廉价石油磺酸盐表面活性剂KPS-2的合成及性能

在室内合成出了驱油用廉价石油磺酸盐表面活性剂KPS-2,确定了KPS-2的生产工艺参数,并对产品性能进行了评价.实验表明KPS-2/Na2CO3复合体系与新疆克拉玛依原油的界面张力达到了三元复合驱低界面张力的要求,且新产品KPS-2具有适应范围广,产品收率高,产品性能稳定,生产工艺简单,无酸渣,环境污染小,成本低等特点.     

油相组成对无碱二元驱油体系界面性质的影响

通过测定原油与石油磺酸盐KPS-2/聚合物二元SP复合驱体系间的界面张力,研究了原油组分变化对界面特性的影响。结果表明,相对分子质量较大的有机酸对降低平衡界面张力有利,相对分子质量较小的有机酸对降低初始界面张力有利;沸程在180～210℃间的原油馏分与SP驱油体系间的界面张力达到了超低;原油放置过程中,组分氧化要比轻质组分挥发对界面张力影响大;较之石蜡基原油,KPS-2更适合与其疏水链结构相似的环烷基原油。     

超低界面张力胜利石油磺酸盐起泡剂的研制及性能评价

为了探索聚合物驱后油藏提高采收率的新技术,开展了超低界面张力胜利石油磺酸盐泡沫复合驱研究.通过大量实验筛选了胜利石油磺酸盐与不同种类表面活性剂复配后的泡沫性能和界面性能,得到了既具有良好的泡沫性能,又具有超低界面张力的复合体系,其配方为质量分数为O.15%的SLPS+质量分数为0.35%的6号起泡剂,其总质量分数为0.5%,界面张力达到了1.07x10<'-3>mN/m,发泡体积为320 mL,泡沫半衰期为120 min,耐温抗老化能力和抗盐能力均较强.油藏条件下的物理模拟驱替实验结果表明,超低界面张力胜利石油磺酸盐泡沫复合驱可在聚合物驱后提高采收率16%,证实该体系具有大幅度地提高聚合物驱后原油采收率的能力.     

复合驱中界面张力数量级与提高采收率的关系研究

文章分析了表面活性剂/聚合物二元复合驱和碱/表面活性剂/聚合物三元复合驱驱油指标(超低界面张力必须达到10-3mN/m)理论的缺陷;在大量岩心试验的基础上,比较了不同界面张力下的采收率值,认为平衡界面张力为10-3mN/m不是表面活性剂驱油及复合驱的必要条件,平衡界面张力为10-2mN/m时也能达到与前者同样的驱油效果;并且只要瞬时界面张力达到10-3mN/m,也能达到较好的驱油效果,从而为表面活性剂复合驱的广泛应用提供了实验基础。     

界面张力降低速度对驱油效果的影响

在二元复合驱油体系中,存在着两种界面张力,即平衡界面张力和瞬间界面张力.油/水动态界面张力稳态值的高低关系到复合驱提高采收率的能力,仅仅是油/水界面张力瞬间超低,而平衡界面张力达不到超低,将难以获得较高的采收率;界面张力降低的速度对最终采出程度影响不明显,但可以影响含水率下降的速度.因此,二元复合驱配方设计中,要求平衡界面张力稳态值达到超低才能大幅度地提高原油采收率.     

疏水缔合聚合物/碱/表面活性剂三元复合驱体系界面张力特征研究

研究了疏水缔合聚合物/碱/表面活性剂三元复合驱体系与大庆原油形成低界面张力的特征.结果表明,在降低界面张力方面,碱与表面活性剂间存在显著的协同效应;疏水缔合聚合物具有一定的降低油水界面张力能力,其对三元复合驱体系的平衡界面张力影响不大,对体系的动态界面张力具有比较显著的影响.碱、表面活性剂质量分数对琉水缔合聚合物三元复合驱体系/大庆原油间界面张力有很大影响,碱和表面活性剂最佳质量分数分别为1.0%～1.2%和0.1%～0.3%.     

大庆油田三元复合驱驱油效果影响因素实验研究

通过岩心物理模拟实验及微观驱油实验,分析了界面张力、三元体系粘度、乳化油滴产生及岩石润湿性对三元复合驱驱油效果的影响规律和影响机理。研究结果表明,油水间平衡、动态界面张力大幅度降低可有效提高三元复合驱驱油效率,进行三元复合驱时,油水界面张力须降到10^-3mN/m数量级;增加体系粘度能够扩大三元复合驱的波及体积,水油粘度比大于2是三元复合驱提高采收率幅度达到20%的必要条件;乳化的油滴产生是三元复合驱提高驱油效率的主要形式,油水界面张力越低、驱替体系粘度越大,乳化油滴的产生能力越强,驱油效果越好;三元复合驱能够驱替亲油岩石表面的油膜,促进岩心润湿性由亲油向亲水转化。     

二元无碱驱油体系的室内研究与评价

随着三元复合驱技术研究的不断深入, 三元复合驱体系中碱对石油开采过程及地层造成的危害日益凸现。以自制石油磺酸盐NPS-2为表面活性剂, 通过考察不同质量分数的NaCl和石油磺酸盐对大庆采油四厂油水界面张力的影响, 确定了二元无碱驱油体系配方, 并对该体系的应用广泛性和驱油效果进行了评价。结果表明, 从自制石油磺酸盐为表面活性剂, 二元无碱驱油体系合适配方为C_NaCl=0.6%~1.2%, C_NPS-2=0.1%~0.3%, C_HPAM=0.12%. 该二元复合驱配方体系可使油水界面张力降至超低, 全部达到10^-3mN/m 数量级, 最低可达10^-4mN/m 数量级, 能够避免由碱引起的对地层和采油设备的损害, 具有很高的现场应用价值。     

低界面张力氮气泡沫驱提高采收率实验

通过泡沫综合性能评价及油水界面张力测试,优选了低界面张力氮气泡沫体系,优化了注入参数,对比了泡沫驱、聚合物驱、低交联聚合物驱、聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合驱提高采收率的效果,并模拟现场油田进行了聚合物驱和聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合驱后低界面张力氮气泡沫驱实验。优选的低界面张力氮气泡沫体系配方为:0.3%复合起泡剂(椰油酰胺甜菜碱DK+烷基醇胺PM(5∶1))+0.1%稳泡剂PA(天然高分子衍生物),该体系与原油间的界面张力为0.0531 m N/m,泡沫综合指数Fq为10312.5 m L·min;最佳气液比为1.5∶1,注入方式为共混注入,注入速度72 m L/h。驱油实验表明,该低界面张力氮气泡沫驱体系的驱油效果(提高采收率11.4%)优于表面活性剂/聚合物(SP)二元复合驱(提高采收率9.61%)、低交联聚合物驱(提高采收率7.13%)、聚合物驱(提高采收率6.37%);在模拟该油田水驱(采出程度36%)、聚合物驱(采出程度45%)及二元复合驱(采出程度47%)后,低界面张力氮气泡沫驱仍可提高采收率10.8%。     

界面张力特征对三元复合驱油效率影响的实验研究

分别采用了油水平衡界面张力和瞬时动态界面张力为1mN/m、0.1mN/m、0.01mN/m和0.001mN/m的4种体系进行了岩心驱油试验.结果表明,在大庆油田三元复合驱中,油水动态界面张力最低值是影响驱油效果的重要因素,而不是平衡界面张力.动态界面张力最低值达到0.01mN/m时,体系的驱油效果与界面张力平衡值达到0.001mN/m时基本相同.因此,可以大幅度降低三元复合体系中碱的用量,甚至可以不用碱.此外,还可以降低对表面活性剂的苛刻要求,扩大表面活性剂的种类和范围.     

CO2辅助直井与水平井组合蒸汽驱技术研究

利用物理模拟及数值模拟方法，研究了在蒸汽中添加CO₂改善直井与水平井组合蒸汽驱开发效果的生产机理，主要包括降低原油黏度、使原油体积膨胀、降低油水界面张力等。优选出了CO₂与蒸汽的合理注入方式、注入比例和注入量。模拟结果表明：CO₂辅助直井与水平井组合蒸汽驱是深层稠油油藏高轮次吞吐后进一步提高采收率的有效技术。对于埋深为1300～1700m的稠油油藏，由于井筒热损失大，使井底蒸汽干度降低。而在注蒸汽的同时添加CO₂，不仅可以有效地弥补蒸汽干度低，难以达到蒸汽驱要求的不足，而且还可以缩短蒸汽驱初期的低产期，提高采油速度。     

氮气辅助SAGD开采技术优化研究

利用物理模拟及数值模拟方法,研究了在蒸汽辅助重力泄油（SAGD）过程中添加氮气提高顶水超稠油油藏开发效果的生产机理,主要包括：形成隔热层,降低热损失,提高热效率;维持系统压力,改善流度比;降低原油黏度,提高流动能力。优选出了氮气注入方式、氮气与蒸汽比和氮气总注入量。研究结果表明,氮气辅助SAGD开采技术在杜84块馆陶油层开采中是可行的,有利于蒸汽腔的侧向扩展,增加蒸汽的横向波及体积;在SAGD过程中添加氮气能够有效控制顶水下泄,延长SAGD生产时间3～4年,提高了油藏采收率和油汽比。     

特低渗砂岩油藏CO2-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油机理研究

目的特低渗油藏储层物性差、层间非均质性强,造成CO₂驱易发生气窜,提高采收率效果欠佳,其中,CO₂水气交替驱作为结合CO₂驱和水驱优势的方法,具有较高的适用性。为进一步改善CO₂-水交替驱的开发效果,开展了CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油研究。 方法通过界面张力和润湿性能测试评价低界面张力黏弹流体基本性能,并利用微观可视化驱油实验及岩心驱油实验等,探究了不同驱替方式的驱油效果和CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油过程中二者之间的“协同作用”机理。 结果低界面张力黏弹流体具备良好的界面活性和改变岩石表面润湿性能力,水驱后开展CO₂驱、低界面张力黏弹流体驱、CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体交替协同驱,采收率可在水驱基础上分别提高0.91%、10.66%、16.25%,其提高采收率机理包括降低界面张力、改善流度比、改变岩石表面润湿性及乳化作用的协同效应等。 结论CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱既可有效增强非均质特低渗砂岩油藏注CO₂过程中气体流动性控制,又能够降低CO₂萃取轻烃导致重质组分沉积的影响,具有协同增效作用。      

低渗透油藏自发渗吸驱油实验研究

通过低渗透亲水岩心自发渗吸实验,探讨了低渗透油藏不同界面张力体系的渗吸驱油过程。研究结果表明,注入水渗吸体系因毛细管力较高、毛细管力与重力比值较大,其渗吸过程为毛细管力支配下的逆向渗吸。与注入水渗吸结果相比,化学剂溶液因降低油水界面张力,在孔隙介质中能使更多的原油参与渗流过程,使更多的剩余油变为可动油,提高了渗吸平衡时的原油采出程度,因而提高了低渗透油藏原油的采收率。     

Synthesis and Interfacial Behavior of Decyl Methylnaphthalene Sulfonate

Abstract

High purity decyl methylnaphthalene sulfonate (DMNS) surfactant was synthesized. The purity of product was determined by HPLC, and the structure was confirmed by IR, UV, and ESI-MS. The surface and oil-water interfacial activities of DMNS surfactant were studied. The effects of concentrations of the surfactant, alkali, and inorganic salt on the dynamic interfacial behavior of crude oil/Shengli Oil Field/surfactant oil flooding systems were studied, and comparitive studies of systems with strong and buffered alkali were also carried out. Results showed that DMNS surfactant possessed great capability and efficiency for lowering solution surface tension and oil-water interfacial tension. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) was 0.02% and the surface tension at this concentration was 31.61 mN.m^?1. At proper concentrations of the surfactant, alkali, and inorganic salt, the dynamic interfacial tension between the crude oil of the Shengli Oil Field and the surfactant oil flooding system reached a minimum value of 10^?5–10^?6 mN.m^?1 in a very short time (3–20 min) and maintained an ultra-low value (< 10^?2 mN.m^?1) for a long period of time (15–87 min). The crude oil/surfactant systems presented satisfactory interfacial behavior. DMNS has great potential to be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) with low cost and high efficiency.     

Applying Grid partitioning based Fuzzy inference system method to estimate interfacial tension of brine and hydrocarbon

The oil recovery reservoirs and oil trapping in the reservoirs are extensively function of interfacial tension between brine and hydrocarbon, so estimation of interfacial tension becomes one of the interesting topics in petroleum industry. In this study, Grid partitioning based Fuzzy inference system method is utilized to forecast interfacial tension of hydrocarbon and brine based on various effective parameters such as ionic strength of brine, carbon number of hydrocarbon, pressure, and temperature. The estimated values of interfacial tension were compared with real interfacial tension of brine and hydrocarbon using graphical and statistical analyses. The determined coefficients of determination (R²) for training and testing phases were 0.9916 and 0.9447, respectively. The comparing analyses express that the Grid partitioning based Fuzzy inference system method has great ability in prediction of interfacial tension, and it can be used as an applicable tool in petroleum industry.     

无碱表面活性剂-聚合物复合驱技术研究进展

无碱表面活性剂-聚合物二元复合驱可避免碱引起的结垢、乳化、腐蚀等负面作用,降低投资和操作成本,是具有应用前景的化学驱提高石油采收率新技术。目前存在主要问题有:缺少高效稳定的活性剂工业化产品,驱油机理及主要影响因素理论研究薄弱,评价方法不健全,矿场试验少、技术风险较大。影响表面活性剂-聚合物二元复合驱驱油效率的主要因素有体系黏度、界面张力、乳化强度等,二元体系具有较高的黏度是提高采收率的重要保障,体系油水界面张力越低驱油效率越高,体系乳化性能也显著影响驱油效果。表面活性剂-聚合物二元复合驱矿场试验取得了一定效果,但也暴露出一些问题,需要提高配方适应性、驱油剂产品质量稳定性,优化注入方案,加强现场监测和跟踪调整等。     

A New Type of Surfactant for Enhanced Oil Recovery

abstract

Most naturally fractured reservoir rocks are mixed to oil wet and do not imbibe the injected water, which translates into low-efficiency waterflood recovery. To enhance the spontaneous imbibition process, a low concentration of surfactants is dissolved into the injected water to induce wettability alteration of the reservoir rock by changing the wettability of the rock toward a more water-wet state. Zizyphus spina-christi leaves, which are grown in the Middle East, produce a special surfactant called saponin. This surfactant can be used for chemical flooding in Iranian oil fields due to its low cost and availability. Saponin was extracted from leaves using a spray-drying method and the interfacial tension (IFT) between saponin–water–oil was determined. For interfacial tension measurements the pendant drop method was used. A typical pendant drop apparatus is presented in this article. The algorithms used to infer interfacial tension from the geometrical profile of the pendant drop are described in detail; in particular, a new method for evaluation of the value of the radius at the apex of the drop, necessary for calculation of interfacial tension, is presented. Saponin caused a reduction in interfacial tension from 48 to 9 dyn/cm, which can be decreased to ultralow IFT by the addition of salt and alcohol. According to the results, saponin can be used as a surface-active agent for enhanced oil recovery.     

A correlation between interfacial tension,emulsifying ability and oil displacement efficiency of ASP system for Daqing crude oil

Abstract

Interfacial tension and emulsification are important to enhance oil recovery. There is almost none quantitative research on their correlation for Daqing crude oil. Experiments are performed to find out the correlation between different interfacial tension, emulsification and chemical flooding oil displacement efficiency. The authors changed the structure of surfactant to make characteristics of interfacial tension different significantly and build the relationship between interfacial tension parameters and chemical flooding oil displacement efficiency by physical simulate experiments. The ultralow interfacial tension index (expressed by S) is established by orthogonal test and actual significance of interfacial tension curves. The fitting formula between S and chemical flooding oil displacement efficiency (E) is: E = 0.856 ln(S) + 13.849. The emulsifying ability includes two aspects O/W and W/O. Authors changed the structure of surfactant to make characteristics of ASP systems have similar interfacial property but different emulsification property. Compared the oil displacement efficiency of these systems, built the correlation between emulsifying ability and chemical flooding oil displacement efficiency for Daqing crude oil.

This paper established the index of ultralow interfacial tension and emulsification, and summed up the formulae based on that with oil displacement efficiency. The quantitative evaluation of ASP system can optimize the existing evaluation methods and deepen understandings on flooding mechanism for Daqing crude oil.     

利用微生物大幅度改善化学驱效果

针对大庆油田原油酸值低、应用三元复合驱难度大等特点,筛选了两株具有良好的产酸、产表面活性剂和改善原油物性的菌种,经鉴定分别为短短芽孢杆菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌。这两株菌可以降解原油中重质成分,尤其是高碳链(C₂₀以上)饱和烃,产生大量的胞外有机酸,可使原油酸值平均升高10倍以上。在发酵液中代谢产生混合酯类生物表面活性剂和低分子量有机酸、醇。微生物作用原油后,产生的有机酸在碱性条件下能与合成表面活性剂产生很好的协同作用,使微生物作用后原油与现有三元复合体系形成更低的界面张力,平均比未作用原油体系界面张力降低一个数量级,达到10^-4mN/m数量级。室内天然岩心驱油实验评价结果表明,微生物-三元复合驱结合可比单独三元复合驱驱油效率增加近10% OOIP。