盐水体系中环戊烷-甲烷水合物的相平衡及分解热

利用可视化水合物相平衡实验装置,采用恒温压力搜索法,测定了284～303K内环戊烷(CP)-甲烷在NaCl溶液中的水合物相平衡数据,并采用Clausius-Clapeyron方程计算了其生成/分解热数据。实验结果表明,CP-甲烷水合物生成条件远低于纯甲烷水合物;采用甲烷辅助气体可使CP在高于其纯水合物四相点的更高温度范围内生成CP-甲烷水合物;CP-甲烷水合物相平衡压力随温度增大而升高;随着NaCl浓度的增大,相平衡压力线性升高,且温度越高,温度和NaCl浓度对相平衡压力的影响越大。CP-甲烷水合物的生成/分解热随着温度的升高而逐渐减小,随NaCl浓度的增加而减小。     

鼓泡器中环戊烷-甲烷-盐水体系水合物的生成动力学

采用鼓泡装置研究了盐水体系中环戊烷（CP）-甲烷水合物的生成动力学,分别考察了进气速率、温度、压力对水合物生成速率和进气速率对气体转化率的影响。结果显示,提高进气速率、压力,降低温度均可提高水合物生成速率。但进气速率对气体转化率有影响,进气速率过大,单位时间内进入到反应器内的气体过多,气体还未参与反应便被排出,导致气体转化率反而减小。通过观察到的实验现象,分析环戊烷-甲烷水合物的生成过程,认为水合物晶体首先在环戊烷-水界面生成,并逐步向内部气相生长,最后水合物壳破裂,气泡逸出。水合物逐渐生长成粒状,并不断聚集在一起。     

环戊烷/HCFC141b-二氧化碳-水体系水合物相平衡实验研究

采用定容逐步加热法测定了环戊烷/HCFC141b-二氧化碳-水体系的相平衡数据。实验结果表明:环戊烷与HCFC141b添加剂均能有效促进二氧化碳水合物的生成,水合物生成压力明显大幅降低。当在低温时,HCFC141b更能降低二氧化碳水合物的相平衡压力,但是当温度高于288K时,环戊烷和HCFC141b对二氧化碳水合物相平衡压力的影响相类似。     

甲烷-叔丁胺-水体系中水合物的生成过程

利用恒压预冷法研究了不同反应物量(30.0,100.0g)、不同压力(2.50,3.50,4.50 MPa)、温度为6℃时无搅拌甲烷-叔丁胺-水体系中水合物的生成过程.实验结果表明,水合物在此体系中的生成形态为浆状;CH4水合反应速率随压力升高而增大;当初始反应物量较少(30.0g)时,甲烷储气量(标准状态下水合物中甲烷与初始反应物的体积比)随压力升高而增大不明显(3.50 MPa时为3.0 mL/mL,4.50 MPa时为3.1 mL/mL),当初始反应物量较多(100.0g)时,甲烷储气量随压力升高反而降低(由2.50 MPa时的5.4 mL/mL变为4.50 MPa时的0.9 mL/mL);反应过程中可能同时生成了纯叔丁胺结构的Ⅵ型和甲烷/叔丁胺结构的Ⅱ型两种水合物,且Ⅵ型与Ⅱ型量比在反应后期比前期大;甲烷与浓度为9.3%(mol)的叔丁胺溶液生成的水合物中甲烷储气量较低(最高5.4 mL/mL).通过分析甲烷-叔丁胺-水体系中水合物的生成过程,认为其可能包括反应分子接触聚集、水合物骨架形成和水合物晶体增长等3个步骤.     

TBAB水溶液体系中半笼型水合物的相平衡预测模型

四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)是一种广泛使用的水合物促进剂,可以显著降低水合反应的形成条件。针对TBAB水溶液中离子与溶剂间较强的相互作用力,采用电解质NRTL方程确定液相组分的活度系数,结合含TBAB水合物的晶体结构特征和Chen-Guo水合物模型,建立了TBAB水溶液体系中水合物形成热力学条件的预测模型。与TBAB质量分数为5%～60%的221个实验数据点进行对比分析,结果显示温度平均相对误差为0.112%,预测值与实验数据具有较好的一致性。通过关联混合电解质体系下盐-溶剂间的交互作用参数,该模型还可进一步扩展到TBAB+NaCl复合盐体系下水合物相平衡条件的预测。在TBAB质量分数范围为5%～20%、NaCl质量分数为3.5%～10%的复合盐溶液体系中,CO₂形成半笼型水合物的相平衡条件的实验值与预测值的温度偏差范围为0.01～1.17 K,二者比较吻合。本模型可以为水合物法气体分离、气体储运等技术的实际应用和工艺包开发提供理论基础。     

基于不同状态方程预测气体水合物相平衡条件

气相逸度的计算结果会直接影响气体水合物相平衡条件的预测精度。基于Chen-Guo模型,选取RK、SRK、PR以及PT四种状态方程计算逸度,分别对甲烷、乙烷以及二氧化碳三种不同气体水合物在不同温度范围内的相平衡条件进行计算。结果表明：纯水条件下,RK方程最适合预测甲烷水合物相平衡条件,而PR方程更适合预测乙烷及二氧化碳水合物相平衡条件;对于冰中,SRK方程适合预测甲烷水合物的相平衡条件,PR方程适合预测乙烷水合物的,而RK方程更适合二氧化碳水合物的;对于甲烷水合物,低于218.2 K的预测是导致模型预测精度偏低的原因;对于乙烷水合物,需要提高低于230.2 K的预测精度;对二氧化碳水合物而言,提高对低于270.7 K的预测可以进一步提高模型预测精度。     

基于不同状态方程预测气体水合物相平衡条件

气相逸度的计算结果会直接影响气体水合物相平衡条件的预测精度。基于Chen-Guo模型,选取RK、SRK、PR以及PT四种状态方程计算逸度,分别对甲烷、乙烷以及二氧化碳三种不同气体水合物在不同温度范围内的相平衡条件进行计算。结果表明:纯水条件下,RK方程最适合预测甲烷水合物相平衡条件,而PR方程更适合预测乙烷及二氧化碳水合物相平衡条件;对于冰中,SRK方程适合预测甲烷水合物的相平衡条件,PR方程适合预测乙烷水合物的,而RK方程更适合二氧化碳水合物的;对于甲烷水合物,低于218.2 K的预测是导致模型预测精度偏低的原因;对于乙烷水合物,需要提高低于230.2 K的预测精度;对二氧化碳水合物而言,提高对低于270.7K的预测可以进一步提高模型预测精度。     

水逸度模型预测THF添加剂体系下气体水合物相平衡

加入添加剂降低水合物生成压力是当前水合物法分离混合气体研究热点。本研究以水的逸度模型为基础, 结合PRSV2 状态方程研究了CH₄、O₂、N₂ 及其混合气体水合物在纯水体系下的相平衡条件;通过UNIFAC 基团 贡献法对添加剂四氢呋喃(THF)水溶液进行基团划分,计算该体系下液相各组分的活度,理论研究了添加剂 THF 对气体水合物相平衡条件的影响;结果表明在相应的温度范围内,与其他模型相比,在纯水体系下该模型 预测精度较高,在THF 水溶液体系下该模型对单组分和双组分气体的预测精度平均相对误差在7%左右,随着 THF 浓度增加,气体水合物相平衡压力的降低幅度减小;当THF 摩尔分数达到6%时,对气体水合物相平衡影 响达到最大。相关研究结果为混合气体的大规模工业提纯分离提供了理论基础。     

海底贮存CO2基础研究

为深入研究CO2开发CH4水合物对环境的影响,从而实现长期储存CO2和开发新能源CH4水合物的目的.本研究主要考察了不同温度下(1-7 ℃),CH4+CO2混合气在纯水和NaCl溶液(质量分数3.6%)中的生成水合物时的溶解相平衡.考察了温度和盐对溶解相平衡的影响.并将实验值与Chen-Guo水合物模型计算值进行了比较...     

SDS体系下甲烷水合物生成条件预测模型

以van der Walls-Platteeuw模型为基础,采用划分基团贡献的思想利用UNIFAC法和Aasberg-Petersen模型分别计算十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)中不同基团对水的活度系数贡献值,建立了SDS体系下甲烷水合物生成条件预测模型。经实验验证,预测最大误差不超过5%,平均误差在3%以内,改进后的模型良好的可靠性可为水合物动力学研究提供准确的相平衡数据。通过模型计算,发现相对比纯水,SDS会影响水的活度明显改善水合物生成条件。当浓度在0.001 5 mol/L时效果最好,超过0.002 mol/L时,反而会提高水合物生成条件抑制水合物生成。     

Phase behavior of clathrate hydrates: a model for single and multiple gas component hydrates

Presented here is a model that accurately predicts equilibrium pressures as a function of temperature of hydrates with CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, N₂, H₂, and CO₂ and their mixtures as guests. The model parameters fit to a subset of the equilibrium pressure data for single guest hydrates allow the prediction of phase behavior in mixed guest hydrates. For single guest hydrates, our model improves upon the van der Waals and Platteeuw (vdWP) model with a percent absolute average deviation (%AAD) from all equilibrium pressure data of 5.7% compared to 15.1% for the vdWP model. Predictions of equilibrium pressures for all available mixed guest hydrates result in a 11.6%AAD with our fugacity-based model compared to 18.6% for the vdWP model. Also, our model leads to a prediction of the structure change of the methane-ethane hydrate within 5% of its known equilibrium composition in the vapor phase without any adjustment of its parameters. We have also found that at temperatures above , double occupancy of nitrogen in the large cavity of structure II hydrate is important for the prediction of accurate equilibrium pressures.     

Kinetics of methane hydrate formation in aqueous electrolyte solutions

Experimental data on the kinetics of methane hydrate formation in aqueous electrolyte solutions are reported. The experiments were carried out in a semi-batch stirred tank reactor in three NaCl and two KCl solutions as well as in a solution containing a mixture of NaCl and KCl at three different nominal temperatures from 270 to 274 K and at pressures ranging from 3.78 to 7.08 MPa. The kinetic model developed by Englezos et al. (1987a) was adapted to predict the growth of hydrates. The model is based on the crystallisation theory coupled with the two-film theory for gas absorption in the liquid phase. The kinetic rate constant which appears in the model was that obtained earlier for methane hydrate formation in pure water. The effect of the electrolytes was taken into account through the computation of the three-phase equilibrium conditions and the corresponding fugacities. Overall, the model predictions match the experimental data very well with the largest prediction error being less than 10%.     

Prediction of carbon dioxide gas hydrate formation conditions in aqueous electrolyte solutions

A methodology for predicting the incipient equilibrium conditions for carbon dioxide gas hydrates in the presence of electrolytes such as NaCl, KCl and CaCl₂ is presented. The method utilizes the statistical thermodynamics model of van der Waals and Platteeuw (1959) to describe the solid hydrate phase. Three different models were examined for the representation of the liquid phase: Chen and Evans (1986), Zuo and Guo (1991), and Aasberg-Petersen et al. (1991). It was found that the model of Zuo and Guo (1991) gave the best results for predicting incipient CO₂ gas hydrate conditions in aqueous single salt solutions. The model was then extended for prediction of CO₂ gas hydrates in mixed salts solutions. The predictions agree very well with experimental data.     

Gas Hydrate Formation by Methane‐Helium Mixtures

Equilibrium conditions for gas hydrates formed by methane‐helium mixtures with helium concentrations of 31.9, 63.9, and 74.6 mol.‐% have been studied at pressures up to 160 bar. The data obtained indicate that in the studied range of helium concentrations and pressures helium hardly contributes to the stability of the gas hydrate formed. The shift of equilibrium conditions to lower temperatures and higher pressures is caused by dilution of methane in the gas phase and, consequently, the decrease in the chemical potential of methane in the gas phase.     

操作工况对酸性天然气水合物生成动力学的影响分析

水合物的快速生成受诸多因素的影响,操作工况是其主要的影响因素之一。以67.7%CH4+32.3%CO2（摩尔分数）混合气为例模拟酸性天然气,采用自行设计的水合物动力学实验装置,分别对初始压力为3.0 MPa、3.5 MPa、4.2 MPa、5.0 MPa和实验温度分别为1.42 ℃、3.27 ℃、5.48 ℃、7.45 ℃时的水合物生成动力学进行实验研究。定义诱导期、平衡总耗时、生长速率为水合物动力学评价指标,指标通过分析水合物生成过程中的压力及气相组成变化得到,进而综合分析了操作工况对酸性天然气水合物生成动力学的影响。实验结果表明：初始压力越高,实验温度越低,水合物平衡时气相CO2的浓度越低,水合物的生成量和生长速率越大;此外,初始压力对体系诱导期影响不够显著,而操作温度的降低可以明显缩短体系诱导期。     

不同季铵盐作用下的CO2水合物相平衡

CO₂气体水合物形成热力学性质是实施海水淡化、沼气纯化、碳捕集和封存、能源利用、天然气储存等技术的关键。采用恒容温度搜索法,在温度272.75~294.35 K,压力0.35~4.50 MPa的范围内,探究了四种季铵盐促进剂对CO₂气体水合物相平衡的影响。结果表明,相同条件下,季铵盐作用下CO₂水合物的相平衡温度由高到低分别为：四丁基氟化铵（TBAF）>四丁基溴化铵（TBAB）>四丁基氯化铵（TBAC）>苄基三乙基氯化铵（TEBAC）。基于Clausius-Clapeyron方程,计算了不同体系的相变潜热,探讨了其对水合物稳定性的影响。可以看出,水合物的相平衡压力对数与温度倒数呈线性关系,其中,TBAF、TBAB作用下的CO₂水合物相变潜热相接近且明显高于其他季铵盐,说明其促进效果最好,所对应的水合物生成条件也最为温和。利用Chen-Guo模型,结合PR状态方程和改进Joshi经验活度模型,分别计算了TBAF、TBAB、TBAC和TEBAC作用下CO₂水合物热力学相平衡数据,计算结果与实验数据吻合良好,最大平均相对误差为7.50%。     

Cage occupancy and dissociation enthalpy of hydrocarbon hydrates

An elaborated statistical mechanical theory on clathrate hydrates is applied to exploration of their phase equilibria and dissociation enthalpies. The experimental dissociation pressures of methane, ethane, acetylene, and propane hydrates are well recovered by the method we have proposed. We estimate water/hydrate and hydrate/guest two-phase coexisting conditions in the temperature, pressure, and composition space in addition to three-phase equilibrium conditions. It is shown that the occupancy of guest molecules and the two-phase boundaries in the phase diagram vary depending sensitively on its size. Enthalpy components arising from the host and guest interactions are separately calculated from the temperature dependence of the corresponding free energy values. This enables to evaluate the dissociation enthalpy at any stable and metastable thermodynamic state taking account of the phase transition in the coexisting phase such as melting of ice, notably that along the three-phase equilibrium line.     

Hydrate phase equilibria for gas mixtures containing carbon dioxide: A proof-of-concept to carbon dioxide recovery from multicomponent gas stream

Three-phase equilibrium conditions (aqueous liquid-hydrate-vapor) of CO₂-N₂ binary mixtures in the temperature range of 271.75 K to 284.25 K and the pressure range of 12 to 235 bar. In addition, three-phase (aqueous liquid-hydrate-vapor) behavior for CO₂-CH₄ mixture were measured in the temperature range of 272 to 284 K at the constant pressures of 15, 20, 26, 35 and 50 bar. In high concentration of CO₂, upper quadruple points were also measured. The obtained data indicates that three-phase equilibrium temperatures become higher with increasing concentration of CO₂. For the prediction of three-phase equilibrium, the vapor and liquid phases were treated by employing the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state (SRK-EOS) with the second order modified Huron-Vidal (MHV2) mixing rule and the hydrate phase with the van der Waals-Platteeuw model. The calculated results showed good agreement with experimental data. The concentration of vapor and hydrate phases was also determined experimentally. This work can be used as the basic data for selective separation process by hydrate formation. This paper was presented at The 5th International Symposium on Separation Technology-Korea and Japan held at Seoul between August 19 and 21, 1999.     

苯乙烯/二氧化碳/聚苯乙烯三元混合物的相平衡预测

A lattice fluid model,Sanchez-Lacombe equation,is used to predict the phase behavior for a styrene/CO2/polystyrene ternary system.The binary parameters involved in the equation were optimized using experimental data.Phase diagrams and the distribution coefficients of styrene between polymer phase and fluid phase are obtained over a wide rang of pressure,temperature and composition.The analysis of ternary phase diagrams indicates that this system at relatively high pressure or low temperature may display two-phase equilibrium,and at low pressures or high temperatures three-phase equilibrium may appear.The distribution coefficients of styrene between the fluid phase and the polymer phase increase asymptotically to unity when the concentration of styrene increases.The results provide thermodynamic knowledge for further exploitation of supercritical carbon dioxide assisted devolatilization and impregnation.