循环流化床脱硫器气固两相流动的数值模拟

以双流体模型为基础,结合颗粒动力学理论,对下部装有文丘里气体分布器的新型循环流化床脱硫反应器内气固两相流动特性进行了数值模拟.为全面描述气固两相的相互作用以及固相的出现对气相湍流作用的影响,模型中引入了物理意义上更加合理的源项公式,并与实验值进行了比较,模拟计算值与实验值吻合良好,验证了双流体模型方程的适用性.计算结果表明:由于文丘里管特殊结构的影响,流化床提升管内颗粒浓度分布非常不均匀,颗粒速度沿提升管高度发生强烈变化,流动非常复杂,研究结果为进一步优化循环流化床脱硫反应器入口结构打下了基础.     

灰钙循环烟气脱硫反应器气固两相流动数值模拟

灰钙循环烟气脱硫反应器内气固两相流动及流场特性是直接影响装置稳定有效运行的关键因素,采用CFD软件Fluent中k-ε湍流模型对灰钙循环烟气脱硫反应器进行了数值模拟,确定反应器内各段阻力及流场分布。研究结果表明:灰钙循环烟气脱硫反应器的循环物料入口设置是影响反应器内流场分布的重要因素,且进料口前阻力占反应器总阻力大于90%,并对其在20 t/h煤粉工业锅炉配套灰钙循环烟气脱硫装置上进行了实验验证,在各测点测量气速与静压,结果证明模拟结果可靠,进料口前阻力模拟偏差率仅为1.7%。同时采用双进料口对反应器流场进行了优化,模拟结果验证该优化方法确实可行,计算得到良好的流场。     

三相流化床反应器流体流动的数值模拟

从最早的一维分散模型到目前普遍应用于气液固三相流流态化的二维双流体模型以及气液固三流体模型 ,该文对气液固三相流流动的模拟理论作了综述。对三相流化床反应器的设计和预测放大起着直接指导作用     

循环流化床气固流动行为的数值模拟

采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,在Fluent数值模拟平台上对循环湍动流化床进行了研究。采用Gidaspow模型分段描述密相湍动和稀相循环输送区气固的相互作用,考察了反应器内压力、颗粒浓度等气固湍动特性参数的变化。CFD的模拟结果表明反应器中压力分布较为均匀;固体颗粒相和气体相间隙成絮状分布,在轴向中心区域颗粒浓度分布较为均匀;边壁区域颗粒浓度变化较大,存在强烈的气固相互作用。     

喷嘴角度对循环流化床脱硫工艺塔内流动特性影响的数值模拟

循环流化床脱硫工艺(CFB-FGD)是一种国际上新兴起的用于锅炉尾部烟气、先进的半干法烟气脱硫技术,由于建立脱硫实验台成本较高,为了改进循环流化床脱硫塔内喷嘴布置角度所造成的脱硫塔内区域不均匀气流场,本文采用拟均相模型对脱硫塔内的流场进行了数值模拟计算,讨论了喷嘴布置角度(-30°、0°和30°)对脱硫塔内气液固三相流场的影响机理,结果表明:3种喷嘴布置角度下,喷嘴呈-30°布置时,脱硫塔内的流场不均匀性降低,脱硫剂颗粒体积分数分布较均匀,有利于气液固三相的混合,有利于脱硫塔内化学反应的进行。     

循环流化床气固流动行为的数值模拟

采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,在Fluent数值模拟平台上对循环湍动流化床进行了研究。采用Gidaspow模型分段描述密相湍动和稀相循环输送区气固的相互作用,考察了反应器内压力、颗粒浓度等气固湍动特性参数的变化。计算流体力学(CFD)的模拟结果表明:反应器中压力分布较为均匀;固体颗粒相和气体相间隙成絮状分布,在轴向中心区域颗粒浓度分布较为均匀;边壁区域颗粒浓度变化较大,存在强烈的气固相互作用。     

烟气循环流化床脱硫数值模拟进展及现状分析

介绍了循环流化床半干法烟气脱硫过程气固两相流动和反应特征及其数值模拟方法。对两相流常用的离散颗粒模型、双流体模型的研究进展进行论述,对于四步骤的脱硫模型进行说明,并介绍了耦合流动模型与脱硫模型过程模拟的优缺点。提出对循环流化床脱硫进一步数值模拟的工作重点应集中在颗粒动力学、曳力模型的修正和反应过程细化模拟方面。     

立式循环撞击流反应器三维流场的数值模拟

利用Fluent软件对立式循环撞击流反应器三堆流场进行数值模拟和分析.立式循环撞击流反应器内速度场和压力场分布关于撞击面对称,证实了驻面的存在,导流筒外侧和撞击面边缘存在死区;由于导流筒对流体引导作用,撞击区水平面x轴上速度最大的点出现在导流筒近壁面位置;定义了表征不同撞击流初始速度下混合效率无量纲系数k,且k值随撞击...     

烟气入口角度对脱硫塔内流场影响的数值分析

针对某湿法烟气脱硫塔的结构建立理论模型,利用计算流体力学软件对烟气不同入口角度下脱硫塔内部的流场进行数值模拟.结果 表明,烟气不同入口角度下塔内形成了大小不一的涡流.当烟气入口角度β=15°时,脱硫塔内流体流动死区最少,流动空间最大,纵向截面(x=0)和横向截面(z=10 m)的速度分布最均匀.塔内气帽的设置有助于尾部...     

重力势能驱动旋流冶金反应器流动特性数值模拟

重力势能驱动的冶金反应器是一种仅利用钢液本身的重力势能作为动力驱动产生旋流,借用旋流的力量对钢液进行搅拌,无需外加动力和物质的炉外精炼设备.应用CFD软件Fluent对重力势能驱动的旋流冶金反应器进行三维数值模拟,并对几何模型的建立、网格生成技术、湍流模型、离散方法、欠松弛因子及边界条件等问题进行了探讨.模拟结果表明,该冶金反应器可以产生可观的旋流,在漏斗型反应器的壁面加不同形式的叶片会产生不同强度的旋流,在已知的3种叶片形式中,前弯型叶片产生的旋流效果最佳.数值模拟所获得的轴截面上的速度分布规律与水模型实验研究结果基本吻合,验证了数值模拟的可行性,同时也为进一步研究重力势能驱动旋流冶金反应器的结构优化和冶金性能预测提供参考.     

循环流化床换热器中液固二相流的数值模拟

在循环流化床换热器的流体中加入固体粒子,可以对边界层有扰动作用,加快换热器中的传质与传热.对流化床换热器中的液固二相进行数值模拟,分别讨论了固体粒子对液体动量方程、k-ε方程及能量方程的影响,在单液相方程的基础上进行修正,建立了相应的液固二相流控制方程,确定了物理模型及边界条件.利用FLUENT进行数值计算,分别讨论了...     

入口结构对18 m气固循环流化床提升管内颗粒流动特性的影响

在高18 m、内径80 mm的循环流化床提升管内分别考察了三种入口结构对颗粒流动特性的影响。实验结果表明：入口结构主要影响提升管底部区域的颗粒流动特性,不同入口结构对颗粒流动影响不同。相同操作条件下,当采用多管式入口结构时,径向上提升管底部区域的颗粒浓度分布相对均匀,轴向上颗粒能够迅速达到充分发展状态,充分发展高度在9 m左右;当采用多孔板入口结构时,径向上提升管底部颗粒浓度差别较大,轴向上颗粒发展较慢,需要更高高度才能达到充分发展,充分发展高度约为11 m;当采用单管式入口结构时,径向上颗粒浓度分布和轴向上颗粒充分发展速度均处于前两者之间,底部颗粒浓度径向分布仍为中间稀、边壁浓的不均匀分布,颗粒浓度轴向充分发展高度约为10 m。     

大涡模拟方法模拟鼓泡床内气固两相流动

采用大涡模拟（LES）方法模拟气相湍流,颗粒动理学方法考虑颗粒相碰撞产生的动量和能量传递和耗散,采用颗粒相大涡模拟方法（LESp）模拟颗粒脉动导致的能量耗散,同时考虑介观尺度对颗粒相压力的影响,建立了气体-颗粒LES-θ-LESp双流体模型,研究鼓泡流化床内气固两相流动的特性。数值模拟与文献实测颗粒速度和实测颗粒浓度结果具有相同的变化趋势。     

气固循环流化床全回路数值模拟研究进展

气固循环流化床具有良好的混合、传热、传质、反应特性,同时还具有处理量大、可连续生产等优点,在众多领域均有广泛应用。气固循环流化床是一个由多个单元连接组合形成的循环回路,各单元间相互耦合、相互影响。对整个循环流化床系统进行全回路数值模拟,不仅能够获得更全面和详实的结果,而且在揭示系统流动规律和探究各单元内、单元间、单元与系统间的相互作用上具有独特优势。近十年来,以气固循环流化床全系统为模拟对象的全回路数值模拟研究逐渐兴起。本文对气固循环流化床全回路数值模拟方法的研究进展进行综述,对该方法的应用情况进行详细介绍,并对方法中采用的模型及相应特点进行逐一分析。循环流化床全回路系统同时存在多种流态,有待于建立适用于全回路系统的多流态物理模型（气固曳力模型与固相应力模型）。随着计算能力的提高以及物理建模的不断发展,全回路模拟方法将不断完善并发挥出更大的作用。     

Flue gas desulfurization in an internally circulating fluidized bed reactor

An internally circulating fluidized bed reactor (ICFBR) was used as a desulfurization apparatus in this study. The height of the bed was 2.5 m, and the inner diameter was 9 cm. The bed materials were calcium sorbent and silica sand. The effects of the operating parameters of the flue gas desulfurization including relative humidity, particle size of the calcium sorbent, inlet concentration of SO₂, difference between the superficial gas velocities in the draft tube and the annulus, and superficial gas velocity in the draft tube on SO₂ removal efficiency (RE) were investigated. It was found that when the relative humidity (RH) was varied from 40% to 80%, the steady state RE had a largest value of approximately 15% when the relative humidity was 60%. When RH = 50%, 60% and 70%, RE decreased initially and then increased. After that RE decreased again until a steady state was reached. In addition, RE decreased with increasing calcium particle size or inlet SO₂ concentration. A larger difference between the superficial gas velocities in the draft tube and the annulus had a higher RE resulting from increasing reactivity of the calcium sorbent caused by a higher attrition rate. Moreover, a higher attrition rate had a higher total volume of the flue gas treated. Finally, a model to predict the steady state RE in ICFBR was proposed. It assumed that the draft tube section was a bubbling fluidized bed while the annulus section was a moving bed. In addition, the effects of the calcium sorbent conversion, attrition rate and gas-bypassing fractions on RE were also taken into account in this model. It was found that the values of RE predicted by this model agreed with the experimental results.     

喷动流化床流动特性数值模拟

为了捕捉喷动流化床中微观层次上的颗粒运动信息,建立了基于CFD的二维非稳态喷动流化床欧拉-欧拉两相流模型。分析了不同流化气速对喷动流化床气固流动特性的影响,即不同工况下的炉内压力降、颗粒浓度、床内空隙率分布、气体速度分布和固体颗粒速度分布。数值模拟研究结果表明:随流化气速的增大,压降和炉内平均空隙率逐渐增大,密相床层高度逐渐增加,沿着轴向方向的气体流量增大,喷动气的射流深度逐渐增加,同时射流半径也逐渐增加。     

回料流入口高度对循环流化床提升管流动特性的影响

The axial pressure drop profile and the radial solids distribution were measured in a circulating fluidized bed for evaluating the effects of return gas-solids stream position on the riser flow properties.The saturation carrying capacity of gas for Geldart B typed particles and the flow mode of return gas-solids stream in the bed were discussed.It was found that arranging the inlet at a higher position of the riser would make the bottom bed leaner when U₀ was high and G_s was low.When G_s increased,the longer influenced region of return particles and a small air-staging through lifting the loosening air injection position made the bottom bed become denser significantly.The deceleration and residence of return particles caused a relatively denser but asymmetrical region in the vicinity of inlet.But much more symmetrical solids distribution profile was found in the upper and lower regions far away from the inlet.The effects of inlet height on the flow properties of the riser with air-staging also were analyzed.The secondary air injection below the solids inlet could not cut off the solids exchange in the bed.The bed solids concentration increased when the particles inlet moved to a higher position of the bed when air-staging was adopted.Using CO₂ as tracer,the dispersion of the loop-seal-fluidizing air for transmitting the return particles was investigated.It was found that the loop-seal fluidizing air dispersion rate was low but can be enhanced by the secondary air injection.     

内循环流化床烟气脱硫装置研究

开发研究了一种内循环流化床烟气脱硫装置,用40—80目河沙做粗颗粒床料,可实现固体颗粒在脱硫塔内的内循环,床内物料浓度高于传统结构的流化床烟气脱硫反应器,强化热质传递的同时可克服粘壁现象。通过热态烟气脱硫试验表明,系统能在接近绝热饱和温度的条件下连续稳定运行,在钙硫摩尔比x=1.3,粗颗粒质量浓度ρs=10 kg/m3,趋近绝热饱和温度Δt=8—10℃的条件下,脱硫效率达90%。     

Effect of slip boundary conditions on the simulation of microparticle velocity fields in a conical fluidized bed

The hydrodynamic performance of micrometric TiO₂ particles has been experimentally studied in a conical fluidized bed and the results compared with numerical simulations. Local solid velocities in the bed have been measured by means of an optical fiber technique under different operating conditions of particle loading and air velocity. The radial profiles of axial solid velocities have been simulated to assess the sensitivity of grid size, and different drag models, namely, those by Syamlal and O'Brien, Ahmadi and Ma, Arastoopour et al., and Gidaspow, for no‐slip, partial‐slip, and free‐slip boundary conditions (BCs). The different drag models record almost similar results, but those provided by the Gidaspow and Ahmadi–Ma models, together with free‐slip BCs, are in somewhat better agreement with the experimental data for conical fluidized beds with smooth walls. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4502–4518, 2013