风荷载对桥梁结构的作用效应研究

对风荷载的特性进行了介绍,着重分析了其对桥梁结构的静力及动力作用效应,介绍了进行风荷载模拟所采用的方法,并分别计算了静风荷载及脉动风荷载对桥梁结构的影响,充分验证了风荷载对桥梁结构的动力作用不容忽视。     

单层柱面网壳风致动力失效特征及简化分析

为简化网壳结构在风荷载下的弹塑性动力失效分析过程,提出了基于动力失效的等效静力风荷载的简化计算方法,使网壳结构的抗风设计同时满足强度和稳定性的要求.通过对单层柱面网壳结构进行风荷载下的静力、动力失效全过程分析,给出了综合Budiansky-Roth准则和Hsu S C准则的动力失效判别方法,以准确、有效地确定网壳结构的动力失效临界荷载系数.结合概念分析和定量计算,指出了风荷载下网壳结构的动力失效模式包括弹性动力失稳破坏、弹塑性动力失稳破坏和塑性动力强度破坏.对比网壳结构的静力、动力失效临界荷载系数,确定了基于动力失效的等效静力风荷载系数,可为网壳结构抗风设计提供参考.     

大跨度点支式幕墙支承结构风振性能分析

广州新白云机场航站楼主楼点支式玻璃幕墙结构,长108m、高33m,采用钢桁架与预应力索桁架交叉的混合支承体系。本文针对该幕墙支承体系的三种结构方案,应用非线性有限元软件,对其风激动力性能进行分析,给出了方案合理性的评价。主要工作有:应用子空间迭代法分别对单榀索桁架和整体结构进行自振特性分析,得到相应的频率和振型;应用非线性随机模拟风振分析方法分别对三种结构方案进行整体分析,得到结构在脉动风作用下的响应时程;对风振分析结果进行统计分析,得到可供设计参考的风振系数。计算结果表明:三种结构方案的风振动力性能差别较大;其中,方案一最差,在脉动风作用下发生了弯扭跳跃式失稳;方案三最好,表现出良好的动力稳定性和整体工作性能。     

基于小波变换的风荷载作用下格构式塔架损伤识别

风荷载作用下塔架结构将产生复杂的弯扭联合变形,格构式塔架中各杆件的受力变化对整体结构的影响存在较大差异,因而对结构损伤位置动力响应信息的拾取存在较大的影响。以某通讯塔结构为例,以风荷载作为环境激励,通过结构动力响应分析信息,应用小波变换进行结构损伤状态识别,对垂直于外荷载平面上格构式塔架腹杆损伤识别可靠性进行分析。     

塔架结构的脉动风荷载数值模拟及响应

脉动风荷载数值模拟是进行风荷载响应分析的基础。采用三角级数法对脉动风荷载进行了模拟,并借助有限元分析软件,对风荷载作用下塔架结构的动力时程响应及频谱特征进行了分析。     

动力敏感性结构风荷载全阶概率分析方法

高层建筑主体结构设计风荷载受来流风速的方向性影响较为明显,传统风荷载估算方法偏于保守。为此,提出一种考虑风向的风荷载全阶概率分析方法,基于可靠度理论将单风向的风荷载概率分布表达成风荷载效应系数极值和来流风速极值的概率分布函数。为了计入结构动力敏感性的影响,基于风洞试验获得的结构气动力数据,通过对结构动力响应分析,将风荷载效应系数极值的概率分布参数表达成来流风速的函数,进而结合各个风向的风荷载概率分布数据,给出了动力敏感性结构具有一定保证率的风荷载。最后,将所提方法的计算结果与蒙特卡洛模拟方法和传统方法的计算结果进行了详细对比。结果表明,本文方法计算结果与蒙特卡洛方法模拟结果吻合较好,传统的最不利荷载法和风向折减方法计算结果过于保守。     

拱型波纹钢屋盖结构风振响应的时域分析

拱型波纹钢屋盖结构自重轻,地震作用下的动力问题不是结构设计的控制因素,但是在风荷载作用下结构的动力响应较为显著,在设计中应给予足够重视。首先利用ForIran编程工具,模拟结构的风速时程曲线,然后利用ANSYS有限元软件中的瞬态动力学分析模块对这种结构进行动力时程分析,讨论其在脉动风荷载作用下的动力响应,给出了结构风振系数的建议值,且针对风荷载提出了这种结构在设计中应注意的问题。     

超高层建筑风振控制方案的对比分析

以天津某超高层结构的风振控制为研究对象,分析了风荷载的动力特性。针对该工程的自身特点提出了设置粘滞阻尼器(A)、设置双向调频质量阻尼器(B)、设置粘滞阻尼器和双向调频质量阻尼器(C)的三种减振控制方案,采用具有三维空间相关性的自回归过滤技术,进行了不同控制方案下的风振控制动力分析,对比分析了不同方案下的控制效果。结果表明:在特定的加强层处设置粘滞阻尼器及在顶层设置调谐质量阻尼设备均能够耗散风振作用输入能量的30%以上,进而有效衰减结构的风致振动响应,保证主体结构的正常使用工作状态。依据分析结果对超高层结构体系风振控制的分析与设计提出了建议。     

国家海洋博物馆风洞试验与等效静风荷载研究

以国家海洋博物馆钢结构屋盖为研究对象,采用刚性模型同步测压风洞试验对建筑表面的平均及脉动风荷载进行测定,考察了典型风向下屋盖表面风荷载特性。建立结构整体有限元模型,利用时程分析方法获得结构在风荷载作用下的最大节点位移和杆件应力。引入多目标等效静风荷载分析方法,以结构在风荷载作用下的最大动力响应为控制指标,获得针对多个等效目标的静力风荷载分布并对等效结果进行了验证。结果表明,该方法可以实现以少量静力风荷载分布形式实现所有响应均与动力极值响应等效。     

带突出物高层建筑的减振方案对比

采用改进的自回归模型模拟了某带突出物高层建筑结构的脉动风荷载时程,针对其自身特点,提出了突出物玻璃幕墙开洞（方案A）、设置粘滞阻尼器（方案B）、玻璃幕墙开洞与设置粘滞阻尼器相结合（方案C）的3种减振方案。在10年和50年一遇2种风振作用下,对该工程进行了不同减振方案下的风振动力分析,最后依据分析结果对类似结构体系风振控制的分析与设计提出了建议。结果表明：方案B和方案C具有大量耗散风振输入能量、有效衰减结构动力响应和降低结构风振作用的能力,可减小主体结构顶点位移和加速度响应的最大幅度分别为34.6%、36.8%,提出的减振方案对于抑制结构风致振动、提高结构安全性和舒适性具有可行性和有效性。     

Optimal Control of Adaptive/Smart Multistory Building Structures

This research advances creation of a new generation of adaptive/smart structures with self-modification capability by designing a predetermined number of members as actively controlled members. The computational model and high-performance parallel algorithms for optimal control of large structures recently developed by the authors are applied to multistory buildings. Four different schemes for placement of controllers are investigated. Three types of dynamic loadings are considered: earthquake ground motion, periodic impulsive horizontal wind loading on the exterior joints of the structure, and asymmetric periodic impulsive wind loading on the exterior of the structure modeling a twister. Results are presented for three multistory building structures with curved beams and setback representing both space moment-resisting and braced frames. It is demonstrated that through a proper selection of the weighting factor, the response of a multistory building structure can be reduced substantially to a fraction of the response of the uncontrolled structure at a practically feasible maximum required actuator force. Recommendations are made on the placement of the controllers for various types of structural configurations.     

Vibration control study on a supertall building

Vibration control of a 288‐m supertall building with connective structure is studied in this work. Fluctuating wind time series of the structure in forward and reverse Y‐direction in a 10‐year frequency are simulated by modified auto‐regressive method (AR method) to perform wind vibration analysis, and six minor and major earthquake waves are provided by building designer to perform earthquake analysis. Three vibration control schemes with nonlinear viscous dampers are proposed to control structural dynamic responses under wind and earthquake excitations. The dynamic responses of the structure with the proposed control schemes in wind and earthquake excitations are investigated and their vibration control effects are analysed comparatively. The study results show that the modified AR method is reliable and effective for simulating the fluctuating wind exerted on the building. The excessive dynamic responses induced by wind and earthquake excitations can be controlled effectively by the proposed schemes. The peak acceleration of top storey can be reduced by almost 40% for the proposed control schemes in wind excitation. The elastic working state of the connective body between the high tower part and the low tower part in major earthquakes can also be ensured totally. So, the validity and feasibility of the proposed schemes in reducing structural vibration responses can be fully approved. Some suggestions about structural analysis and design under wind and earthquake excitations are proposed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effective wind actions on ideal and real structures

Gust buffeting of structures is analyzed by Double Modal Transformation, a method consisting in the joint transformation into principal components of structural displacements (modal analysis) and of wind loading (proper orthogonal decomposition). It commonly occurs that modal truncation applies to both the series of structural and loading modes; besides, many loading modes are almost orthogonal respect the dominant structural modes, so they do not contribute to structural response. This set of conditions allows the introduction of an effective action, defined as the loading process reconstructed retaining only those loading modes that excite the structure. This paper discusses this method and the related concepts by analyzing a set of simple ideal structures in closed form; this approach allows the formulation of general criteria aimed at defining the effective wind action as a function of non-dimensional structural and wind parameters. The numerical analysis of a real structure confirms the tendencies pointed out by the analytical solutions.     

Evaluation of wind load integration in disproportionate collapse analysis of steel moment frames for column loss

The design of steel structures, in most cases, depends majorly on the level of wind loads which are prescribed by codes and regulations and are used in the structural analysis due to the fact that steel structures being light and ductile systems are strongly affected from a slight difference in the values of wind loading. During the last decades, disproportionate collapse analysis has become of major interest mainly due to the increasing number of failures occurring in that pattern. Commonly accepted guidelines and methods of analysis have been produced, the most dominating of which being the Department of Defense Facilities criteria or DoD. In the DoD, as well as in other criteria, the event of a column loss is suggested as the modeling scenario which has to be sustained by a structural system in order to be robust. However, all the guidelines so far have disconnected the column loss analysis from wind loads and have only performed it for gravity loading. This paper presents the dynamic time history disproportionate collapse analysis of steel frames, including various levels of wind loading. Interesting aspects are discussed through the parametric analysis of five different numerical examples of moment resisting frames.     

某超高层建筑结构方案设计

本文通过对某超高层建筑几种结构设计方案的比较，分析了超高层建筑钢－混凝土混合体系的优越性，认为在空间整体作用下，钢－混凝土混合体系能充分发挥钢和混凝土各自的优越性，承受重力荷载并抵抗风荷载及地震作用，与纯钢结构相比，较为切合我国国情。     

Behaviour of empty steel grain silos under wind loading: part 1: the stiffened cylindrical shell

This paper presents results of detailed finite element analyses of three empty stiffened steel grain silos under non-uniform wind loading. Three different silo geometries are considered, representing tall, intermediate and shallow silo structures. The structural system of each silo is shown to act as a rather complicated shell-spaceframe system. The roof structural system and the roof wind loading are shown to play a very important role in the overall behaviour of the silos. This paper deals specifically with the behaviour of the tank wall and vertical and circumferential stiffeners. The behaviour of the roof system will be described in a second paper.     

上海松江新城交通枢纽暨购物中心钢结构穹顶风振分析

大跨度钢结构穹顶为风敏感结构,准确得到平均风荷载和风振力对工程设计非常重要.本文通过数值风洞模拟方法得到了各风向下穹顶结构的平均风压,尤其是给出了有效分析风激动力响应和等效风荷载的理论方法.通过分析松江新城钢结构穹顶的风振实例看出,对该工程风振影响最大的是整体水平与竖向运动的前八阶振型,动力部分大体占总响应的25%.本文为大跨度屋盖结构的风振分析提供了一种有效的计算方法.     

Tuned liquid column dampers in offshore wind turbines for structural control

With offshore wind turbines becoming larger, being moved out further at sea and subjected to ever greater wind and wave forces, it is necessary to analyse the dynamics and minimise the responses of these structures. In this paper, the structural responses of offshore wind turbines are simulated with an attached damper (Tuned Liquid Column Damper (TLCD)) for controlling the vibrations induced within the structure. This requires a realistic simulation of the forces that these tall, flexible and slender structures are subjected to, and consequently the implementation of a damper to control the resulting undesirable vibrations that are induced within the structure. Since sea waves are caused by wind blowing for a sufficiently long time, the state of the sea is related to wind parameters and there exists the possibility of correlating wind and wave loading conditions on structures. The Kaimal spectrum for wind loading is combined with the JONSWAP wave spectrum to formulate correlated wind and wave loadings. The offshore turbine tower is modelled as a Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) structure. Cases for flat sea conditions, with which parallels to onshore wind turbines may be drawn, are first simulated. Simulations are presented for the MDOF structure subjected to both ‘moderate’ and ‘strong’ wind and wave loadings. Cases of the blades lumped at the nacelle along with rotating blades are investigated. The reduction in bending moments and structural displacement response with TLCDs for each case are examined. A fatigue analysis is carried out and the implementation of TLCDs is seen to enhance the fatigue life of the structure. An analysis, taking into account the extended fatigue life and reduced bending moments on the structure-TLCD system, is presented.     

On the resonant component of the response of single degree-of-freedom systems under random loading

A simple expression for the resonant component of the response variance of a single degree-of-freedom system under wind pressure loading is derived. For slowly varying excitation spectral densities, low structural damping and relatively wide excitation frequency bands, the expression gives a good estimate of the response variance. The derivation substantiates a frequently used approximation in the analysis of single-degree-of-freedom system under wind loading.