混合制冷剂R134a/R600a应用于冰箱的研究

对于R134a/R600a组成的混合制冷剂,当R134a的质量百分比在75%～95%之间时,可以形成一种近共沸混合物.本文介绍了这种近共沸混合制冷剂的性质,理论分析并实验验证了它作为R12的替代制冷剂的循环性能,并对它采用烷基苯或者矿物油作为润滑油时的制冷系统回油性能进行了实验研究.     

R134a与R410A在空调工况下的性能比较

传统制冷剂R22的替代已是大势所趋.本文着重对R22的替代制冷剂R134a与R410A的传热、阻力压降特性进行实验比较研究,认为R410A在传热、阻力压降特性方面比R134a优良,作为R22的替代制冷剂,R410A应比R134a更有竞争力.     

混合工质R513A替代R134a应用于离心式冷水机组的理论分析及试验研究

为验证R513A替代R134a应用于离心式冷水机组的可行性,在相同工况下对比分析R513A和R134a的热力循环性能,并将R513A直接充注于现有采用R134a制冷剂的离心式冷水机组中进行变工况试验研究。试验结果表明,在相同工况下,采用R513A时的制冷量为R134a的97.56%,性能系数为R134a的95.25%,排气温度相比R134a低2.2℃。虽然R513A的制冷性能略低于R134a,但鉴于其具有低GWP值、不可燃、低毒性等优点,R513A可以作为R134a的替代制冷剂直接应用于离心式冷水机组。     

R513A替代R134a应用于螺杆式冷水(热泵)机组的试验研究

为验证R513A替代R134a应用于螺杆式冷水(热泵)机组的可行性,结合R513A制冷剂特性进行机组设计及系统匹配,并对R513A机组和R134a机组性能进行对比试验研究。结果表明,在相同工况下,R513A螺杆式冷水机组制冷量比R134a机组高2.3%,性能系数COP比R134a机组约低3.2%,综合部分负荷性能系数(IPLV)下降3.52%;而对于R513A螺杆式地源热泵机组,制冷量及热泵制热量均略高于R134a机组,全年综合性能系数(ACOP)值近似相等。由此可见,R513A可以作为R134a的替代制冷剂应用于螺杆式冷水(热泵)机组。     

R1234yf热泵技术综述与潜力分析

为了满足逐步严苛的环保法规要求,R1234yf成为车用热泵制冷剂R134a的热门替代制冷剂之一。本文对R1234yf热泵技术的研究进行了综述与分析,其GWP<1,各方面性质均符合车用热泵系统的工作需求。在传热效果上,R1234yf的沸腾传热性能略优于R134a,且冷凝过程压降比R134a低5%~10%,优于R134a系统。在诸多R1234yf和R134a系统的仿真和实验研究中,R1234yf热泵性能略低于R134a,但可以通过优化零部件、强化补气、改善工况等方式使其与R134a十分接近甚至超越。R1234yf低压饱和压力比R134a高约15%,可以适配更高的压缩机转速,低温下制热性能比R134a更好,且较低的压缩机排气温度使系统工作更为稳定,强化补气的效果也优于R134a。因此,R1234yf在车用热泵中具有较好的工作性能和发展前景,可以作为R134a的替代制冷剂。     

低GWP替代制冷剂R452B和R513A研究

本文列举了制冷及热泵系统市场主流制冷剂R410A和R134a及其低GWP环保替代制冷剂R452B和R513A的特性参数。并基于压缩机测试结果,对比分析了主流制冷剂及其替代制冷剂在压缩机设计不变更前提下质量流量、制冷量、功率及制冷效率这些主要参数的变化趋势。最后得出结论:R452B和R513A作为替代R410A和R134a的低GWP制冷剂,在压缩机及系统不变更或少变更的情况下,可以满足客户的需求。     

基于HFO的混合制冷剂R513A在螺杆式冷水机组中直接替代R134a制冷剂的试验研究

R513A是一款低GWP、非易燃、基于R1234yf的新一代制冷剂,其物性参数与R134a接近。因此,本文选择R513A作为原R134a螺杆式冷水机组的替代制冷剂开展试验研究。依据GB/T 18430. 1中规定的各试验工况,针对直接充注R513A和R134a的机组性能开展试验测试。对比研究了R134a和R513A在螺杆式冷水机组中的性能系数COP、制冷量、压缩机耗功并计算了两种制冷剂实际运行的综合部分负荷性能系数(IPLV)值。结果表明:在对原机组不做任何改动,采用R513A制冷剂的机组与原R134a机组相比运行性能参数相近,机组运行COP略有下降,IPLV值略有降低;在大跨度制冷负荷范围内运行时,部分工况点运行时,需针对原冷水机组的部分相关运行设定或机组组件做出相应调整。     

R134a和R22在水源热泵应用中的性能研究和比较

用R134a和R22作为制冷剂在相同的水源热泵系统里进行实验,对比研究了各自的性能及其冷凝出水范围。实验结果表明:在相同的蒸发进水温度和冷凝出水温度下R22有着较高的制热量,高约30%,但是R134a的COP相对较高,高约5%;特别是在高温时R134a的压比以及功耗都在正常的工作范围内。     

新型制冷剂HFO-1234yf/R134a/DME的理论与试验研究

提出一种在汽车空调应用中替代R134a的新型制冷剂HFO-1234yf/R134a/DME。利用数据库REFPROP 9.0,通过自行编制的软件对该制冷剂的热力学性能和循环性能进行理论分析,并在电量热器制冷剂循环性能测试装置上,对R134a和HFO-234yf/R134a/DME进行试验研究。理论与试验研究发现,新型制冷剂的制冷量比R134a略小,循环性能系数(COP)也略低,而排气温度比R134a低12℃左右。该新型制冷剂具有替代R134a的潜在可行性。     

R32/R134a混合制冷剂扩散吸收制冷系统实验研究

在国内外扩散吸收制冷研究现状的基础上,分别采用R32、R134a和R32/R134a混合物为制冷剂,DMF(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)为吸收剂,Ar为扩散气体,对扩散吸收制冷系统进行了性能研究,探究了混合制冷剂配比以及加热功率对系统制冷效果的影响。实验结果显示,R32/R134a混合制冷剂的制冷效果要优于R32或R134a纯制冷剂,且在不同的组分浓度和不同的加热量下,制冷效果不同,存在较好的R32浓度范围。     

R32/R134a和R407C用于变浓度热泵系统的实验

为了解决R32/R134a应用于变浓度热泵系统存在的排气温度过高问题,提出使用三元混合工质R407C用于该系统中.以R32/R134a和R407C作为工质在变浓度容量调节热泵系统中进行了吸气压力不变时的变浓度实验.实验结果表明,R407C在本系统中变浓度范围低于R32/R134a,但R407C的排气温度和耗功均低于R32/R134a,具有良好的变浓度调节潜力.     

冷藏车层叠式蒸发器应用R404A与R22和R134a的比较

采用分布参数法对层叠式蒸发器建立数学模型，并对蒸发器采用R404A，R22和R134a时的换热和流动性能进行模拟比较。结果表明，在空调工况范围内，新型中低温混合制冷剂R404A具有R134a换热性能好和R22压降小的特点，能够很好地适用于冷藏车系统空调侧层叠式蒸发器。     

Experimental study of an R1234ze(E)/R134a mixture (R450A) as R134a replacement

This work presents an experimental analysis of a non-flammable R1234ze(E)/R134a mixture (R450A) as R134a drop-in replacement. While R134a has a high GWP value (1430), the R450A GWP is only 547. The experimental tests are carried out in a vapour compression plant equipped with a variable-speed compressor. The replacement suitability has been studied combining different operating conditions: evaporation temperature, condensation temperature and the use of an internal heat exchanger (IHX). The drop-in cooling capacity of R450A compared with R134a is 6% lower as average. R450A COP is even higher to those resulting with R134a (approximately 1%). The discharge temperature of R450A is lower than that of R134a, 2K as average. The IHX has a similar positive influence on the energy performance of both fluids. In conclusion, R450A can be considered as a good candidate to replace R134a.     

混合制冷剂R1234yf/R134a PVTx性质的实验研究

为了获得混合制冷剂R1234yf/R134a的热物性数据,本文利用Burnett法为基础搭建的高精度PVTx实验台,在温度为268~323 K时,测定了质量分数为55%/45%,50%/50%和45%/55%混合制冷剂R1234yf/R134a的PVT性质,最终拟合了三种不同配比的混合工质的气态维里方程,方程和实验数据具有较高的重合度。     

近共沸制冷剂R290/R134a PVTx性质的实验研究

为了获得混合制冷剂R134a/R290的热物性数据,搭建了高精度PVTx实验系统。以Burnett法为基础,测定了R134a/R290质量分数为50%/50%、55%/45%和60%/40%在温度为252 K~320 K的PVT性质,并且拟合了三种不同配比的混合工质的气态维里方程。实验数据与方程的平均误差为1%左右,具有较好的重合度。     

Development and validation of a micro-fin tubes evaporator model using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids

This paper presents a model of shell and tube evaporator with micro-fin tubes using R1234yf and R134a. The model developed for this evaporator uses the ε-NTU method to predict the evaporating pressure, the refrigerant outlet enthalpy and the outlet temperature of the secondary fluid. The model accuracy is evaluated using different two-phase flow boiling correlations for micro-fin tubes and comparing predicted and experimental data. The experimental tests were carried out for a wide range of operating conditions using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids. The predicted parameter with maximum deviations, between the predicted and experimental data, is the evaporating pressure. The correlation of Akhavan– Behabadi et al. was used to predict flow boiling heat transfer, with an error on cooling capacity prediction below 5%. Simulations, carried out with this validated model, show that the overall heat transfer coefficient of R1234yf has a maximum decrease of 10% compared with R134a.     

Thermal conductivity of R32 and its mixture with R134a

The liquid thermal conductivity of R32 (CH₂F₂) and R134a (CF₃CH₂F) was measured in the range from 223 to 323 K and from 2 to 20 MPa by the transient hot-wire method. The thermal conductivity of the R32+R134a mixture was also measured in the same range by varying the mass fraction of R32. The measured data are analyzed to obtain a correlation in terms of temperature, pressure and composition of the mixture. The uncertainty of our measurements is estimated to be within ±2%.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

R1234yf/R290/R134a系气液相平衡的模拟

本文从理论方面研究了混合制冷剂的相平衡特性,基于Peng-Robinson(PR)状态方程与Wong-Sandler(WS)混合法则,结合Predictive Soave Redlich Kwong(PSRK)方程中使用的UNIFAC基团贡献法,构建了混合物气液相平衡预测模型(PRWS-UNIFAC-PSRK)。结果表明:二元混合物R32/R1234yf的压力及气相质量分数的模拟结果与实验值偏差分别在±2.5%和±0.02内;三元混合物R134a/R1234yf/R600a的压力及气相组分质量分数计算值与实验数据的偏差基本在±3%和±0.04内;建立了R1234yf/R290/R134a系的三元相平衡图,当质量分数在0.25/0.70/0.05左右时存在共沸点。通过采用多参数状态方程,改进活度系数模型,获取更为准确的二元相互作用系数,可进一步提高模型的预测精度。     

Viscosity of R134a, R32, And R125 at Saturation

This paper reports the results of the measurement of the viscosity of R134a close to the saturation line in the vapor phase. The new measurements were carried out in a vibrating-wire viscometer specially constructed for the purpose, and the results have an accuracy of ±2%. In addition, the opportunity is taken to present a reevaluation of earlier measurements along the saturation line of the viscosity of R32 and R125. Improved equations of state for these fluids are now available and can be employed to generate improved values for the viscosity.     

Flow-boiling of R22, R134a, R507, R404A and R410A inside a smooth horizontal tube

Flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of R22, R134a, R507, R404A and R410A inside a smooth horizontal tube (6 mm I.D., 6 m length) were measured at a refrigerant mass flux of about 360 kg/m² s varying the evaporating pressure within the range 3–12 bar, with heat fluxes within the range 11–21 kW/m². The experimental data are discussed in terms of the heat transfer coefficients as a function of the vapour quality. The experimental results clearly show that the heat transfer coefficients of R134a are always higher than those pertaining to R22 (from a minimum of +6 to a maximum of +45%).