷下的缸压、放热率、火焰发展期、主燃烧期及其排放性能.研究结果表明:随着煤层气中氮气体积分数的增加,最高缸内压力和压力升高率降低,燃烧放热率峰值下降,火焰发展期变长,放热率曲线型心对应的曲轴转角偏离上止点;发动机HC和CO排放浓度增大,而NOx排放大幅度下降.     

地沟油生物柴油与正丁醇/乙醇混合燃料燃烧火焰特性

为研究不同配比下生物柴油混合燃料燃烧特性,设计了一套生物质液体燃料雾化蒸发燃烧系统,该系统可产生生物柴油及其混合燃料层流预混火焰,结合OH-PLIF平面激光诱导荧光技术测定并分析燃烧火焰的高度和锋面面积以及层流预混火焰的传播速度和OH-PLIF总信号强度等燃烧特性.结果表明随着正丁醇或乙醇添加比例的增大,两种混合燃料燃烧火焰高度、火焰锋面面积呈下降趋势;火焰传播速度呈上升趋势.在混合燃料中,正丁醇的体积分数越大,燃烧火焰OH-PLIF总信号强度越大,而乙醇的体积分数越大,混合燃料燃烧火焰OH-PLIF总信号强度越小.     

涡流室式柴油机准维相关火焰微元燃烧模型的研究

把涡流室式柴油机不同区域与不同时期的燃烧过程分开处理，将涡流室的燃烧过程分为５个时期，即：低温着火化学动力学反应期，向高温预混燃烧化学动力学反应过渡期，高温预混燃烧化学动力学反应期，向空气和燃料混合控制的扩散燃烧过渡期和火焰微元的扩散燃烧期。而主燃烧室的燃烧只有火焰微元的扩散燃烧期。用Ｓｈｅｌ着火模型、Ａｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ方程和相关火焰微元模型来分别模拟其中的低温着火、高温预混燃烧和扩散燃烧过程以建立准维燃烧模型。模型预测的示功图和燃烧放热率与实验值吻合良好。本文还研究了模型中拉伸因子和耗散因子对示功图的影响。     

柴油机燃用不同含氧掺混燃料燃烧火焰自发光研究

通过一台改造的光学单缸柴油机,研究了柴油与3种不同含氧燃料掺混后对柴油机缸内燃烧火焰发光的影响.3种含氧燃料分别为丁酸甲酯(MB)、正丁醇(B)和2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF),掺混体积分数为20%,分别用MB,20、B,20和DMF,20表示.光学发动机转速为1,200,r/min、循环喷油量为20,mg,喷油压力为60,MPa.结果表明:柴油的发光滞燃期与放热滞燃期的差距最大,3种含氧掺混燃料在燃烧过程初期出现明显的、持续时间更长的"蓝焰"化学发光;3种含氧掺混燃料对燃烧碳烟的降低能力依次为DMF 20MB 20B 20,DMF 20降低碳烟的能力受滞燃期主导,后两者主要由含氧量决定;含氧燃料的加入减小了燃烧过程中的火焰温度和火焰面积,降低了燃烧过程中的碳烟.     

直喷式发动机燃用天然气掺氢混合燃料放热规律与燃烧特征参数分析

研究了直喷发动机燃用天然气掺氢混合燃料的放热规律与燃烧特征参数,研究结果表明:随着混合燃料中氢气体积分数的增加,中、低负荷发动机有效热效率增加,大负荷下有效热效率高且基本上不随氢气体积分数变化;随着氢气体积分数的增加,混合燃料放热率曲线相位提前,快速燃烧期缩短,放热率增加,此现象在低转速工况下更为明显,表明气流速度较低时掺氢对提高混合燃料燃烧速率作用明显;缸内最高燃气平均温度、最大压力升高率和最大放热速率随氢气体积分数增加而增加.     

掺混H_(2)对CH_(4)-空气对冲扩散火焰温度和NO_(x)生成影响的数值研究北大核心CSCD

文章基于CHEMKIN软件对CH_(4)-空气对冲扩散火焰燃烧过程中掺混H_(2)对火焰温度以及NO_(x)生产量的影响进行了数值研究,分析了不同H_(2)摩尔分数和火焰拉伸率下火焰温度的变化特性以及NO_(x)的生成特性。研究结果表明:受到燃料气体传质能力和燃烧产热能力的综合影响,随着H_(2)摩尔分数的增加,混合燃料主燃烧区的峰值火焰温度点更靠近空气区;随着火焰拉伸率的增大,主燃烧区的范围变窄,反应物在燃烧区的滞留时间缩短,NO的生成受到抑制;NO_(2)和NO的摩尔分数表现出正相关的关系;随着混合燃料中H_(2)摩尔分数的增大,NO和NO_(2)的峰值摩尔分数显著增大。     

高掺比ABE/柴油混合燃料的喷雾与燃烧特性

针对丙酮-丁醇-乙醇(ABE)/柴油混合燃料的喷雾蒸发和燃烧过程展开了试验研究.试验在预燃加热式定容燃烧弹中进行,燃料为体积分数80%的ABE和20%,的柴油混合物,且ABE溶液中丙酮、丁醇、乙醇的体积分数分别为30%,、60%,和10%,.试验过程中燃烧弹内喷雾环境温度分别控制在1,100,K和900,K以代表普通燃烧模式和低温燃烧模式,环境氧体积分数分别控制在21%,、16%,和11%,以对应发动机不同的EGR工况.由高速摄相机配合激光束的使用,拍摄喷雾及其燃烧过程中瞬时喷雾米氏散射和自然火焰发光图像,同时由压力传感器测取喷雾燃烧压力.结果表明:燃料中ABE体积分数较高时,喷雾贯穿距离较小,同时火焰强度显著下降,表明碳烟生成量有减少的巨大潜力;结合低温燃烧,高掺比ABE/柴油混合燃料几乎可实现无碳烟燃烧.因此,高掺比ABE/柴油混合燃料被认为是可直接应用于柴油机并降低碳烟排放的一种潜在替代燃料.     

Hydrogen non-premixed combustion in enclosure with one vent and sustained release: Numerical experiments

Numerical experiments are performed to understand different regimes of hydrogen non-premixed combustion in an enclosure with passive ventilation through one horizontal or vertical vent located at the top of a wall. The Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with a reduced chemical reaction mechanism is described in detail. The model is based on the renormalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model, the eddy dissipation concept (EDC) model for simulation of combustion coupled with the 18-step reduced chemical mechanism (8 species), and the in-situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) algorithm that accelerates the reacting flow calculations by two to three orders of magnitude. The analysis of temperature and species (hydroxyl, hydrogen, oxygen, water) concentrations in time, as well as the velocity through the vent, shed a light on regimes and dynamics of indoor hydrogen fires. A well-ventilated fire is simulated in the enclosure at a lower release flow rate and complete combustion of hydrogen within the enclosure. Fire becomes under-ventilated at higher release flow rates with two different modes observed. The first mode is the external flame stabilised at the enclosure vent at moderate release rates, and the second mode is the self-extinction of combustion inside and outside the enclosure at higher hydrogen release rates. The simulations demonstrated a complex reacting flow dynamics in the enclosure that leads to formation of the external flame or the self-extinction. The air intake into the enclosure at later stages of the process through the whole vent area is a characteristic feature of the self-extinction regime. This air intake is due to faster cooling of hot combustion products by sustained colder hydrogen leak compared to the generation of hot products by the ceasing chemical reactions inside the enclosure and hydrogen supply. In general, an increase of hydrogen sustained release flow rate will change fire regime from the well-ventilated combustion within the enclosure, through the external flame stabilised at the vent, and finally to the self-extinction of combustion throughout the domain.     

Hydrogen jet fires in a passively ventilated enclosure

This paper describes a combined experimental, analytical and numerical modelling investigation into hydrogen jet fires in a passively ventilated enclosure. The work was funded by the EU Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking project Hyindoor. It is relevant to situations where hydrogen is stored or used indoors. In such situations passive ventilation can be used to prevent the formation of a flammable atmosphere following a release of hydrogen. Whilst a significant amount of work has been reported on unignited releases in passively ventilated enclosures and on outdoor hydrogen jet fires, very little is known about the behaviour of hydrogen jet fires in passively ventilated enclosures. This paper considers the effects of passive ventilation openings on the behaviour of hydrogen jet fires. A series of hydrogen jet fire experiments were carried out using a 31 m³ passively ventilated enclosure. The test programme included subsonic and chocked flow releases with varying hydrogen release rates and vent configurations. In most of the tests the hydrogen release rate was sufficiently low and the vent area sufficiently large to lead to a well-ventilated jet fire. In a limited number of tests the vent area was reduced, allowing under-ventilated conditions to be investigated. The behaviour of a jet fire in a passively ventilated enclosure depends on the hydrogen release rate, the vent area and the thermal properties of the enclosure. An analytical model was used to quantify the relative importance of the hydrogen release rate and vent area, whilst the influence of the thermal properties of the enclosure were investigated using a CFD model. Overall, the results indicate that passive ventilation openings that are sufficiently large to safely ventilate an unignited release will tend to be large enough to prevent a jet fire from becoming under-ventilated.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of hydrogen jet fire in a vented compartment

Hydrogen fires may pose serious safety issues in vented compartments of nuclear reactor containment and fuel cell systems under hypothetical accidents. Experimental studies on vented hydrogen fires have been performed with the HYKA test facility at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) within Work Package 4 (WP4) - hydrogen jet fire in a confined space of the European HyIndoor project. It has been observed that heat losses of the combustion products can significantly affect the combustion regimes of hydrogen fire as well as the pressure and thermal loads on the confinement structures. Dynamics of turbulent hydrogen jet fire in a vented enclosure was investigated using the CFD code GASFLOW-MPI. Effects of heat losses, including convective heat transfer, steam condensation and thermal radiation, have been studied. The unsteady characteristics of hydrogen jet fires can be successfully captured when the heat transfer mechanisms are considered. Both initial pressure peak and pressure decay were very well predicted compared to the experimental data. A pulsating process of flame extinction due to the consumption of oxygen and then self-ignition due to the inflow of fresh air was captured as well. However, in the adiabatic case without considering the heat loss effects, the pressure and temperature were considerably over-predicted and the major physical phenomena occurring in the combustion enclosure were not able to be reproduced while showing large discrepancies from the experimental observations. The effect of sustained hydrogen release on the jet fire dynamics was also investigated. It indicates that heat losses can have important implications and should be considered in hydrogen combustion simulations.     

Pool fire dynamics: Principles,models and recent advances

Pool fire is generally described as a diffusion combustion process that occurs above a horizontal fuel surface (composed of gaseous or volatile condensed fuel) with low (∼zero) initial momentum. Fundamentally, this type of diffusion combustion can be represented by basic forms ranging from a small laminar candle flame, to a turbulent medium-scale sofa fire, and up a storage tank fire, or even a massive forest fire. Pool fire research thus not only has fundamental scientific significance for the study of classical diffusion combustion, but also plays an important role in practical fire safety engineering. Therefore, pool fire is recognized as one of the canonical configurations in both the combustion and fire science communities. Pool fire research involves a rich, multilateral, and bidirectional coupling of fluid mechanics with scalar transport, combustion, and heat transfer. Because of the unabated large-scale disasters that can occur and the numerous and complex 'unknowns' involved in pool fires, several new questions have been raised with accompanying solutions and old questions have been revisited, particularly in recent decades. Significant developments have occurred from a variety of different perspectives in terms of pool fire dynamics, and thus the scientific progress made must be summarized in a systematic manner. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the basic fundamentals of pool fires, including the scale effect, the wind effect, pressure and gravity effects, and multi-pool fire dynamics, with particular focus on recent advances in this century. As the fundamentals of pool fires, the theoretical progress made with regard to burning rates, air entrainment, flame pulsation, the morphological characteristics of flames, radiation, and the dimensional modelling are reviewed first, followed by new insights into the fluid mechanics involved, radiative heat transfer and combustion modeling. With regard to the scale effect, recent experimental and theoretical advances in internal thermal transport and fluid motions within the liquid-phase fuel, lip height effects, and heat transfer blockage are summarized systematically. Furthermore, new understandings of aspects including heat feedback and the burning rate, flame tilt, flame length and instability, flame sag and base drag, and soot and radiation behavior under wind, pressure and gravity effects are reviewed. The growing research into the onset and the merging dynamics of multiple pool fires in the last decade is described in the last section, this research will be helpful in the mitigation of threatening outdoor massive (group) fires. This review provides a state-of-the-art survey of the knowledge gained through decades of research into this topic, and concludes by discussing the challenges and prospects with regard to the complex coupling effects of heat transfer, with the fluid and combustion mechanics of pool fires in future work.     

THE INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE ON THE COMBUSTION OF WOOD

A new three-dimensional (3-D) field model for enclosure fire growth has been developed by CSIRO and UNSW, Australia. The model includes the coupling of gas-phase combustion and the pyrolysis of wood. It has been used to predict the flame spread and fire development in a room witha rear timber wall and a propane burner. A parametric study of the effects of the moisture content of the timber on the flame spread and development of the fire in a room is described. The computed results compare satisfactorily with measurements from a fire test carefully conducted in a room.     

Modelling of species in hood fires by conditional moment closure

Carbon monoxide, the chief killer in fires, and other species are modelled for a series of enclosure fires. The conditions emulate building fires where CO is formed in the rich, turbulent, nonpremixed flame and is transported frozen to lean mixtures by the ceiling jet which is cooled by radiation and dilution. Conditional moment closure modelling is used and computational domain minimisation criteria are developed which reduce the computational cost of this method. The predictions give good agreement for CO and other species in the lean, quenched-gas stream, holding promise that this method may provide a practical means of modelling real, three-dimensional fire situations.     

Fire dynamics simulations of a one-meter diameter methane fire

A one-meter diameter-methane fire was simulated to validate a fire dynamics simulation code for large-scale fires. A uniform grid size of 2.5 cm in the entire computational domain is used. Therefore, only large-scale motions of the fire are resolved. The subgrid-scale heat release is modeled using a mixture-fraction-based combustion model. The radiative heat loss is computed using two methods: a fixed radiative fraction method and a finite volume method. The computed puffing cycle frequency is affected very weakly by the radiation heat loss. The vertical velocity magnitudes without considering radiation heat loss are about 15% higher, particularly at locations farther away from the burner exit. Good agreement between the predictions and the recent data from Tieszen and co-workers at Sandia National Laboratory confirms the feasibility of fire dynamics simulations of relatively large fires.     

Prediction of the failure probability of the overhead power line exposed to large-scale jet fires induced by high-pressure gas leakage

A thermal failure model (TFM) is proposed to predict the failure probability of Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced (ACSR) typed power line close to a large-scale jet fire of leaked high-pressure gases. It introduces a newly developed method for heat transfer from jet fires and a distribution model for conductor failure probability via IEEE Standard 738–2012. Comparisons covering van der Waals equation, jet flame length correlations (Chamberlain, Schefer, Molkov and Bradley) and thermal radiation models (point source, multi-point source and line source) were made to illustrate priority with respect to experimental measurement of large hydrogen and natural gas jet fires. Results show that a theoretical framework incorporating van der Waals equation, Molkov's correlation for jet flame length, radiative fraction model and point source model is adequately precise to predict high-pressure leakage process, total flame length and received radiant heat flux (far-field). Predicted total flame lengths of a large jet fire for nearby power lines within 50–200 m to the accident site correspond well to reported results and the conservative hazard ranges are predicted based on harm criteria of wood and Probit equations. In simulations, an acceptable safety distance for power line carrying 907 A and below is determined to be 150 m.     

Experimental study of the emissivity of flames resulting from the combustion of forest fuels

Heat transfer by radiation is taken into account in most models that predict the propagation of forest fires. This heat transfer mechanism is normally formulated according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law in terms of flame temperature and flame emissivity. This study focused on flame emissivity. Experimental studies carried out to compute the emissivity of the flames generated during the combustion of forest fuels were reviewed, thereby highlighting differences in methodologies and results. Since the results of these studies with regard to the exponential relationship between flame emissivity and flame thickness were not in agreement, two methods based on IR imagery were used in the present study to calculate flame emissivity values. Nine circular fuel beds with a diameter of 0.3–2.5 m were prepared with common Mediterranean species and burned as stationary fires. An exponential correlation between flame emissivity and flame thickness was observed for both methods. According to the results of this study, only flames thicker than 3.2 m would exhibit an emissivity close to that of a blackbody (0.9), and the associated extinction coefficient would be 0.72. A long-term retardant product was used to treat the fuel of two of the nine tests that were carried out and no effect on flame emissivity was observed.     

A theoretical framework for calculating full-scale jet fires induced by high-pressure hydrogen/natural gas transient leakage

Previous experimental results on full-scale jet fires induced by high-pressure hydrogen/natural gas transient leakage can only be suitable for solving practical engineering problems, or testing the limitation of previous models. Thus, this paper presents a theoretical framework for the high-pressure hydrogen/natural gas leakage and the subsequent jet fire. The proposed framework consists of a transient leakage model, a notional nozzle model, a jet flame size model, a radiative fraction correlation and a line source radiation model. The framework is validated by comparing the model predictions and experimental measurements of mass flow rate, total flame height and thermal radiation field of hydrogen, natural gas, hydrogen/natural gas mixture jet fires with a flame height up to 100 m. The comparison shows that the theoretical framework can give considerable predictions to properties of full-scale jet fires induced by high-pressure hydrogen/natural gas transient leakage.