Biomicrofibrilar composites of high density polyethylene reinforced with curauá fibers: Mechanical,interfacial and morphological properties

Vegetal fibers are used in polymer composites to improve mechanical properties, substituting inorganic reinforcing agents produced by non renewable resources, like fiberglass. The highest performance formulation in high density polyethylene, HDPE, composites reinforced with curauá fibers were studied, aiming to improve the interphase interaction and optimize the mechanical properties. The fiber content, the type and the concentration of coupling agent were tested. The composites and the pure materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the fiber/matrix phase adhesion was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties and the micrographs showed that the best formulation is: 20 wt.% of milled curauá fibers and 2 wt.% poly(ethylene-g-maleic anhydride). The coupled composites are also less hygroscopic than the uncoupled composites. We conclude that the composites reinforced with curauá fibers have mechanical properties comparable to commercially produced composites of HDPE reinforced with fiberglass.     

磨碎玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的制备及力学性能研究

用硅烷偶联剂对磨碎玻璃纤维表面进行改性,并制备玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料,采用超声分散对复合材料分散处理,探讨不同磨碎玻璃纤维粉质量比对环氧树脂基复合材料压缩、拉伸性能的影响。研究表明,添加磨碎玻璃纤维后,环氧树脂的强度和硬度显著增强。当磨碎玻璃纤维掺量在15%~25%之间时,复合材料的综合力学性能最好,其压缩强度、压缩模量、拉伸强度最高达到67.1 MPa、1.68 GPa、57.6 MPa,与纯环氧树脂相比提高了24%、35%、34%;断裂伸长率随着掺量的增加逐渐降低,当含量达到30%时比纯环氧树脂的降低了48%,表明添加玻璃纤维粉后环氧树脂脆性增强。目数小粒径较大的玻璃纤维粉对环氧树脂力学性能增强效果更优,但影响程度不如含量对复合材料力学性能的影响大。     

Thermal resistance and dynamic damping properties of poly (styrene–butadiene–styrene)/thermoplastic polyurethane composites elastomer material

We present the preparation of novel thermoplastic composites elastomer material based on poly (styrene–butadiene–styrene) (SBS), ester-type polyurethane (TPU-EX) and ether-type polyurethane (TPU-ER) materials via melt blending. A series of studies were conducted on the relationship between their morphology, thermal resistance, mechanical properties, and dynamic damping properties, given different compositions. An important feature of the SBS/TPU composites elastomer materials of all compositions is their uniform transparency, because the particles are very small with a narrow size distribution and the refractive indices of SBS and TPU are coincide. Additionally, the thermal resistance, dynamic damping properties and mechanical properties of SBS before and after thermal aging are improved as the amount of added TPU is increased, suggesting that blending SBS with TPU is consistent with the compound rule. In addition, the SBS/TPU composites elastomer materials have better dynamic damping properties at high frequency.     

Fabrication and Characterization of Cluster Diamond Dispersed Copper-Based Matrix Composite

The present study describes the fabrication and characterization of cluster diamond (CD) dispersed Cu composites. A powder metallurgy method combining mechanical milling and hot pressing was used to produce CD dispersed Cu composites. The Cu matrix powders and CD were mechanically milled at 500 rpm in an Ar atmosphere. Particle size distribution analysis showed that the distribution of the milled powders became wider with the progress of the mechanical milling. The milled powders were hot pressed at 723 K in vacuum for 5 minutes. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystal structure of the CD remained unchanged during the fabrication process. Friction measurements showed that the addition of 1 vol.% CD to the Cu matrix improved the coefficient of friction and linear wear, although these properties deteriorated with an increase in the volume fraction of CD.     

Biocomposites from Musa textilis and polypropylene: Evaluation of flexural properties and impact strength

Abaca (Musa textilis)-reinforced polypropylene composites have been prepared and their flexural mechanical properties studied. Due to their characteristic properties, M. textilis has a great economic importance and its fibers are used for specialty papers. Due to its high price and despite possessing very distinctive mechanical properties, to date abaca fibers had not been tested in fiber-reinforced composites. Analysis of materials prepared showed that, in spite of reduced interface adhesion, flexural properties of the PP composites increased linearly with fiber content up to 50 wt.%. Addition of a maleated polypropylene coupling agent still enhanced the stress transfer from the matrix to the reinforcement fiber. As a result, composites with improved flexural properties were obtained. The mechanical properties of matrix and reinforcing fiber were evaluated and used for modelling both the flexural strength and modulus of its composites. In addition, the impact strength of materials was evaluated. Comparison with mechanical properties of composites reinforced with fiberglass points out the potentiality of abaca-reinforced polypropylene composites as suitable substitutes in applications with low impact strength demands.     

D101大孔树脂颗粒/聚氨酯-环氧树脂弹性体复合材料水声吸声性能

用浇铸法制备了不同含量D101型聚苯乙烯大孔树脂颗粒改性的聚氨酯(PU)/环氧树脂(EP)(D101/PU-EP)弹性体复合材料声学试样, 并研究了该材料的水声吸声性能。基于等效夹杂原理的含涂层空心球复合泡沫材料的模量预测模型, 计算了D101/PU-EP弹性体复合材料的体积模量和剪切模量。根据计算模量和声学模型, 采用传递矩阵法对D101/PU-EP弹性体复合材料的水声性能进行了仿真, 得到了D101大孔树脂颗粒的添加量以及梯度结构对该复合材料水声性能的影响规律。运用水声材料声脉冲管系统测试了复合材料的水声声学性能(管中测试, 水背衬)。研究结果表明: D101大孔树脂颗粒能够有效改善PU-EP弹性体的水声吸声性能, 三层梯度结构的D101/PU-EP弹性体复合材料的吸声性能(D101树脂含量10%, 平均吸声系数0.53, 最大吸声系数0.64)优于同组成的单层复合材料(D101树脂含量10%, 平均吸声系数0.46, 最大吸声系数0.52)。算例验证表明, D101/PU-EP弹性体复合材料的水声性能测试结果与仿真结果基本吻合。     

动态注射成型聚丙烯制品的热氧老化性能EI

利用电磁动态注射机注射成型聚丙烯试样制品,并用热老化试验箱人工加速其试样的老化降解。对比分析了稳态注射和动态注射成型的聚丙烯试样制品热氧老化期间力学性能的变化规律,用红外光谱(FT-IR)分析了聚丙烯试样制品老化前后羰基含量的变化情况。研究结果表明,采用动态注射成型技术,不但可以提高聚丙烯制品的力学性能,而且还能有效提高制品的抗热氧老化性能。制品在热氧老化过程中,其力学性能保持率高于稳态注射成型的聚丙烯制品。采用振频为8 Hz、振幅为0.10 mm的动态注射成型的聚丙烯试样制品的抗热氧老化性能最好。     

稀土改性磨碎玻璃纤维对磨碎玻璃纤维/聚四氟乙烯复合材料性能的影响

采用三种表面改性剂,即硅烷偶联剂（PTMS）、含PTMS的稀土改性剂（PTMS-RES）和稀土改性剂（RES）,对磨碎玻璃纤维表面处理,探讨了不同表面处理剂对磨碎玻璃纤维/聚四氟乙烯（MGF/PTFE）复合材料介电性能、热膨胀系数和热导率的影响。测试了RES、未改性的磨碎玻璃纤维和PTMS-RES改性的MGF的FTIR谱图,并采用SEM对MGF/PTFE复合材料的断口形貌进行分析。结果表明：与未经表面改性的MGF/PTFE复合材料相比,经表面改性的MGF/PTFE复合材料的介电性能、热膨胀系数、热导率都得到改善。由于RES特殊的电子层结构以及对阴离子有强吸引作用,RES改性效果比PTMS更好。由于RES与PTMS共同的作用,PTMS-RES比RES能更好地改善MGF与PTFE的界面,促进MGF与PTFE的界面粘结。     

聚合物/热塑性弹性体/纳米无机粒子三元复合材料的增韧增强研究进展

介绍了聚合物/热塑性弹性体/纳米无机粒子三元复合材料的形态结构及增韧机理,分析了热塑性弹性体、纳米无机粒子、加工工艺、界面性能4个方面对聚合物/热塑性弹性体/纳米无机粒子三元复合材料形态和性能的影响。热塑性弹性体和纳米无机粒子对聚合物有协同增韧增强作用,加料顺序是形态结构的最主要影响因素,聚合物的力学性能非常依赖热塑性弹性体和纳米无机粒子在聚合物中的存在形态。最后,展望了该体系未来的研究方向。     

Formation of calcium deficient HAp/collagen composites by hydrolysis of α-TCP

Bone-like composites containing calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHAp) were formed by the hydrolysis of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) in the presence of type I collagen. CDHAp-collagen composites were synthesized using two techniques. In one technique α-TCP was mixed with non-milled (as-received) collagen prior to the addition of the aqueous solution. In the second, the collagen was milled with α-TCP in heptane at room temperature prior to its conversion to CDHAp. The effect of milling strongly facilitates the formation of CDHAp at physiological temperature. The proportion of milled collagen between 5 and 20 wt% present in the α-TCP/collagen composites has no significant effect on the rate of CDHAp formation. Variations in pH and in calcium and phosphate concentrations were determined as a function of collagen processing and variations specific to the presence of collagen were discerned. Compared to CDHAp or to composites containing non-milled collagen, diametrical and compressive strengths of CDHAp increased in the presence of milled collagen. Lack of collagen dispersion and incomplete formation of CDHAp during 48 h were the bases for reduced strengths of composites containing non-milled collagen.     

Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane – Treated waste milled light bulbs composites

In this study, polyurethane (PU)-milled light bulbs glass composites were synthesized and characterized. The main interest in this study that the polyurethane derived from renewable resources and waste glass are used to form the composite constituents as an attempt towards environmental preservation. Castor oil and polymeric diphenyl methane di-isocyanates (PMDI) were used in NCO/OH ratio = 2 for polyurethane synthesis. Milled glass with average particles size less than 300 μm were prepared based on waste light bulbs. Silane A1100 (as a compatibilizer) was used in order to improve the value of recycled milled glass beads. The adhesion force between polyurethane matrix and milled glass beads was evaluated using mechanical and physical tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate dispersion and fracture surfaces of the composites. Infrared spectrum (IR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) behavior, and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were employed to characterize the developed composite materials in details. Chemical resistance (weight change, thickness swelling) was measured in oil, water and dilute acetic acid media. Furthermore, tensile strength and hardness were investigated using universal materials testing machines. A slight increase in the hardness values was reported along with the increasing in particulate fillers loading up to 10% as a considerable improvement has been detected when milled glass reached 20%. The DSC analysis showed the presence of treated milled glass beads influences the thermal behavior of pure PU and composites. This can be attributed to enhancing the physical bonding between PU and silica group. Waste milled glass showed a significant effect on the thermal degradation of the composites in the presence of coupling agent. Further analysis on the tensile strength of the composites indicated that such improved mechanical properties may be attributed to the presence of coupling agent.     

碳化硅改性PU弹性体复合材料的研究

采用超声波技术对碳化硅表面进行有机处理,并将其分散到甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)体系内,在其表面进行原位聚合,制得了聚氨酯弹性体复合材料.SEM分析表明碳化硅在聚氨酯弹性体中具有良好的分散性.力学测试结果表明,5%～10%碳化硅添加量会使复合材料的力学性能、耐磨性、耐溶剂性能最好.     

Microwave diagnosis of low-density fiberglass composites with resin binder

Dielectric properties of low-density fiberglass composites are studied at microwave frequencies and are related to the resin binder content and state of cure. A completely filled short-circuited waveguide method is used to study the dielectric properties of fresh and slightly cured resin binder (used in the production of low-density fiberglass composite materials) in the frequency range of 4–18 GHz. The preliminary results indicate that the dielectric properties of resin binder may be used to determine its state of cure. The same measurement approach is used to determine the dielectric properties of fiberglass materials containing uncured resin binder, no resin binder, and three different levels of resin binder. It is found that the dielectric properties of these low-permittivity and low-loss materials are very similar. Consequently, to distinguish among real fiberglass products with different resin binder levels, an open-ended rectangular waveguide measurement approach, is used. This technique allows for noncontact and on-line inspection. The standoff distance is utilized as an optimization parameter increasing the sensitivity of detection to slight dielectric property variations. Two microwave images, at 24 and 10 GHz of a panel containing five different fiberglass specimens are presented.     

复配稀土改性剂对MGF/PTFE复合材料性能的影响

采用稀土改性剂(RES)与硅烷偶联剂(PTMS)按不同组分配比对磨碎玻璃纤维(MGF)表面进行改性处理,将改性后的磨碎玻璃纤维粉末与聚四氟乙烯分散液机械混合,然后热压制得复合材料。探讨了复配稀土改性剂对MGF/PTFE复合材料介电性能、热膨胀系数(CTE)、热导率的影响。采用FTIR手段对稀土改性剂未改性的磨碎玻璃纤维和改性后的磨碎玻璃纤维的结构进行了测试,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合材料的断口形貌进行分析。结果表明,复配改性剂能很好地促进MGF与PTFE之间的界面粘结,提高MGF/PTFE复合材料的性能。当RES、PTMS的含量分别为0.3%(质量分数)、1.7%(质量分数)时,MGF/PTFE复合材料的性能最好。     

相容剂对长玻纤增强热塑性聚氨酯弹性体/聚乳酸复合材料性能的影响

采用熔体浸渍工艺制备长玻纤增强热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)/聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料;以苯乙烯-丙烯腈接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(SAG)作为相容剂,热塑性弹性体聚氨酯作为增韧剂,聚乳酸为基体树脂,考察苯乙烯-丙烯腈接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯用量对长玻璃纤维增强聚TPU/PLA复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,加入苯乙烯-丙烯腈接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯能改善长玻璃纤维增强聚TPU/PLA复合材料的相容性;长玻璃纤维增强聚TPU/PLA复合材料的拉伸强度、缺口冲击强度、弯曲强度和模量等力学性能及储能模量随着苯乙烯-丙烯腈接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,而长玻璃纤维增强聚TPU/PLA复合材料的损耗因子则随苯乙烯-丙烯腈接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯含量的增加呈现降低后增加的趋势;通过复合材料的形态分析表明,加入相容剂的复合材料中玻璃纤维与基体树脂界面强度增加,且玻璃纤维表面有一层包覆的树脂基体;通过分析得出,当相容剂添加量为6%时,长玻璃纤维增强聚TPU/PLA复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和模量、缺口冲击强度等力学性能最优。     

Microwave Diagnosis of Low-Density Fiberglass Composites with Resin Binder

Abstract

Dielectric properties of low-density fiberglass composites are studied at microwave frequencies and are related to the resin binder content and state of cure. A completely filled short-circuited waveguide method is used to study the dielectric properties of fresh and slightly cured resin binder (used in the production of low-density fiberglass composite materials) in the frequency range of 4–18 GHz. The preliminary results indicate that the dielectric properties of resin binder may be used to determine its state of cure. The same measurement approach is used to determine the dielectric properties of fiberglass materials containing uncured resin binder, no resin binder, and three different levels of resin binder. It is found that the dielectric properties of these low-permittivity and low-loss materials are very similar. Consequently, to distinguish among real fiberglass products with different resin binder levels, an open-ended rectangular waveguide measurement approach is used. This technique allows for noncontact and on-line inspection. The standoff distance is utilized as an optimization parameter increasing the sensitivity of detection to slight dielectric property variations. Two microwave images at 24 and 10 GHz of a panel containing five different fiberglass specimens are presented.     

A study on the curing and viscoelastic characteristics of melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin in the presence of aluminium silicate nanoclays

Low viscosity melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resin for wood impregnation was synthesized and mixed with layered silicate nanoclays. Ball-milling of the nanoclays was performed to have a better dispersion of the nanoclays into the MUF resin. The effect of nanofillers both milled and unmilled, on the curing and viscoelastic properties of the MUF was investigated, using differential scanning calorimetry and dynamical mechanical thermal analysis methods. Two exotherms were observed during the MUF curing process. The apparent activation energy was lowered for the first exotherm at lower temperature, while increased for the second exotherm, with the addition of nanoclays into the MUF. Ball-milling of nanofillers resulted in an increased apparent activation energy and longer gel time for the milled organophilic nanoclay/MUF, but shorter gel time and better dynamic mechanical properties of the milled hydrophilic nanofiller/MUF, as compared to the correspondingly unmilled nanofiller/MUF systems. The storage modulus of all the nanofiller/MUF resins was considerably increased as compared to the neat MUF resin. This improvement is, however, more obvious for the surface modified layered silicate/MUF system, due to more compatible functional-groups grafted onto the nanoclays, and stronger layered silicate/MUF matrix adhesion, thus better performances were observed for the resulting nanoclay/MUF composites.     

聚丙烯/聚烯烃弹性体/硅灰石复合材料的制备与热学力学性能

采用熔融共混的方法制备聚丙烯(PP)/聚烯烃弹性体(POE)/硅灰石(Wollastonite)复合材料,利用万能材料试验机、悬臂梁冲击机、差热扫描量热仪(DSC)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了聚烯烃弹性体和硅灰石对聚丙烯的力学性能及热性能的影响。结果表明,POE弹性体对PP有很好的增韧作用,提高了PP的冲击强度,硅灰石在一定程度上有增强的作用,提高了PP/POE的拉伸强度;POE和硅灰石使复合材料的结晶温度有所提高,但使熔点有所降低。当POE占3%(质量分数,下同),硅灰石占3%时,复合材料的热学、力学性能最优,冲击强度比纯PP高出15.4%,拉伸强度高出2.6%,结晶温度高出5℃。     

多壁碳纳米管的化学修饰及其增强环氧树脂复合材料的性能

研究原生多壁碳纳米管和己二胺修饰的多壁碳纳米管分别对环氧树脂的增强作用。用SEM、FT-IR及XPS对修饰前后的碳纳米管进行的表征表明,所用的方法可以在碳纳米管的表面接上己二胺。研究发现,修饰后的碳纳米管比原生碳纳米管对环氧树脂有更明显的增强作用。修饰后的碳管含量为2%时,拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和冲击强度比纯环氧树脂分别提高79.7%、160.4%和188.2%。     

Microstructure–properties relationship in ceramic–elastomer composites with 3D connectivity of phases

The ceramic–elastomer composites with 3D phase connectivity were tested under compressive loads. Such composites exhibit high initial strength and stiffness with the ability to sustain large deformations. Samples of the composites were made of porous SiO₂ ceramic matrix infiltrated by polyurethane elastomer. The ceramic matrix preforms used differed in the porosity and three different composite microstructures have been obtained. Selected parameters of microstructure composites were evaluated using image analysis. The compressive strength and capacity for energy absorption are characterized under various strain rates (0.001–235 s⁻¹). It was found that stress–strain characteristic depends on the strain rate and the specific interface area (Sv). Pore size and the specific interface area have a strong effect on the compressive strength of composites and these parameters can be used for tailoring their mechanical properties. The acoustic emission was applied to identify stages in the process of microstructure damage during compression. The interpretation of damage stages was proposed, which also explains the character of the stress–strain curves.