皂化P204微乳液膜处理含锌废水的研究

研究以皂化P204为载体的微乳液膜配方及其稳定性.采用P204/Span80/煤油/NaOH微乳体系萃取废水中Zn^2＋,考察了P204与煤油和Span80的质量比、NaOH的浓度、乳水比、外水相pH值、油相重复使用次数等因素对Zn^2＋萃取率的影响.结果表明,当P204与煤油的质量比为1：2.5,P204与Span80的质量比为1：1,NaOH浓度为1.5mol/L,乳水比为1：4（体积比）,废水pH值为5.5时,萃取10min,P204/煤油/NaOH微乳液膜对Zn^2＋萃取率可达99.72%,P204/Span80/煤油/NaOH微乳液膜对Zn^2＋萃取率可达99.98%,微乳液膜不仅稳定性好、萃取效率高,而且工艺简单、膜相可自动破乳、油相可重复使用.     

乳化液膜法提取废水中的6-APA

针对6-氨基青霉烷酸(6-APA)母液结晶后剩余的废水,设计了乳化液膜体系来处理废水中的6-APA,以三辛胺作为载体,研究了乳化液中的溶剂类型、载体浓度、内相浓度、油内比〔V(油相)∶V(内相),下同〕、外相p H、乳水比〔V(乳状液膜)∶V(外相),下同〕、传质搅拌速率等因素对6-APA提取效果的影响。结果表明:在乳化液中以煤油为膜溶剂(体积分数为88%)、三辛胺体积分数为5%、液体石蜡体积分数为1%、表面活性剂Span80体积分数为6%、内相Na2CO3质量分数为5%、油内比为2∶1、外相p H=5.5~6.5、乳水比为1∶4、传质搅拌速率为300~350 r/min、反应时间为30 min时,经一级乳化液膜分离之后,6-APA的提取率可达72.9%,二次提取率可达93%以上。乳化液的离心破乳率可达65.2%,破乳后的有机相可重复利用5次,对6-APA的提取率仍可达68%以上。     

煤油-司班80-氢氧化钠液膜分离氨基苯酚的研究

对煤油-司班80-氢氧化钠乳化液膜处理氨基苯酚(邻、间、对氨基苯酚)水溶液的过程作了系统研究,当液膜质量百分比组成为煤油95%,Span 80 5%,内水相的质量百分比浓度为2.5%,油内比1∶1,乳水比1∶5(均为体积比),乳水混合搅拌速率为200 r/min,萃取时间为20 min时,对氨基苯酚脱除率可达75%以上。     

乳状液膜法提取浓海水中溴的研究

采用乳状液膜对海水中溴进行提取分离,考查了表面活性剂的用量、内水相浓度、乳水比、油内比等因素对提取性能的影响。结果表明,以民用煤油为溶剂,0.54%体积分数的L-113A为表面活性剂,内相为0.05 mol/L的Na2CO3,油内比为1:1,制乳时间为18 min,萃取接触时间为8 min,乳水比1:40,浓海水溴的提取率达到99.4%,表明乳状液膜能有效的从海水中提取溴。     

煤油-石蜡-司班80-氢氧化钠乳化液膜处理水中的苯二酚

对煤油-石蜡-Span80-NaOH乳化液膜处理苯二酚(对、邻、间苯二酚)水溶液的过程作了系统研究,当液膜组成为煤油85%、Span80 5%、石蜡10%、NaOH浓度为5%(均为质量百分比),油内比1∶1,乳水比1∶5(均为体积比),制乳速度为2500 r/min,乳水混合搅拌速率为250 r/min,萃取时间为20 min的条件下,苯二酚脱除率可达94%以上。     

P_(204)/Span80/煤油/NaOH微乳体系萃取分离Ni~(2+)的研究

研究了以皂化P204和Span80为混合表面活性剂的微乳液配方及其稳定性,通过P204/Span80/煤油/NaOH微乳体系萃取分离N i2+的研究,考察了P204与煤油和Span80的质量比、NaOH的浓度、乳水比、外水相pH值、油相重复使用次数等因素对N i2+萃取率的影响。结果表明,当P204与煤油的质量比为1∶2.5,P204与Span80的质量比为1∶1,NaOH浓度为1.5 mol/L,乳水比为1∶5(体积比),废水pH值为5.5时,萃取10 m in,该微乳体系对N i2+萃取率可达99.9%。该微乳体系具有稳定性好、工艺简单、成本低、萃取效率高等优点。     

乳状液膜法萃取废水中氰化物的特性

针对氰化废水的特点,以三正辛胺（TOA）为载体、煤油为膜溶剂、液体石蜡为膜助剂、NaOH水溶液为内水相,采用乳状液膜技术处理工业废水中的氰化物。重点考察了表面活性剂用量、流动载体用量、内相液NaOH浓度等因素对氰化物萃取率的影响规律。研究结果表明：当TOA体积分数为2%、表面活性剂Span-80体积分数为3%、液体石蜡体积分数为1%、内水相NaOH质量分数为2%、油内比为1︰1、乳水比为1︰7、萃取时间为15min时,氰化废水中氰化物的萃取率达到95%以上。在实验得出的最优条件下,考察最优条件对初始浓度不同的实际废水的适用范围,分别对初始浓度为322.23mg/L、483.35mg/L、644.46mg/L和966.70mg/L的氰化废水进行处理,可得该体系下处理氰化废水的较佳的浓度范围为300～500mg/L,氰化废水中氰化物的萃取率可达到95%以上。综上所述,乳状液膜法在工业上具有良好的应用前景。     

乳状液膜分离提取荷叶中3种生物碱

建立了用W/O型乳状液膜分离提取荷叶中3种生物碱——N-去甲基荷叶碱、O-去甲基荷叶碱和荷叶碱的方法。通过对迁移时间、表面活性剂Span 80用量、载体D2EHPA浓度、油内比、乳水比和内水相盐酸浓度的优化,获得了高效的液膜体系,为:迁移时间2.5 min,表面活性剂Span 80的质量分数为3.0%,载体D2EHPA的浓度为0.01 mol/L,油内比为10∶6,乳水比为10∶60,内水相盐酸浓度为0.2 mol/L。在优化的实验条件下,对荷叶中3种生物碱N-去甲基荷叶碱、O-去甲基荷叶碱和荷叶碱的萃取率分别达到了95.6%、100%和97.9%,相应的富集因子依次为8.73、8.50和8.04。说明该乳状液膜体系能够很好地分离提取荷叶中的N-去甲基荷叶碱、O-去甲基荷叶碱和荷叶碱。     

海水为脱硫介质乳状液膜法烟气脱硫的研究

采用煤油作膜溶剂,L-113B作表面活性剂,Ca（OH）2为内相液,海水为外相液,对乳状液膜体系进行了烟气脱硫的研究。还通过实验考察了表面活性剂的用量、外相液浓度、油内比、乳水比等对脱硫效率的影响。通过正交实验确定了在最佳条件下,烟气脱硫效率可达98.86%。     

乳状液膜法分离富集废旧镍镉电池中的镉

该文介绍了乳状液膜法分离富集废旧镍镉电池中的镉离子。乳状液膜主要由溶剂(煤油)、表面活性剂(Span80)、载体〔二(2-乙基己基)膦酸,P204〕和内水相氨水组成。对影响镉离子渗透和分离过程的重要变量进行了考察,分析了乳状液膜的载体体积分数、外水相pH、搅拌时间、乳水比(乳液与外水相体积比)及Span80体积分数对镍镉分离效果的影响,从而选择出最佳的分离条件为:φ(P204)=4.4%,φ(Span80)=8.8%,pH=5.5,乳水比0.5,搅拌时间10min。用此乳状液膜进行100L反应釜的工业放大实验,镉的迁移率可达93.3%,而镍的迁移率仅为14.6%。     

Efficient recovery of phenol from phenolic wastewater by emulsion liquid membrane

The recovery of phenol from phenolic wastewater by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was investigated. The W/O emulsion was prepared with kerosene, Span−80, carrier, liquid paraffin, and NaOH solution. The effects of NaOH concentration, oil–internal solution ratio, shearing speed, Span−80 concentration, and carrier type and concentration on emulsion breakage were studied. In the single factor experiments of stability of W/O emulsion, the lowest percentages of emulsion breakage were achieved at a NaOH concentration of 0.03 g/ml, an oil–internal solution ratio of 2:1, a shearing speed of 1500 r/min, a Span−80 concentration of 8%, a tributyl phosphate (TBP) concentration of 0.8%, and an ethyl acetate concentration of 0.8%, respectively. Then, the effects of nine factors on extraction efficiencies of phenol were investigated. This indicated that the effects of shearing speed, oil-internal solution ratio, emulsion-external solution ratio, liquid paraffin concentration, and mixing speed on extraction efficiencies of phenol were limited. However, the carrier concentration, NaOH concentration, Span−80 concentration, and phenol concentration had important impacts on the extraction efficiency of phenol. The extraction efficiency of phenol could reach 99.7%. Besides, the results of orthogonal experiments indicated that during the extraction of phenol by ELM, the order of importance of factors was NaOH concentration > emulsion-external solution ratio > volume fraction of Span−80 > volume fraction of TBP. After extraction, the recycled emulsion with Span−80 could not easily be effectively demulsified through heating, which only provided the highest demulsification efficiency of 18.2%. However, the recycled emulsion could be effectively demulsified through centrifugation, which could get the highest demulsification efficiency of 86% at a centrifugal rotational speed of 2000 r/min and a centrifugal time of 25 min.     

Amoxicillin Extraction from Aqueous Solution by Emulsion Liquid Membranes Using Response Surface Methodology

The extraction of amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs) was investigated for the first time. The liquid membrane phase of the ELM consisted of Aliquat 336 as carrier, Span 80 as surfactant, n‐hexane as diluent, and sodium chloride solution as internal phase. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was applied to evaluate and optimize the effects of several parameters such as carrier concentration, feed concentration, internal phase concentration, and treat ratio (volume ratio of the external phase to the emulsion phase). A polynomial model was fitted to predict the extraction yield of AMX. Under optimized conditions, the highest extraction yield of AMX was 99.8 %.     

Separation of cadmium(II) from spent nickel/cadmium battery by emulsion liquid membrane

Experiments were conducted to investigate the separation of cadmium(II) from spent nickel/cadmium battery by emulsion liquid membrane. Liquid membrane mainly consisted of a diluent (kerosene), a surfactant (Span 80), a carrier (di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid, D2EHPA) and an internal phase (sulfuric acid). Main research effort was focused on the identification of optimal parameters affecting the separation process, such as D2EHPA (4.4 vol%), Span 80 (6.6 vol%), pH in the external phase (3.0), treat ratio (0.4), agitation time (10 min), and sulfuric acid concentration (1500 mol / m³). With the selected emulsion liquid membrane to separate cadmium(II) from the leaching solution of spent nickel/cadmium battery, the fraction extracted of cadmium(II) ions (0.963) was much more than that of nickel(II) ions (0.026). The organic membrane phase after demulsification was re‐mulsification and recycled up to eight times.     

Easy removing of phenol from wastewater using vegetable oil-based organic solvent in emulsion liquid membrane process

Phenol is considered as pollutant due to its toxicity and carcinogenic effect.Thus,variety of innovative methods for separation and recovery of phenolic compounds is developed in order to remove the unwanted phenol from wastewater and obtain valuable phenolic compound.One of potential method is extraction using green based liquid organic solvent.Therefore,the feasibility of using palm oil was investigated.In this research,palm oil based organic phase was used as diluents to treat a simulated wastewater containing 300×10~(-6) of phenol solution using emulsion liquid membrane process(ELM).The stability of water-in-oil(W/O) emulsion on diluent composition and the parameters affecting the phenol removal efficiency and stability of the emulsion;such as emulsification speed,emulsification time,agitation speed,surfactant concentration,pH of external phase,contact time,stripping agent concentration and treat ratio were carried out.The results of ELM study showed that at ratio7 to 3 of palm oil to kerosene,5 min and 1300 r·min~(-1) of emulsification process the stabile primary emulsion were formed.Also,no carrier is needed to facilitate the phenol extraction.In experimental conditions of500 r·min~(-1) of agitation speed,3%Span 80,pH 8 of external phase,5 min of contact time,0.1 mol·L~(-1) NaOH as stripping agent and 1:10 of treat ratio,the ELM process was very promising for removing the phenol from the wastewater.The extraction performance at about 83%of phenol was removed for simulated wastewater and an enrichment of phenol in recovery phase as phenolate compound was around 11 times.     

Zinc and Copper Separation through an Emulsion Liquid Membrane Containing Di‐(2‐Ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid as a Carrier

The separation of zinc and copper ions from sulfuric acid solutions by an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM), using di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as a carrier, has been investigated. The batch extraction of zinc and copper was carried out while varying a selection of experimental conditions, i.e., stirring speed, treatment ratio, concentrations of metal ions in the feed phase, carrier and Span 80 concentration in the membrane, and internal phase concentration. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of D2EHPA as a carrier for the separation of zinc and copper from sulfuric acid media using an ELM. An increase of the D2EHPA concentration beyond 2 vol.‐% does not result in the improved extraction of zinc because the viscosities of the membrane and emulsion have a trend to increase for higher carrier concentrations. It was found that the extraction rate of copper was affected by the carrier concentration in the liquid membrane and by the pH and metal content in the external phase. A 3 vol.‐% concentration of surfactant in the organic phase was required to stabilize the emulsion. The number of stages required for the extraction of zinc and copper by an ELM was determined from McCabe‐Thiele plots.     

药物载体淀粉微球的制备及表征

选用V(环己烷)∶V(三氯甲烷)=4∶1构成混合油相,淀粉水溶液为水相,m(Span 60)∶m(Tween 60)=3∶2复配为乳化剂,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为预交联剂,环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,采用反相乳液聚合方法制备了淀粉微球;用粒度分析仪、扫描电镜、红外光谱等对产物进行了表征。结果表明,淀粉微球平均粒径为14.7μm,83%分布在6~30μm,球形圆整,表面光滑致密,可作为良好的药物载体和吸附剂。通过单因素实验和正交设计实验考察了制备条件对微球理化性质的影响,推导出平均粒径与主要影响因素之间的多项回归方程,以期通过优化工艺条件实现对微球制备的预测和控制。     

Study and Optimization of Amino Acid Extraction by Emulsion Liquid Membrane

Abstract

A batch extraction of an essential amino acid, phenylalanine, from an aqueous solution of different concentrations by an Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) was developed using D2EHPA as a cationic carrier, Span 80 as the surfactant, paraffin, and kerosene as the diluents, and HCl as the internal electrolyte. All effective parameters such as the initial pH of the aqueous external phase, the electrolyte concentration in the aqueous internal phase, carrier, and surfactant concentration in the emulsion, the volume ratio of the organic to aqueous internal phase (Roi), the volume ratio of the W/O emulsion to the aqueous external phase (Rew) and time were examined and optimized using the Taguchi method. Applying the Taguchi method to analyze the experimental results, the effects and contribution of each of the factors on the extraction efficiency were obtained. The results obtained from the experiments illustrated that with a stable emulsion, by optimizing all the effective parameters, a considerable amount of phenylalanine can be extracted in a short time with an acceptable ratio of swelling and breakage.     

乳状液膜系统稳定性的显微研究及Cr(VI)离子分离效率分析

采用毛细显微摄像技术,对乳状液膜系统的稳定性进行了微观研究并分析了稳定性对液膜分离效率的影响. 实验中将含重金属离子Cr(VI)的工业废水作为外水相,采用TBP-Span80-煤油体系作为油膜相,NaOH溶液作为内水相,制备了单个W1/O/W2型双重乳液颗粒系统,通过显微镜直观、实时地观察不同组成的双重乳液系统的稳定性,同时采用此乳状液膜体系对废水中的Cr(VI)进行了去除实验,将实验与机理研究相结合,通过研究pH值、表面活性剂、载体及内水相组成等对乳状液膜稳定性和Cr(VI)提取率的影响,阐明了液膜稳定性与液膜法去除Cr(VI)的分离效率之间的内在联系. 实验结果表明,在选择条件下,经过一次性处理10 min后,Cr(VI)的提取率可达99.3%以上,残余质量浓度降至0.5 mg/L,达到国家排放标准.     

环境水样中痕量氟的液膜富集与测定

用N235作流动载体,Span80作表面活性剂的乳化液膜富集环境水样中的氟,研究了载体和表面活性剂的用量、油内比、乳水比、外相初始pH等因素对氟回收率的影响。实验结果表明,当载体体积分数5%、表面活性剂体积分数3%、油内比1∶1、内相NH4Cl质量浓度3%、水样初始pH 8、乳水比1∶5时,氟的回收率可达99.5%以上。考察了20多种共存离子的影响,结果表明方法具有良好的选择性。运用该法富集、测定环境水样中的F-,相对标准偏差<3.4%,加标回收率为95.5%～103.3%。