Influences of welding parameters on mechanical properties of AZ31 friction stir spot welds

Abstract

In this study, the influence of welding parameters, including tool rotational speed, plunge rate and dwell time, on the overlap tensile shear properties of AZ31 friction stir spot welds was investigated. The microstructures in stir zones and fracture surfaces were observed using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. The bonded width and h value (the distance from the tip of the partially bonded region to the top of the weld surface) were measured. The results indicated that larger bonded width and higher h value of the AZ31 weld result in better mechanical property. It is proposed that high tensile shear loads are produced when the tool rotational speed range of 1500–2250 rev min^?1 and 1 s dwell time are applied during the friction stir spot welding of AZ31. The plunge rate range from 2·5 to 10 mm s^?1 has insignificant influence on the tensile shear load of AZ31 joints under the present conditions. The failure mode changes from interfacial to pullout when the tool rotational speed is >2250 rev min^?1. The fracture feature of AZ31 welds is brittle fracture.     

Effect of pin rotating speed on lap shear strength of stationary shoulder friction stir lap welded 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy

Stationary shoulder friction stir lap welding (SSFSLW) was successfully used to weld 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy in this paper.Effect of pin rotating speed on cross section morphologies and lap shear strength of the SSFSLW joints were mainly discussed.Results show that joints without flash and shoulder marks can be obtained by the stationary shoulder.Cross section of the SSFSLW joint presents a basin-like morphology and little material loss.By increasing the rotating speed from 1 000 rpm to 1 600 rpm,both effective sheet thickness and lap width increase,while lap shear failure load firstly decreases and then increases.The maximum failure load of 14.05 kN is attained when 1 000 rpm is used.All SSFSLW joints present shear fracture mode.     

阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针对2A12-T4铝合金 FSLW接头力学性能的影响

搅拌针上螺纹分布情况会对搅拌摩擦焊接头内部材料流动行为产生重要影响,进而影响接头成形及力学性能. 采用锥形螺纹搅拌针和阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针进行2A12-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接焊试验,对比分析了两种搅拌针下搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头横截面形貌、显微组织、拉剪性能及接头断裂位置. 结果表明,两种搅拌针下接头横截面形貌均呈现“碗状”. 然而,在阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针焊接下搭接界面后退侧出现特有的“括号”形貌. 相对于锥形螺纹搅拌针,阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针下的接头热力影响区与热影响区晶粒分布相差不大,但焊核区晶粒细化程度更加明显;接头在焊接速度80 mm/min下可获得最大拉剪性能,其值为10.39 kN. 阶梯形正反螺纹搅拌针下接头界面后退侧出现的“括号”形貌阻碍了裂纹向焊核区进一步扩展,断裂模式表现为拉伸断裂.     

Microstructure,static and fatigue properties of refill friction stir spot welded 7075-T6 aluminium alloy using a modified tool

ABSTRACT

Defect-free joints were produced in 2.0?mm thick 7075-T6 Al alloy by refill friction stir spot welding using a modified tool. Weld performance was evaluated in terms of microstructure, interfacial bonding, hardness, static and fatigue strength based on the experimental observations. The results indicated that grain size, interfacial bonding quality and lap shear strength significantly depend on sleeve penetration depth (SPD), with sufficient interfacial bonding and stable lap shear strength achieved when SPD?≥?1.8?mm. The SPD and applied load played a dominant role in determining the static lap shear and fatigue failure mechanisms, respectively. More precisely, the lap shear failure mode was an interfacial failure when SPD?≤?1.8?mm, and nugget pullout when SPD?≥?2.0?mm. The fatigue fracture mode involved nugget pullout under high applied load, while fracture through the parent sheet occurs under medium and lower applied loads.     

Effect of Sleeve Plunge Depth on Interface/Mechanical Characteristics in Refill Friction Stir Spot Welded Joint

Refill friction stir spot welding was employed to produce 6061-T6 aluminum alloy joints with different sleeve plunge depths.The interface characteristics of joint-line remnant and hook are investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy.The joint-line remnant consists of primary bonding region and secondary bonding region,and two types of hook can be identified as downward hook and upward hook.Tensile shear results demonstrate that joint-line remnant and hook make interaction effects on tensile shear properties.The optimal joint is achieved when sleeve plunge depth was 2.0 mm with the corresponding failure load of 8673.4 N.Three different types of fracture mode are exhibited in joints produced at different sleeve plunge depths,which are closely related with the morphology of interface characteristics.     

Effect of hook characteristics on the fracture behaviour of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminium alloy and mild steel sheets

ABSTRACT

Under tensile shear loading, fracture modes of dissimilar lap welds produced by friction stir scribe technology were studied. Three fracture modes were observed. For zone A fracture, the initial crack was restrained, and the joint ultimately fractured in the base mild steel. For zone B fracture, the initial crack progressed through the aluminium sheet just above the Al/steel interface. For zone C fracture, the initial crack proceeded along the steel hook to the aluminium sheet surface. Fracture mode and joint strength were greatly influenced by steel hook size, and the steel hook size was affected by welding parameters and tool scribe height. In this study, the experimental joint strength achieved the calculated joint load limit.     

Effects of pin diameter on microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints

Abstract

The effects of pin diameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints were investigated using microstructural observations, tensile tests and microhardness tests. The results showed that with an increase in the pin diameter, the height and width of the curved interface in the friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints increased because of the strong effect of stirring and high temperature obtained when large sized pins were adopted. An increase in the pin diameter led to the coarsening of α-Mg grains in the stir zone, thermomechanical affected zone and heat affected zone because of heat generation, resulting in the decrease in microhardness of stir zone, thermomechanical affected zone and heat affected zone. The tensile shear force of the friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints increased with the increase in pin diameter because the height and width of the curved interface dominated the failure of the specimens.     

高强铝合金可变转速回填式搅拌摩擦点焊温度场及接头组织性能调控

针对7B04-T74铝合金,采用可变转速回填式搅拌摩擦点焊(variable rotation speed-refill friction stir spot welding, V-RFSSW)新方法开展了数值仿真及试验研究. 结果表明,V-RFSSW温度场围绕搅拌头轴线呈圆形对称分布,焊点高温区域集中在搅拌套空腔内部. 与扎入阶段转速相同的常规回填式搅拌摩擦点焊(refill friction stir spot welding, RFSSW)相比,V-RFSSW新方法既可在扎入阶段使材料充分塑化,以保证焊点成形,同时,通过降低回填阶段搅拌头转速降低焊接峰值温度及高温停留时间,抑制组分液化的发生,避免了共晶相的生成. V-RFSSW与常规RFSSW接头显微硬度均呈“W”形分布,且扎入阶段转速相同的情况下V-RFSSW接头搅拌区平均硬度更高. 在拉剪载荷下两种接头均以“纽扣”形式发生断裂,其中V-RFSSW接头拉剪失效载荷为8835 N,高于RFSSW接头的8162 N.     

铝/钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊焊接性分析

采用自行设计的无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊方法对6061铝合金和DP600镀锌钢进行点焊(钢上铝下),利用扫描电镜、能谱仪及拉伸试验对接头的微观组织和力学性能进行研究.结果表明,搅拌头旋转频率为1200 r/min、预热时间为6 s和搅拌针长度为3.2 mm时,接头抗剪载荷可达11.2 kN.接头表面平整美观无匙孔;接头由搅拌区和扩散区组成,搅拌区内钢以弯钩状分布嵌入铝基体,形成牢固的机械连接;扩散区内铝和钢依靠界面上的金属间化合物连接,连接方式为冶金结合.接头断裂位置为扩散区化合物层与铝基体界面处,断口呈河流状的解理台阶,属于脆性断裂.     

汽车用镁/钢异种金属冷金属过渡点焊工艺特性

采用冷金属过渡的方法对AZ31B变形镁合金和镀锌钢板进行搭接点焊试验,运用正交试验法优化工艺参数,同时利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和万能拉伸试验机对焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能进行研究.结果表明,运用冷金属过渡方法能够获得成形美观和性能良好的焊接接头;工艺参数显著性顺序为镀锌钢板孔径大小、送丝速度、点焊时间;接头为典型的点熔钎焊接头,由钎焊结合区和熔焊结合区组成;接头的抗拉剪载荷可达3.12 kN,远大于相同尺寸下镁镁点焊试样的抗拉剪载荷,接头的断裂方式为剪切型断裂和撕裂型断裂.     

Development of solver system for FEM analysis of solder joints

This study was aimed at establishment of a model that can predict tensile shear strength and fracture portion of laser-welded lap joints in the tensile test. To clear the influence of bead length and bead width on them, the joints that used steel sheets with a thickness in the range of 0.8–1.2 mm were evaluated. It was found that the tensile shear strength increases with the bead size, and the fracture occurs at base metal (BM), weld metal (WM) or a portion between them with a curvature heat-affected zone (HAZ), in the tensile test. Also to clarify the rotational deformation process around WM during the tensile test, cross-sections of joints were observed, which were applied to several loads in the tensile test. This observation derived the relationship between the radius, R_i, at the inner plane of the HAZ and the rotational angle at the centre of the sheet thickness. Furthermore, the relationship between Ri and the applied load was obtained by linear regression. A plastic analysis for deformation of the joints was carried out based on these functions and some assumptions. These assumptions consider that the joint consists of BM, WM and HAZ, which are under a simplified stress mode. Finally, estimation of the tensile shear strength and the fracture portion of the joints was achieved. This estimation made good accordance with the experimental results.     

Process and joint quality of ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir lap welding

In order to improve the process effectiveness and joint quality, ultrasonic vibrations were integrated with friction stir lap welding. Effect of ultrasonic exertion on the process and joint quality of AA 6061-T6 were investigated. Upon ultrasonic exertion, joints owned larger effective lap width, shorter hooks and improved strength. Weld fracture mode changed from a ductile–brittle mixed mode to a more ductile mode while the fracture path shifted from lap interface to beyond the stir zone. Material flow and interface defects were characterised using lap welded dissimilar aluminium alloy joints. Ultrasonic vibration improved the material flow and reduced the interfacial defects. Variations in failure load of joints were found in accordance with the variations in material flow and interfacial defects.     

转速对2060铝锂合金RFSSW接头成形及拉剪性能的影响

以2060铝锂合金为研究对象，进行了回填式搅拌摩擦点焊试验，研究了不同转速下接头内部成形及其与拉伸性能的关系. 结果表明，点焊接头在不同转速下出现了未完全回填缺陷、孔洞缺陷及向下弯曲的钩状结构. 未完全回填缺陷与孔洞缺陷在低转速与高转速下易出现，钩状结构向下弯曲且随转速的增加其高度先增加再减小. 拉剪载荷随转速的提高先增加再降低；在转速为2 200 r/min时，接头拉剪载荷达到9 800 N. 拉剪试样的断裂方式均为剪切断裂，断裂位置可分为三类:沿搭接界面断裂、沿套筒作用区底部断裂及沿包含两者的混合断裂.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir-Welded Mg-2Nd-0.3Zn-0.4Zr Magnesium Alloy

A 2 mm thick Mg-2Nd-0.3Zn-0.4Zr (NZ20K) and AZ31 plates were friction stir welded. The microstructures of joint were compared and the tensile properties at room temperature and 200 °C were measured. The fracture features and the microhardness of joints were investigated. The effect of the strengthening phases in NZ20K joint was discussed compared with AZ31 joint. The results indicate that NZ20K shows better property especially at high-temperature environment. The grain of NZ20K in the nugget zone (NZ) is refined obviously with uniform distribution of strengthening phase particles and it shows clear boundary between NZ and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). The grains of TMAZ are elongated because of the stir action of tool pin. The heat-affected zone is narrow with coarse grains. Mg₁₂Nd is the main strengthening phase in NZ20K joint through XRD analysis. The ultimate tensile strength of NZ20K joint decreases a little from room temperature to 200 °C for its main strengthening phase particle-Mg₁₂Nd being stable when the temperature goes up. On the contrast, the ultimate tensile strength of AZ31 joint decreases a lot at 200 °C for its strengthening phase soften or dissolve at high temperature. The hardness of NZ20K joint is higher than AZ31 joint and the lowest hardness of both joints is achieved on the advancing side where the fracture occurred.     

半螺纹搅拌针对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦搭接焊力学性能影响

作为影响搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）过程中塑性材料上下流动的重要因素,搅拌针螺纹形貌同样对搅拌摩擦搭接焊（FSLW）的材料流动和力学性能有着重要影响.为研究半螺纹搅拌针对FSLW接头显微组织和力学性能的影响,文中将全螺纹搅拌针和半螺纹搅拌针用于包铝2024铝合金FSLW试验,并对不同搅拌针作用下的FSLW接头的横截面形貌、剪切拉伸载荷、断裂位置等方面进行分析对比.结果表明,半螺纹搅拌针会使钩状缺陷向下弯曲,从而使FSLW接头具有较大的有效板材厚度以及搭接宽度.断裂模式同为剪切断裂,但半螺纹搅拌针作用下的FSLW接头拥有更大的拉断载荷.     

Static shear strength and fatigue life of refill friction stir spot welded AA 6061-T6 sheets

This study was aimed at evaluating the static shear strength and fatigue properties of the newly developed refilled friction stir spot welded AA 6061-T6 joints. The keyhole, the process disadvantage of conventional friction stir spot welding, was refilled successfully, using an additional filler plate, with specially designed tools. Two different tool profiles, namely, convex and concave, were used for the refilling process. Sound and defect free joints were obtained by the refilling process. Joints refilled with convex tools showed better static shear strength than those with the concave ones. The variation of microhardness in different regions of the weld was analysed. Fatigue tests were conducted on the lap shear specimens at a stress ratio of R?=?0·1. The optical micrographs of the welds after fatigue failure in both the conventional and refilled processes were examined to study the fatigue crack propagation and failure modes.     

回填时间对RFSSW接头断裂行为的影响

为研究回填时间对回填式搅拌摩擦点焊接头断裂模式和断裂机理的影响,对上下板厚度分别为1.5 mm和2 mm的LY12铝合金板材进行了点焊试验,并对焊后接头进行拉剪试验.结果表明,当回填时间较短时,套筒作用区与热力影响区间界面上的原子扩散效果差,甚至在近表面附近出现开裂,导致接头的剪切-塞型断裂.当回填时间足够长时,焊接接头的断裂模式转化为剪切断裂,裂纹主要沿着上下板搭接面扩展.同时,显微结构、硬度与断口形貌的试验结果验证了文中对断裂机制的解释.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of friction spot welded Alclad 7B04-T74 aluminium alloy

Two millimetre thick Alclad 7B04-T74 aluminium alloy was friction spot welded at different tool rotation speeds. The weld formation, Alclad redistribution, microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. The results indicate that inappropriate tool rotation speeds can give rise to weld defects, such as annular groove, void and surface concavity. After welding, the original surface Alclad is redistributed as a U shaped Alclad layer in the weld. When the tool rotation speed is relatively high, eutectic films can be observed in the stir zone, and the Alclad layer in the weld is a preferred crack propagation path during tensile shear testing. The optimised joint with a tensile shear failure load of 11?921 N can be obtained at a tool rotation speed of 1500 rev min^?1.     

ABS塑料与6082铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊工艺及机理

针对2 mm厚的ABS塑料板和6082-T6铝合金进行搅拌摩擦点焊可焊性试验,并将成形较好的试件的横截面的形貌进行了观察分析,并对其进行力学性能的测试.结果表明,将铝合金板放在上,塑料板放在下的搭接方式可以实现良好的连接;最优工艺参数为搅拌头旋转速度为400 r/min,焊接时间为30 s,所得焊接接头的抗拉剪载荷最大为3.31 kN;点焊接头有两种断裂模式.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar spot friction stir welded Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 bulk metallic glass to pure copper

A Zr₅₅Cu₃₀Al₁₀Ni₅ bulk metallic glass (BMG) plate with thickness of 2 mm was successfully spot friction stir welded to a commercial pure Cu plate. Microstructural characterization revealed that some serrations formed at the edge of the BMG plate and some nano-sized nucleuses were dispersed in the BMG side along the Cu/BMG joint interface. In the upper Cu side close to the keyhole, some blocky and strip-like BMG fragments were embedded in the Cu matrix. As a result, significantly elongated Cu grains with width of about 200 nm were formed between the strip-like BMG fragments. Shear tensile tests showed that the Cu/BMG spot joints fractured at a maximum load of about 2300 N through the stir zone pullout fracture mode.